• Applied Microscopy
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.124-128
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• 2012

Leaf surface structures were investigated in the Chinese juniper Juniperus chinensis by scanning electron microscopy. Adult scale leaves were collected from the tree, air-dried at room temperature, and sputter-coated with gold without further specimen preparation. Approximately fi ve stomata were locally distributed and arranged in clusters on the leaf surface. Stomata were ovoid and ca. 40 ${\mu}m$ long. The epicuticular wax structures of J. chinensis leaves were tubules and platelets. Numerous tubules were evident on the leaf regions where stomata were found. The tubules were cylindrical, straight, and ca. 1 ${\mu}m$ in length. They almost clothed the stomatal guard cells, and occluded the slit-shaped stomatal apertures. Moreover, the wax ridges were flat crystalloids that were connected to the surface by their narrow side. They did not have distinct edges, and their width/height ratio varied. In particular, the wax ridges could be discerned on the leaf regions where stomata were not present nearby. Since the wax ridges did not have distinct edges on their margin, they were identified as platelets. Instances were noted where platelets were oriented either parallel to each other or perpendicular to the cuticle surface. These results can be used in biomimetics to design the hierarchical structures for mimicking the plant innate properties such as hydrophobicity and self-cleaning effects of the leaf surface.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권spc1호
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• pp.297-303
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• 2006

Cuticular waxes on tea (Camellia sinensis L.) loaves consisted mainly of alkanes, fatty acids, primary alcohols, triterpenes, and a group of unknown compounds, dominated by primary alcohols and triterpenes. Tea tree accessions used in this study were M-1, M-2, Sakimidori, and Yabukita. For all accessions, the alkane, fatty acid, and primary alcohol constituents consisted of a homologues series, and the major constituents of primary alcohol class were the C28 and C30 homologues. Triterpenes consisted of friedelin, $\beta-amyrin$, and three unidentified ones and friedelin was the most abundant. Leaf area and the total amounts of cuticular waxes per leaf increased with lower leaf position from the apical bud in Yabukita variety. With different leaf position, total wax amount per unit leaf area on the youngest leaves of P1 (the uppermost leaf position) showed the largest amount $(12.80{\mu}g/cm^2)$, and on mature loaves of P2 to P6 ranged from 7.08 to $7.77{\mu}g/cm^2$, and then on the oldest loaves of P7 (the lowest leaf position) remained at an increased level $(17.53{\mu}g/cm^2)$. During leaf development (lower leaf position), the amount of primary alcohols decreased from P1 to P6 and increased at P7, whereas that of triterpenes increased from P1 to P7. The percentage of each wax class in the total wax amount occurred a decrease in primary alcohol and an increase in triterpene, with leaf age.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.551-561
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find out differences in the removal efficiency of particulate matter (PM) depending on the type of plants and the morphological characteristics of leaves. A total of 12 plants were used, with three plants selected for each type of leaves (big leaf, small leaf, compound leaf, needle leaf). We measured the removed amount of PM10 and PM2.5, the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer of each plant. Plants with the high removal efficiency of PM included Pachira aquatica Aubl., Ardisia crenata, and Dieffenbachia 'Marianne', and plants with the low removal efficiency included Nandina domestica Thunb, Schefflera arboricola, and Quercus dentata. The abaxial leaf surface having a high removal efficiency of PM had many large wrinkles, and the abaxial leaf surface having a medium removal efficiency was flat and smooth. On the other hand, there were many fine hairs on the abaxial leaf surface with a low removal efficiency. According to the plant leaf type, the PM10 removal efficiency of plants with needle leaves was about three times higher than that of other plants. In particular, the wax layer of conifers weighed 6-24 times higher than those of other plants. The stomata of conifers were evenly distributed on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces; however, the stomata of Sciadopitys verticillata appeared in the form of papillae unlike general stomata. Therefore, the removal efficiency of PM varied depending on the macro-, and micro-morphological characteristics of plant leaves such as the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer. Based on this research, selecting plants that are effective in reducing PM in consideration of the plant type and leaf characteristics will improve indoor air quality and decrease exposure of PM to human body.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2012

연잎효과는 연꽃의 잎에서 규명된 현상으로 표피세포에서 기원하는 미세구조에 의해 물방울이 잎 표면이나 내부조직에 침투하지 않고 경사면으로 흘러내리며 표면 위 먼지나 이물질을 함께 떨어지게 한다. 잎 표면을 항상 깨끗한 상태로 유지하는 자기정화 능력인 연잎효과에 대해서는 여러 영역에서 연구되고 다방면으로 응용되고 있으나 구조적인 측면에서 연잎을 생장단계별 또는 표피조직 부위별로 비교 조사한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 연잎과 줄기를 대상으로 생장단계별, 부위별 표피조직의 미세 표면구조를 연구하여 연잎효과 표면 특성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 조사된 연잎효과는 미세돌기와 왁스결정체가 발달한 잎의 상피조직에서만 나타나고, 왁스결정체만 발달한 하피 및 줄기의 표피조직에서는 확인되지 않았다. 이는 미세돌기의 발달이 연잎효과를 나타내는데 가장 중요한 요인이고, 왁스결정체가 돌기표면 위에 축적되면 연잎효과는 더 증가하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.389-390
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• 2012

In this study, we fabricate a superhydrophobic surface made of hierarchical nanostructures that combine wax crystalline structure with moth-eye structure using vacuum cluster system and measure their hydrophobicity and durability. Since the lotus effect was found, much work has been done on studying self-cleaning surface for decades. The surface of lotus leaf consists of multi-level layers of micro scale papillose epidermal cells and epicuticular wax crystalloids [1]. This hierarchical structure has superhydrophobic property because the sufficiently rough surface allows air pockets to form easily below the liquid, the so-called Cassie state, so that the relatively small area of water/solid interface makes the energetic cost associated with corresponding water/air interfaces smaller than the energy gained [2]. Various nanostructures have been reported for fabricating the self-cleaning surface but in general, they have the problem of low durability. More than two nanostructures on a surface can be integrated together to increase hydrophobicity and durability of the surface as in the lotus leaf [3,5]. As one of the bio-inspired nanostructures, we introduce a hierarchical nanostructure fabricated with a high vacuum cluster system. A hierarchical nanostructure is a combination of moth-eye structure with an average pitch of 300 nm and height of 700 nm, and the wax crystalline structure with an average width and height of 200 nm. The moth-eye structure is fabricated with deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process. $SiO_2$ layer is initially deposited on a glass substrate using PECVD in the cluster system. Then, Au seed layer is deposited for a few second using DC sputtering process to provide stochastic mask for etching the underlying $SiO_2$ layer with ICP-RIE so that moth-eye structure can be fabricated. Additionally, n-hexatriacontane paraffin wax ($C_{36}H_{74}$) is deposited on the moth-eye structure in a thermal evaporator and self-recrystallized at $40^{\circ}C$ for 4h [4]. All of steps are conducted utilizing vacuum cluster system to minimize the contamination. The water contact angles are measured by tensiometer. The morphology of the surface is characterized using SEM and AFM and the reflectance is measured by spectrophotometer.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.323-327
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• 1997

배지내 생장억제제의 첨가는 투명화 방지에 효과가 없었다. 기내에서 생산된 건전묘와 투명화묘에 있어서 잎과 기공의 구조적 및 형태적 특징을 조사해본 결과 기내건전묘나 포장활착묘는 책상 및 해면세포의 발달이 양호하고 세포간극이 차지하는 면적이 적었으나 기내 투명화묘는 책상세포의 발달이 불량하고 세포간극이 차지하는 면적이 현저히 많았다. 기공의 특성을 조사해본 결과 기내 건전묘는 포장활착묘에 비해 기공의 크기가 작았으며 둥근형태를 띄고 있었으나 투명화묘에 비해 공변세포와 부세포의 구별이 명확하였다. 또한 투명화묘에서는 기공의 형태가 비정상적이었고 표피 왁스의 발달이 전혀 관찰되지 않았다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제110권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2021

본 연구는 한국 남부지역의 주요 조경수 가시나무(Quercus myrsinifolia), 종가시나무(Quercus glauca), 참가시나무(Quercus salicina), 동백나무(Camellia japonica), 왕벚나무(Prunus × yedoensis) 등 5수종을 대상으로 계절별 미세먼지 흡착량 및 수종별 잎 표면 미세구조와의 관계를 연구하였다. 계절별 미세먼지 흡착량 범위는 1월(31.51~110.44 ㎍/cm²), 11월 (23.20~79.30 ㎍/cm²), 5월(22.68~76.90 ㎍/cm²), 8월(9.88~49.91 ㎍/cm²) 순으로, 8월보다 1월에 54.4% 더 높은 미세먼지 흡착량을 보였다. 잎 표면에 홈이 있고 털을 갖고 있으며, 왁스층 함량이 높은 Q. salicina는 미세먼지 입자 크기별 흡착량이 높게 유지되었으며, 광택이 있고 잎 표면이 매끄러우며, 왁스층 함량이 낮은 C. japonica와 Prunus × yedoensis는 계절별 미세먼지 흡착량이 낮았다. 엽면적 크기, 기공밀도 및 기공 길이의 증가는 PM 흡착량의 감소와 관련이 있고 반면, 잎 표피 거칠기, 왁스층 함량, 기공 폭의 증가는 PM 흡착량의 증가와 관련이 있었다. 또한, 잎 표면 왁스층 함량이 증가할수록 잎 표면 PM 흡착량도 증가하였으며, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 보다는 PM_0.2와 관련이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 앞으로 개별 수종에 대한 미세먼지 저감 효율을 정량적으로 판단할 수 있는 기준을 통한 저감 수종 선발과 더불어 미세먼지 저감을 위한 숲 조성 가이드라인 또한 제시되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.147-150
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• 2012

A recently introduced helium ion microscopy (HIM) was employed to observe uncoated pine leaf specimens. Adult leaves were collected from the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and P. rigida, air-dried at room temperature, and observed by HIM without metal coating. Ovoid or round stomata and distinct Florin rings could be discerned. The epicuticular waxes were present in the epistomatal chambers and Florin rings of stomata on the leaf surface. The epicuticular waxes were mostly straight, cylindrical, and ca. 1 ${\mu}m$ in length. The epistomatal chambers of P. rigida were filled with the epicuticular waxes, whereas those of P. densiflora were not filled with the epicuticular waxes. Based on their micromorphology, the epicuticular wax structures of the pine species were identified as tubules. These results suggest that the HIM could be used for the investigation of the plant stomata and epicuticular waxes of uncoated plant leaves. Due to the smaller ion probe and interaction volume, the HIM has advantages over conventional field emission scanning electron microscopy in terms of image resolution and charge neutralization.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.185-197
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• 1992

본 연구는 엽표면 특성 및 유전적 특성이 현저히 다른 벼 품종들의 엽표면 wax의 양과 화학적 조성을 밝히고자 수행 되었다. 벼품종은 엽의 형태적 특성면에서 glabrous한 것, long-hairy한 것, pubescent한 것, water-wettable한 것을 선정했고 이들 각각에 대한 일본형 품종과 통일형(Indica$\times$Japonica) 품종을 1개씩 공시하였으며, 공시품종들의 분얼기 및 출수기에 엽표면 wax를 chloroform으로 추출하고 그 양 및 화학적 조성을 TLC, GLC 및 FTIR로 분석했으며, 그 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 벼의 엽표면 wax는 chloroform을 용매로 추출할 때 대체로 엽표면 wax 전체에 대해 균등하게 작용하며 wax 소편의 일부 및 첨예한 부분을 많이 용해시키나 상온에서 chloroform이 엽전면에 균일하게 접촉하고 wax 이외 물질을 유출하지 않기 위해서 벼 잎을 5분이내 침지함이 적당했지만 5분간 추출로도 엽면적 wax 전량을 추출하지는 못하였다. 2. 공시 품종들의 엽표면 wax는 대부분 소편장(platelet)으로 엽표면에 축적되어 있고 품종에 따라 wax축적의 조밀성이 달랐는데 Glabrous 품종이 제일 치밀했고 Long-hairy 품종, Pubescent 품종들이 그 다음으로 치밀했으며, Water-wettable 품종들은 wax 소편들이 적고 엉성하여 큐티클층 노출이 많았다. 또한 잎의 전면과 이면간 wax 축적은 품종에 관계없이 이면보다 전면이 더 치밀하였다. 3. Chloroform으로 5분씩 2회 침출한 엽표면 wax의 양은 벼품종간 차이보다 생육시기간 차이가 컸는데, 분얼기는 0.8～1.8 mg / g f.w. 수준, 출수기에는 1.7～3.6 mg / g. f.w. 수준으로 출수기에 불얼기보다 2～3배 정도 더 많았다. 4. 벼 엽표면 wax의 화학조성은 TLC상에서 크게 7성분으로 분리 동정되었는데 ketone류는 확인할 수 없었고 diol류, fatty alcohol류, fatty acid류, fatty aldehyde류, fatty ester류, 포화와 불포화 hydrocarbon류 등이 확인되었다. 5. 엽표면 wax의 TLC상의 화학조성은 벼품종간보다 생육시기별로 달랐는데 분얼기는 극성 성분인 diol, fatty acid, fatty alcohol류들을 확인할 수 없었지만 출수기에는 이들과 비극성 성분인 fatty aldehyde, fatty ester, 포화 및 불포화 hydrocarbon류를 확인할 수 있었다. 6. 벼 엽표면 wax를 이루고 있는 조성을 화학성분별로 탄소수면에서 보면 diol류는 C30 단일물질로, fatty alcohol류중 primary인 경우 C13과 C32가 주종이었고 secondary는 C14, C16, C30으로 구성되어 있었으며, aldehyde류는 C29-C34까지 비교적 비슷한 비율로 분포되어 있었다. Fatty ester중 acid 부위는 aldehyde 부위보다 저탄소수분포를 보였고 주로 C22, C23이었고, alcohol류는 C13, C22, C24, C26 등으로 품종에 따라 다른 구성을 보였다. Hydrocarbon류는 품종과 생육시기에 관계없이 탄소수가 홀수인 물질이었으며 주로 C29와 C31이었다.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2021

Background and objective: Particulate matter (PM) has a serious impact on health. Recently, studies are conducted to reduce PM in an environmentally friendly way using plants. This study investigated the physiological responses of plants and their ability to remove PM by continuously spraying different PM sources (loam, fly ash, carbon black) to four native plant species, such as Iris sanguinea, Pteris multifida, Vitis coignetiae, and Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki. Methods: The four plant species were randomly placed in four chambers, and 0.1 g of different PM was injected into each chamber twice a week. We measured chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), total leaf area, amount of leaf wax, PM10 (sPM10) and PM2.5 (sPM2.5) on the leaf surface, and PM10 (wPM10) and PM2.5 (wPM2.5) on the wax layer. Results: For I. sanguinea and V. coignetiae, the sources of PM did not affect the growth response. P. multifida showed high chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content in carbon black as well as high Fv/Fm and total leaf area, thereby proving that carbon black helped plant growth. By PM sources, sPM10 showed a significant difference in three plant species, sPM2.5 in two plant species, and wPM10 in one plant species, indicating that sPM10 was most affected by PM sources. Conclusion: Carbon black increased the leaf area by affecting the growth of P. multifida. This plant can be effectively used for PM reduction by increasing the adsorption area. I. sanguinea and V. coignetiae can be used as economical landscaping plants since they can grow regardless of PM sources.