• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2004년도 제20회 발표논문집
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• pp.72-74
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• 2004

The color change of lead-containing pigments is one of the most serious diseases in watercolor, oil paintings and wall paintings. These pigments have a tendency to darken or brighten. It was proved that oxidation of lead containing pigments in the formation of brown-colored lead dioxide is a photochemical reaction under high humidity conditions. Therefore, we carried out some analogic experiments on the color change of three typical lead containing pigments ; $Pb_3O_4$, Pbo and $PbCo_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$ at the conditions of illuminations under the high humidity ($2PbCo_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$ R. H.). The reason for the chemical reactions are discussed and the results of these experiments are shown in some spectrograms, micrographs and X-ray micro-diffraction patterns. Important conclusions were drawn in our research. Due to the formation of brown $PbO_2$, red lead $(Pb_3O_4)$ and massicot (PbO) turned brown or dark when they were illuminated light under high humidity. We noticed that the brightening of red lead occurred d to admixture with chalk or lead white in egg yolk or linseed oil medium on exposure to light. Lead white used in oil paintings turned yellowish on dark.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.251-267
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• 1993

연폭로의 정도와 자각증상과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 435명의 연폭로 남자 근로자와 212명의 일반 사무직 남자 근로자를 대상으로 연폭로 지표가 되는 혈중 연, 혈중 Zinc Protoporphyrin(ZPP), 요중 Delta-aminolevulinic acid(DALA), 혈색소, 혈구 용적 측정을 위한 혈액 시료 및 소변 시료를 채취하여 분석하였고, 연관련 자각증상 조사는 14개의 증상 조사 항목을(표 3 및 별첨 1) 피검자가 응답 하도록하여 상담 의사의 면접을 통한 확인을 거쳐 수집 하였다. 수집된 각 항목은 인체 조직계 증상군별로 1) 위장관계 증상 2) 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상 3) 일반 체질적 증상 4) 정신과적 증상으로 구분하여 연폭로 지표 수준과 연폭로 작업 여부에 따른 자각증상 호소율을 비교 조사하여 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 연폭로군에서 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 자각증상 호소율을 보인 증상군은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상으로 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락, 손, 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다" 순 이었다. 2. 연폭로군과 대조군의 자각증상 호소율에 가장 큰 차이를 보인 증상 항목은 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘 난다"였으며, 전체 조사 대상에서 가장 높은 증상 호소율을 보인 증상 항목은 일반 체질적 자각 증상군의 "전보다 피곤감을 느낀다"였다. 3. 전체 조사 대상의 혈중 연과 혈중 ZPP 수준에 따른 연폭로량의 증가와 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 보인 증상 항목은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상군의 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락. 손 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다"와 위장관계 증상군의 "아랫배가 아파서 고생한 적이 있다"였다. 4 연폭로군에서 혈중 연과 혈중 ZPP 수준에 따른 연폭로량의 증가와 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 보인 증상 항목은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상으로 혈중 연의 증가에 따라 증상 호소율이 증가하였다. 5. 연폭로군에서 39세 이하 와 40세 이상 연령군으로 나누어 비교시 39세 이하 군의 증상 호소율이 40세 이상 군보다 높게 나왔으며. 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상이 39세이하 군에서 혈중 연의 증가와 함께, 40세 이상 군에서 혈중 ZPP의 증가와 함께 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 나타냈다. 6. 연폭로 지표에 따른 폭로수준과 증상 호소율과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 대조군에 대한 폭로군, 연폭로군의 저농도 폭로군에 대한 고농도 폭로군의 교차비를 산출한 결과 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상군의 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락, 손, 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다"와 위장관계 증상군의 "아랫배가 아파서 고생한 적이 있다"가 연폭로량의 증가에 따른 교차비의 증가를 보여 양-반응의 관계를 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.195-207
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was performed to confirm whether plasma lead can be used as a chronic biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 66 plasma samples from retired lead workers (G.M. 60.25 years, Median 61.00 years) and 42 plasma samples from the general population (G.M. 53.76 years, Median 56.50 years) were measured using ICP/Mass. Tibia, whole blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood zinc protophorphyrin (ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid (${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The geometric mean concentration of lead in plasma was $0.23{\mu}g/L$ for the retired lead workers and $0.10{\mu}g/L$ for the general population sample. A simple correlation analysis of biomarkers showed that plasma lead concentration among the retired lead workers was highly correlated with lead concentration in the tibia and with blood lead concentration, and the plasma lead concentration among the general population correlated with ZPP concentration in the blood. The lead concentration in the tibia and the lead concentration in the whole blood increased with length of working period. As the period in the lead workplace increased, the ratio of lead in plasma to lead concentration in whole blood decreased. Conclusion: This study confirmed the possibility of a chronic biomarker of lead concentration in blood plasma as a biomarker. In the future, comparative studies with specific indicators will lead to more fruitful results.

• 월간산업보건
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• 통권350호
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• pp.47-59
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• 2017

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2016

본 연구는 납에 노출된 굴 Crassostrea gigas의 생물학적 반응을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험기간은 4주였으며, 실험구는 대조구 1개와 납 노출구 3개 (0.20, 0.40 and 0.80 mg/L) 였다. 실험 결과 납은 굴의 생존율과 산소소비율의 저하 및 기관계의 조직학적 변성을 유도하는 것이 확인되었다. 산소소비율은 대조구에 비해 납 노출구에서 15-55% 감소하였다. 기관계의 조직학적 분석 결과, 외투막에서는 혈림프동의 팽창, 상피층과 결합조직층의 변성을 보였다. 아가미에서는 새엽 상피세포의 변성과 섬모대의 소실이 확인 되었으며, 소화선세관에서는 상피세포와 호염기성세포의 변성 및 상피층의 파괴가 관찰되었다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2022

The current observational epidemiological study analyzed blood lead levels (BLLs) in occupationally exposed workers from Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia and correlated them with the alterations in the differential cell populations of the WBC panel (lymphocytes [Lym %], mixed [Mid %] cells, and neutrophils [Neu %]). In addition, we examined the effect of confounding factors and their relation to BLLs. BLLs were estimated using the LeadCare II analyzer and hematological parameters using the ADVIA 120 analyser. An inferential analysis was conducted to detect association between the observations and the subjects' clinical characateristics. A total of 132 male subjects were included in the final analyses. Based on CDC guidelines, the subjects were categorized as Group I (BLL <10 ㎍/dL; n=118) or Group II (BLL >10 ㎍/dL; n=14) with average BLLs of 4.4 ㎍/dL and 18.1 ㎍/dL, respectively (p <0.0001). The percentages of Mid cells (p <0.0001) and neutrophils (p=0.048), were significantly altered in subjects with High BLL. A regression analysis indicated that subjects > 50 years of age had significantly higher BLLs (53.2 ㎍/dL) than younger age sub-groups (p <0.0001). Age, education, and profession were significant predictors for lead toxicity. Pb exposure is a major public health issue in Saudi Arabia and calls for further investigations on the cellular and molecular effects on hematological system.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제34권
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• pp.34.1-34.13
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between lead exposure and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) levels as an oxidative stress marker in male steelworkers. Methods: Data were collected during the annual health examination of workers in 2020. A total of 1,654 steelworkers were selected, and the variables for adjustment included the workers' general characteristics, lifestyle, and occupational characteristics. The association between the blood lead level (BLL) and serum γGT level was investigated by multiple linear and logistic regression analyses. The BLL and serum γGT values that were transformed into natural logarithms were used in multiple linear regression analysis, and the tertile of BLL was used in logistic regression analysis. Results: The geometric mean of the participants' BLLs and serum γGT level was 1.36 ㎍/dL and 27.72 IU/L, respectively. Their BLLs differed depending on age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, shift work, and working period, while their serum γGT levels differed depending on age, BMI, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, and working period. In multiple linear regression analysis, the difference in models 1, 2, and 3 was significant, obtaining 0.326, 0.176, and 0.172 (all: p < 0.001), respectively. In the multiple linear regression analysis stratified according to drinking status, BMI, and age, BLLs were positively associated with serum γGT levels. Regarding the logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of the third BLL tertile in models 1, 2, and 3 (for having an elevated serum γGT level within the first tertile reference) was 2.74, 1.83, and 1.81, respectively. Conclusions: BLL was positively associated with serum γGT levels in male steelworkers even at low lead concentrations (< 5 ㎍/dL).

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2021

Purpose: It is known that the most common cause of gas poisoning in Korea is suicide attempts by burning ignition coals. Ignition coals are made from waste wood, and studies have been reported that heavy metals are emitted when this coal is burned. However, there was no study on how much heavy metal poisoning occurs in the human body through this, so this study was planned to find out whether the concentration of heavy metals in the blood increased in patients exposed to ignition coal combustion. Methods: From April 2020 to April 2021, blood lead, mercury, and cadmium concentrations were investigated in carbon monoxide poisoning patients who visited one regional emergency medical center in Seoul, and their association with exposure time, source of poisoning, and rhabdomyolysis were investigated. Results: During the study period, a total of 136 carbon monoxide poisoning patients were tested for heavy metals, and 81 cases of poisoning by ignition coal were reported. When comparing poisoning caused by combustion of ignition coal and other substances, there was no difference in the concentrations of lead, mercury, and cadmium in the blood, and there was no difference in the number of patients above the reference range. However, the patients exposed to more than 5 hours of ignition coal gas exposure are more frequent than those in the group less than 5 hours in lead (51.4% vs. 23.9%, p=0.012). Conclusion: Compared to poisoning with other combustible substances, the blood concentration of lead, mercury, and cadmium does not increase further in patients with gas poisoning by ignition coal. However, prolonged exposure may result in elevated levels of lead.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study are to investigate the contamination levels of heavy metals in soil, ground water, and agricultural product near the abandoned Boeun and Sanggok mine areas in Korea and to assess the health risk for these local residents exposed to the toxic heavy metals based on analytical data. METHODS AND RESULTS: By the results of human health risk assessment for local residents around Boeun and Sanggok, human exposure to cadmium, copper, arsenic from soil and to lead, cadmium, and arsenic from rice grain were higher in Sanggok, but human exposure to zinc and arsenic from ground water was higher in Boeun. By the results of hazard index (HI) evaluation for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc, HI values in both areas were higher than 1.0. This result indicated that the toxicity hazard through the continuous exposure to lead, cadmium, arsenic from rice, ground water, and soil would be likely to occur to the residents in the areas. Cancer risk assessment for arsenic, risks from the rice were exposed to one to two out of 10,000 people in Boeun and one of 1,000 people in Sanggok. These results showed that the cancer risks of arsenic in both areas were 10~100 times greater than the acceptable cancer risk range of US EPA ($1{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}1{\times}10^{-5}$). CONCLUSION(S): Therefore, if these two local residents consume continuously with arsenic contaminated soil, ground water, and rice, the adverse health effects (carcinogenic potential) would be more increased.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.145-155
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• 1992

The effect of various supplies of lead singly and in combination with aluminium on growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis was investigated in 7-day-old Vigna anguluris seedlings. Expose to 50 $\mu$N Pb or more drastically reduced root elongation rate. Significant depressions in root growth was observed within 1 day and no recovery of growth was seen over the duration of treatment period. Root elongation decreased depending on the Pb concentrations. Root growth inhibition was stronger than shoot growth inhibition. The initiation of lateral roots appeared to be more sensitive to Pb than the growth of main roots. Inhibition of root and shoot elongation by Pb was lessened by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that the presence of AA reverse the inhibitory effect of Pb alone. With the histochemical sodium rhodizonate method the rate of Pb uptake was dependent on the Pb concentration and exposure time of the roots to Pb salts. Pb was first deposited on the root surface and then translocated radially in the root cap cells. During a longer Pb administration (up to 72 h) Pb penetration was nonuniform, with accumulation within the cortex or endodermis. There was drastic reduction in chlorophyll content by Pb. The Pb inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis was concentration dependent. 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity exhibited distinct inhibition from control. Reduction in chlorophyll content was accompanied by proportional changes in ALAD activity. Chlorophyll content and ALAD activity were less affected by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that Al has a protective effect against the inhibiting action of Pb on photosynthetic activity.