Advances in environmental research

  • 제11권1호
  • /
  • Pages.31-38
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2234-1722(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-1730(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of heavy metal lead on differential cell counts in occupationally-exposed subjects from Saudi Arabia

  • Abjal P. Shaik (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Abbas H. Alsaeed (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Asma S. Shaik (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Abdullah A. Alyousef (Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University) ;
  • Vamsee K. Bammidi (The Unicare Group) ;
  • Kiranmaye Sampathirao (Alrewas Surgery)
  • 투고 : 2021.01.06
  • 심사 : 2021.09.24
  • 발행 : 2022.03.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The current observational epidemiological study analyzed blood lead levels (BLLs) in occupationally exposed workers from Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia and correlated them with the alterations in the differential cell populations of the WBC panel (lymphocytes [Lym %], mixed [Mid %] cells, and neutrophils [Neu %]). In addition, we examined the effect of confounding factors and their relation to BLLs. BLLs were estimated using the LeadCare II analyzer and hematological parameters using the ADVIA 120 analyser. An inferential analysis was conducted to detect association between the observations and the subjects' clinical characateristics. A total of 132 male subjects were included in the final analyses. Based on CDC guidelines, the subjects were categorized as Group I (BLL <10 ㎍/dL; n=118) or Group II (BLL >10 ㎍/dL; n=14) with average BLLs of 4.4 ㎍/dL and 18.1 ㎍/dL, respectively (p <0.0001). The percentages of Mid cells (p <0.0001) and neutrophils (p=0.048), were significantly altered in subjects with High BLL. A regression analysis indicated that subjects > 50 years of age had significantly higher BLLs (53.2 ㎍/dL) than younger age sub-groups (p <0.0001). Age, education, and profession were significant predictors for lead toxicity. Pb exposure is a major public health issue in Saudi Arabia and calls for further investigations on the cellular and molecular effects on hematological system.

키워드

과제정보

We thank all the volunteers who participated in this study. We thank the Investigator Support Unit, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for statistical support. All authors contributed to the project, study design, methodology, data collection, data analyses, interpretation, and writing the manuscript.

참고문헌

  1. Ahamed, M., Verma, S., Kumar, A., et. al., (2005), "Environmental exposure to lead and its correlation with biochemical indices in children", Sci. Total Environ., 346(1-3), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.019.
  2. Ahamed, M.., Akhtar, M.J., Verma, S., Kumar, A. and Siddiqui, M.K. (2011), "Environmental lead exposure as a risk for childhood aplastic anemia", Biosci. Trends, 5(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2011.v5.1.38.
  3. Ballatori, N. (2002), "Transport of toxic metals by molecular mimicry", Environ. Health Perspect, 110(l5), 689-694. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110s5689.
  4. Baldridge, M.T., King, K.Y. and Goodell, M.A. (2011), "Inflammatory signals regulate hematopoietic stem cells", Trends Immunol., 32(2), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2010.12.003.
  5. Bellinger, D.C. (2004), "Lead pediatrics", 113(4),1016-1022
  6. ChemIDplus, L. (2005), Lead and lead compounds. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine
  7. Dai, Y., Huo, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, T., Li, M. and Xu, X. (2017), "Elevated lead levels and changes in blood morphology and erythrocyte CR1 in preschool children from an e-waste area", Sci. Total Environ., 592, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.080.
  8. Dietert, R.R. and Piepenbrink, M.S. (2006), "Lead and immune function", Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 36(4), 359-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440500534297.
  9. Dobrakowski, M., Boron, M., Czuba, Z.P., Birkner, E., Chwalba, A., Hudziec, E. and Kasperczyk, S. (2016), "Blood morphology and the levels of selected cytokines related to hematopoiesis in occupational short-term exposure to lead", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 305, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.015Get rights and content.
  10. Fang, L., Zhao, F., Shen, X., Ouyang, W., Liu, X., Xu, Y., Yu, T., Jin, B., Chen, J. and Luo, W. (2012), "Pb exposure attenuates hypersensitivity in vivo by increasing regulatory T cells", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 265(2), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.001.
  11. Goyer, R.A. (2001), Lead. In: Bingham E, Cohrssen B, Powell CH, eds. Patty's toxicology. 5th edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  12. Gurer-Orhan, H., Sabir, H.U. and Ozgunes, H. (2004), "Correlation between clinical indicators of lead poisoning and oxidative stress parameters in controls and lead-exposed workers", Toxicology, 195(2-3), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2003.09.009.
  13. Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B.B. and Beeregowda, K.N. (2014), "Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals", Interdiscip. Toxicol., 7, 60-72. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009
  14. Jomova, K. and Valko, M. (2011), "Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease", Toxicology, 283(2-3), 65-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001.
  15. Jan, A.T., Azam, M., Siddiqui, K., Ali, A., Choi, I. and Haq, Q.M. (2015), "Heavy metals and human health: mechanistic insight into toxicity and counter defense system of antioxidants", Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16(12), 29592-29630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226183.
  16. Li, J.Y., Adams, J., Calvi, L.M., Lane, T.F., Weitzmann, M.N. and Pacifici, R. (2013), "Ovariectomy expands murine short-term hemopoietic stem cell function through T cell expressed CD40L and Wnt10B", Blood, 122, 2346-2357.
  17. Li, Q., et al. (2017), "Lead transiently promotes granulocyte-macrophage progenitor differentiation and subsequently suppresses common myeloid progenitor differentiation", Toxicological Sci., 160(2), 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfx176.
  18. Metryka, E., et al. (2020), "Lead (Pb) accumulation in human THP-1 monocytes/macrophages in vitro and the influence on cell apoptosis", Biol. Trace. Elem. Res., https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02215-7.
  19. Metryka, E., Chibowska, K., Gutowska, I., Falkowska, A., Kupnicka, P., Barczak, K., Chlubek, D, and Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. (2018), "Lead (Pb) exposure enhances expression of factors associated with inflammation", Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19, 1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms19061813.
  20. Ni, Z., Hou, S., Barton, C.H. and Vaziri, N.D. (2004), "Lead exposure raises superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells", Kidney Int., 66(6), 2329-2336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.66032.x.
  21. Nombela-Arrieta, C., Pivarnik, G., Winkel, B., Canty, K.J., Harley, B., Mahoney, J.E., Park, S.Y., Lu, J., Protopopov, A. and Silberstein, L.E. (2013), "Quantitative imaging of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell localization and hypoxic status in the bone marrow microenvironment", Nat. Cell Biol., 15, 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2730.
  22. Nouioui, M.A., Mahjoubi, S., Ghorbel, A., Ben Haj Yahia, M., Amira, D., Ghorbel, H. and Hedhili, A. (2016), "Health risk assessment of heavy metals in traditional cosmetics sold in Tunisian local markets", Int. Scholarly Res. Notices, 12, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6296458.
  23. Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K. and Sutton, D.J. (2012), "Heavy metal toxicity and the environment", Exp. Suppl., 133-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.
  24. Tuakuila, J., Lison, D., Mbuyi, F., Haufroid, V. and Hoet, P. (2013), "Elevated blood lead levels and sources of exposure in the population of Kinshasa, the capital of democratic republic of Congo", J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 23, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.49.
  25. Valko, M., Morris, H. and Cronin, M.T. (2005), "Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress", Curr. Med. Chem., 12(10), 1161-1208. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867053764635.
  26. Vorvolakos, T., Arseniou, S. and Samakouri, M. (2016), "There is no safe threshold for lead exposure: Alpha literature review", Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 27, 204-214. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2016.273.204
  27. Wang, L.D. and Wagers, A.J. (2011), "Dynamic niches in the origination and differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells", Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 12, 643-655. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3184.
  28. Wani, A.L., Ara, A. and Usmani, J.A. (2015), "Lead toxicity: a review", Interdiscip. Toxicol., 8(2), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0009
  29. Zhang, Y., Jones, M., McCabe, A., Winslow, G.M., Avram, D. and MacNamara, K.C. (2013), "MyD88 signaling in CD4 T cells promotes IFN-gamma production and hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion in response to intracellular bacterial infection", J. Immunol., 190(9), 4725-4735. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1203024.