• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the drought tolerance in maize seedling using leaf rolling. Nineteen maize resources, seven Nested Association Mapping parents lines, six Korean commercial cultivars, and six Southeast Asia commercial cultivars, were used to examine drought tolerance. The leaf rolling scores were measured on each leaf in three stress conditions with moderate drought (10%), severe drought (7%), and extreme drought (5%). Generally leaf rolling score of seedlings increased at the lower soil water potentials (5~7%). As a result, drought-tolerant cultivars showed lower leaf rolling score (below 2.5) than the drought sensitive cultivars (above 3.5). Nine varieties, NK4043, CML322, DK9955, NK4300, Ki11, DK8868, CML228, LVN99, and LVN10, have been selected for tolerance to drought stress. These results suggest that the leaf rolling score in maize seedling has been made available to indirect index for drought tolerance.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1979

This report is carried out pharmaceutical properties for the mosquito coil made of Ginseng leaf and the residue after extraction of Ginseng root. This experimental results are: Loss on drying of Insam (Ginseng) mosquito coil powder is average 8.31%, ash content of the powder is average 9.51% and burning time of Insam mosquito coil is aprroximately 36 minutes per gram. The contents of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on burning of mosquito coil are as same as following: Insam mosquito coil A brand mosquito coil B brand mosquito coil Allethrin in a piece of Insam mosquito coil was stable under the experimental conditions. CO (ppm) 360 540 760 $CO_2(%)$ 0.052 0.076 0.066 Allethrin in a piece of Insam mosquito coil was stable under the experimental conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1021-1025
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• 2001

Physicochemical properties of Rubus coreanus Miquel were examined. Unripened fruit, ripened fruit and leaf of Rubus coreanus Miquel were used as samples. The contents of water, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, dietary fiber, and crude ash were studied. The pH, soluble solid content, acidity and color were also measured. In terms of free sugar composition, concentration of glucose and fructose found in unripened fruit had increased in ripened fruit and sucrose was contained in ripened fruit. The major free sugars of leaf were glucose, fructose and sucrose. Citric acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid were found in all three sample groups, unripened fruit, ripened fruit and leaf. The citric acid showed the highest concentration in the unripened fruit as the concentration of 1.21%. Fifteen types of amino acids were analysed from the unripened and ripened fruit of Rubus coreanus Miquel. The leaf contained methionine in addition to those fifteen type amino acids in fruits. The glutamic acid contents of unripened fruit, ripened fruit and leaf were 411, 246.59 and 898.42 mg%, respectively. Among the minerals studied in this research Rubus coreanus Miquel held high level of potassium. The potassium concentrations of unripened fruit, ripened fruit and leaf were 645.07, 216.53 and 815.78 mg%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.425-435
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• 2006

The objectives of this research were to investigate the drought resistance as well as the growth of Wisteria floribunda seedlings with the soil water conditions. The seedlings for the research were grown in pots with strict water content control on a frame located outdoors. During the experiments, the soil water contents were adjusted to 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70%. In addition, the effects of Rhizobium inoculation on the growth of seedlings were investigated. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. The seedlings in the pots with 5% soil water content withered to death due to the water stress. Withering or any distinct growth was not observed from the seedlings in the 10% soil water content. It can be inferred from these results that about 5% of soil water content is the wilting point of W. floribunda seedlings and about 10% is the critical soil water content of its growth in this experiment soils. Therefore, it seems that W. floribunda possesses a good drought resistance. 2. From the analyses of the main growth parameters such as stem elongation, diameter growth, leaf area growth and total dry weight, it was found that the seedling growth can be improved with increasing soil water contents. The relation between each growth parameter(Y) and the soil water contents(W) was well described by a quadratic equation, $Y=a+bW+cW^2$. 3. In soil water contents higher than 20%, the seedling growth(Y) was remarkable along with-its extended growing period, and related to the growing period(D) by a quadratic equation, $Y=a+bD+cD^2$. 4. The artificial inoculation of Rhizobiun promoted the growth of Wisteria floribunda seedlings. 5. Rhizobium was found to be more readily inoculated and to form more root nodules compared to seedlings grown in higher soil water contents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.403-409
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• 2004

Onion, licorice, abgelia root, Chinese date, pine needle, and mulberry leaf were used to extract functional components far onion complex drink. No differences were observed between water extraction at room temperature and methanol extraction in electron-donating ability (EDA), thiosulfinate content (TSC), and ascorbic acid content (AAC), whereas water extraction resulted in higher nitrite-scavenging ability at pH 1.2 and 3.0, and lower superoxide dismutase-like ability than methanol extraction. Level of water extracts prepared by hard-boiling for 3 hr at above $100^{\circ}C$ was higher in all functional abilities except TSC than those prepared at room temperature. Optimal conditions for water extraction and storage were $100-120^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr and low-temperature storage, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.783-790
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• 2020

The present study investigates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract. The total polyphenol content was measured using the Folin-Denis method. Results showed that the M. indica L. leaf extract of water and 70% ethanol showed a content of 440.83±1.02, 475.63±1.3 mg/100 g tannic acid equivalent. To assess antioxidant activity and electron-donating ability, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity were measured, and all extracts were found to be highly efficacious. To assess cell viability of the extract from M. indica L. leaf on macrophage cells (RAW 264.7), a 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2- yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium-bromide assay was performed. The following experiments were conducted in section where cells was not shown of toxicity. In order to effectively determine anti-inflammatory activity, inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells was examined using a Griess assay. The result showed that M. indica L. leaf extract concentration-dependently inhibited NO production. M. indica L. leaf extract was measured using Western blot, reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that to find the production of pro-inflammatory factor on stimulated RAW 264.7 cells of LPS. According to the results of this study, the M. indica L. leaf extract showed excellent effectiveness in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, thus confirming its usability as a natural material and a functional raw material for cosmetics.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Remote sensing using multispectral radiometry may be a useful tool to detect drought stress in turf. The objective of this research was to investigate the correlation between drought stress and multispectral reflectance (MSR) from the turf canopy. St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum[Walt.] Kuntze.) cultivars 'Floratam' and 'Palmetto', 'SeaIsle 1' seashore paspalum Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.), 'Empire' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and 'Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatumFlugge) were established in lysimeters in the University of Florida Envirotron greenhouse facility in Gainesville. Irrigation was applied at 100%, 80%, 60%, or 40% of evapotranspiration (ET). Weekly evaluations included: a) shoot quality, leaf rolling, leaf firing b) soil moisture, chlorophyll content index; c) photosynthesis and d) multispectral reflectance. All the measurements were correlated with MSR data. Drought stress affected the infrared spectral region more than the visible spectral region. Reflectance sensitivity to water content of leaves was higher in the infrared spectral region than in the visible spectral region. Grasses irrigated at 100% and 80% of ET had no differences in normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and stress indices. Grasses irrigated at 60% and 40% of ET had differences in NDVI, LAI, and stress indices. All measured wavelengths except 710nm were highly correlated (P < 0.0001) with turf visual quality, leaf firing, leaf rolling, soil moisture, chlorophyll content index, and photosynthesis. MSR could detect drought stress from the turf canopy.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.516-526
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• 2003

Thirty-six barley varieties including Korean modern and local varieties were tested for drought-tolerance in the field of plastic rain shelter, Drought treatment was initiated at initial tillering stage (March 27, 2002) by withholding irrigation and lasted until harvest. Soil water potential maintained at around -0.05㎫ in the control plot and varied from -0.05㎫ (at the initial stage of drought treatment) to -0.29㎫ in the drought treatment plot. At forty days after drought treatment, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (OP), osmotic adjustment (OA), and $^{13}\textrm{C}$ discrimination ($\Delta$) were measured and then plants were sampled for leaf area index (LAI) and dry weight (DW). Barley was harvested at maturity for determining DW, grain yield, 1000 grains weight and number of spikelet. The tested varieties revealed wide spectrum of drought tolerance. Dongbori-1, Chalbori, Changyeongjaerae, Samdobori and Weolseong 87-31 showed strong drought-tolerance while Songhagbori and Suwonmaeg360 showed weak drought-tolerance. The drought injury indexes (drought/control ratio) of DW and yield revealed significant positive correlation with leaf RWC in drought treatment plot and $\Delta$ in the control plot, but obvious negative correlation with leaf OP and OA under drought condition. In addition, all the drought indexes of OP, $\Delta$ and RWC showed obvious positive correlation with the drought injury indexes of DW, 1000 grain weight and yield. Thus, OP and RWC under drought condition and $\Delta$ under well-watered condition would be used as the evaluation criteria for drought- tolerance of barley genotypes. However, further investigation is needed for the relationship between $\Delta$ and drought-tolerance as the other reports were not consistent with our result.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 1981

In order to observe the degree and response of drought-resistance and its physiological mechanism in barley and wheat, 5 species (16 cultivars) were tested for changes in plant height, seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaf relative turgidity, soluble protein, reducing sugar and growth of seedling subjected to water stress by withholding watering for 8 days at 10 days (at the 3rd leaf stage) after emergence. The average rate of decrease of all cultivars was 15% in plant height, 24% in seedling dry weight, 32% in chlorophyll content, 27% in leaf relative turgidity, and 27% in protein. But reducing sugar content of control was increased 4 folds more than that of water stress. In the decreased rate of seedling dry weight of each cultivar, rye was shown to be lowest rate, and Baegdong, Mokpo #55, and 3 two-row barley were shown to be the highest rate. The degree of the decreased rate in 5 species was in the order of rye < < wheat < covered barley < naked barley < two-row barley. in the decreased rate of chlorophyll content, rye, Cheonggaemil and Olmil are the lowest group, and the highest one are Milyang #12, Bangsa #6, Hyangmaeg and Sacheon #4. In the decreased rate of leaf relative turgidity, the lowest group (22-25%) were rye, Cheonggaemil and Dongbori #1, and, on the other hand, the highest group (30-33%) were Baegdong and 3 two-row barley. In the decreased rate of soulble protein, the lowest group (14-17%) were Chogwang, Geurumil, Dongbori #1, and Mokpo #55, and the highest one was 3 two-row barley. The increased ratio of reducing sugar of water stress to control was 4 to 5 folds in rye and wheat, and about 2 folds in naked barley and 3 two-row barley. The degree of the increased ratio of 5 species was in the order of rye > wheat > covered barley > naked barley > two-row barley. In terms of the physiological and adaptive metabolism during the processing leading to drought-resistance, the degree of drought-resistance of 5 species to water stress at seedling stage was shown to be in the order of rye > wheat > covered barley > naked barley > two-row-barley.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1986

Seasonal changes of water relations parameters were obtained from p-v curves in leaves of Quercus grosseserrata and Quercus acutissima. The osmotic pressure at full hydration, ${\pi}_o$, and osmotic pressure at incipient plasmolysis, ${\pi}_p$, were high in newly emerged leaves but decreased with leaf development in each of the species. Water deficit at turgor loss was 10 to 20% in each of the species during the growing season. Maximum bulk elastic modulus in cell walls at full turgor, Emax, rises rapidly with leaf development before senescence in each of the species. Seasonal change of number of osmoles solute in symplasm per dry weight, Ns/DW, was higher in Quercus grosseserrata leaves than Quercus acutissima leaves, while relative water content (Vp/Vo, $RWC^*$, Vo/Vt) was relatively constant in each of the species.