• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 1980

In order to study the effect of lead exposure on the hematocrit and hemoglobin values in accordance with the level of lead exposure, twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups of six rats each. Lead acetate disolved in glucose was injected intraperitoneally six times a week, for four weeks with dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day for group I, 0.5 mg/kg/day for group II, and 5 mg/kg/day for group III. Control group was injected glucose only. Blood samples for the checking of the hematocrit and hemoglobin values, were taking from tail vein of rats before lead injection and on the third, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days after lead injection. And also, the concentration of lead and ALA in urine were checked for evaluating the lead absorption. The results were as follows: 1. The alteration of the hematocrit and hemoglobin values of the group I was not significant as that of the control group. 2. In group II, the hematocrit values were significantly decreased from the fourteenth day after lead injection, and the hemoglobin values were decreased from the twenty-first day after lead injection when the concentration of lead in urine was elevated more than $260{\mu}g/liter$. 3. In group III, the hematocrit values were decreased from the seventh day after lead injection, and the hemoglobin values were decreased even from the third day after lead injection. And the hemoglobin values were more rapidly decreased than the hematocrit values. 4. In all groups, the correlation coefficient between hematocrit and hemoglobin was highly significant. And the difference between the correlation coefficient of the group III and that of the others was highly significant.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.699-707
• /
• 1996

This study was designed to examine the involvement of lead in function of target organ, and the protective effect of selenium in lead-treated guinea pigs for 8 weeks. The effects of exposure to 0.5% lead acetate(lead) and/or 4ppm sodium selenite(selenium) in feed on serveral aspects were evaluated by measuring thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), triiodothyronine($T_3$), thyroxine($T_4$), serum biochemical activities, organ weights, and serum and organ lead concentrations in growing animals. The many indicators of endocrine function(TSH, $T_3$, and $T_4$ in serum), enzyme and biochemical activities(${\alpha}$-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, triglyceride, creatinine, $Ca^{2+}$ in serum), and organ weights(kidney, spleen and testis) were correlated with lead exposure or showed significantly different mean values between the exposed and controls. These changes on some aspects were reversed by combination-fed of selenium, but did not statistically significant. The organ(kidney, liver, spleen, testis and brain) and serum lead concentrations of lead-fed group were clearly higher than that of controls. Selenium supplementation resulted in a significant protection against lead accumulation in liver and testis. These results suggest that lead can cause a toxic effect on several organ and that selenium seems to has a protective effect on specific reaction by lead-induced organic function toxicity.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.111-130
• /
• 1993

Lead toxicity was evaluated in forty-five cats on a balanced diet, Treated with 0(control), 10, 100(low), 1, 000, 2, 000, and 4, 000(high) ppm of lead acetate orally on a body weight basis. The objectives were to establish toxic dosage level of leaf in cats, to characterize changes in behavior and clinical pathology, and to demonstrate what blood lead concentrations correlate with the known dosages of lead. Some high dose cats showed projectile vomiting, hyperactivity, and seizures. The growth rates did not appear to be altered in any of the dosed groups. Normal blood lead concentration in cats were lower than that of humans, dogs, and cattle. Blood lead concentrations of 3 to 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$ could be termed a 'subclinical' range in the cat. Clinical lead toxicity in cats may have blood lead concentrations ranging 20 to 120$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$. Zinc protoporphyrin concentrations were proportional to lead dosages and a significant ZPP elevation, greater than 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$, may be indicative of clinical lead toxicity. The enzyme aminolevulinic acid dehydratase showed an inverss dose response relationship for all lead dosages and a significant ZPP elevation, greater than 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$, may be indicative of clinical lead toxicity. The enzyme aminolevulinic acid dehydratase showed an inverse dose response relationship for all lead dosages and appears to be a good indicator of lead exposure in cats. Urinary aminolevuliruc acid concentrations generally increased with lead dosage, but individual values varied. Hair lead concentrations rose proportionately to lead dosages. Lead at least in high doses appears to inhibit chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes. No consistent dose response relationships were observed in hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. There were no consistent dose related changes in total protein, plasma protein, BUN, and ALT values. Reticulocyte counts did not increase significantly in most lead dosage levels, and are probably of little value in diagnosing lead toxicity in cats. The fact that no significant changes were found in nerve conduction velocities may support that there was no segmental demyelination resulting from lead ingestion. The lethal dose in cats appear to range from 60 to 150mg/kg body weight. A reliable diagnosis of lead poisoning can be made utilizing blood lead, ZPP, and ALAD, and hair lead.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.10
• /
• pp.1433-1439
• /
• 2000

An experiment was carried out with 48 IVRI 2CQ rats 6-8 week old, weighing 50-100 g, to study the effect of lead exposure on antioxidant defense, lipid peroxide level, status of thiol groups and concentration of lead in the liver and kidneys at the end of the exposure and also after withdrawal of lead administration. Twenty four rats were given lead at a daily dose rate of 1 mg lead/2 ml of distilled water/kg body weight as lead acetate solution intraperitoneally for a period of 30 days. Another 24 control rats received 2 ml of sterile normal saline solution (0.85% NaCl)/kg body weight in an identical manner. A many-fold increase in concentration of lead was associated with a non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver (27%) and kidneys (12%) and catalase in kidneys (22%). A significant (p<0.05) increase in lipid peroxide level was recorded in the liver (40%) compared with control values. There were significant (p<0.05) decreases in the total thiol and protein bound thiol contents in liver and an increase in non-protein bound thiol groups in the kidneys of lead exposed rats. During the 10 day observation period after withdrawal of lead administration, no significant change was observed with respect to any of the above parameters indicating that a 10 day withdrawal period was not enough for restoration of normality. It is concluded that the magnitude of response and the resultant changes in the lipid peroxide concentration, and the activities of SOD and catalase were not identical in the liver and kidneys of lead-exposed rats.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.2 no.1_2
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 1987

Among the environmental toxic metals, cadmium and lead compounds are very hazard for human health because these may affect the biological function of human body and furthermore enhance the cause of various disease. In recent years, as the view of environmental toxicology, the combination of toxic metals suffering human health is especially significant cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg P. 0., 1 mg/kg I.P.) and lead acetate (20 mg/kg P.O., 2 mg/kg I.P.) were administered to rats for 4 weeks on alternate days and then examined the effect of these on body weight, tissue weight and also biochemical function in blood and tissue were investigated and comparision of the two experimental groups such as single and combined administration. According to the results of this experiment, accumulation of heavy metals increased and biological metabolic function grew worse but, in tissue, toxic effect decreased by combined administration and intraperitoneal administration was more toxic than per OS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.1130-1134
• /
• 2005

An experiment was performed using 20 calves of about one-month old to investigate the effect of chelation therapy with calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate ($CaNa_2$EDTA) alone or along with antioxidant $\alpha$-tocopherol in lead loaded calves on blood trace minerals, erythrocytic sulfahydryl groups and some haematobiochemical parameters. Fifteen calves were given lead orally at a daily dose of 7.5 mg of 99% pure lead acetate/kg body weight for 28 days. Then the lead was withdrawn on day 28 and the calves were randomly divided into three groups. Each group of five animals was either treated with $CaNa_2$EDTA alone at the dose rate of 110 mg/kg body weight in two divided doses for 4 days or along with $\alpha$-tocopherol at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight orally daily for 7 days, keeping the remaining five calves as lead-exposed untreated controls. Blood samples were collected at the end of the lead exposure (day 0) and thereafter on day 2, 4, 7 and 10 from the start of the chelation treatment. The treatment with EDTA alone led to slow but non-significant improvement in blood copper level, but incorporation of antioxidant $\alpha$-tocopherol in chelation therapy resulted in its significant decline, as recorded on day 7-post treatment. Withdrawal of lead or treatment with $CaNa_2$EDTA alone or along with $\alpha$-tocopherol enhanced the erythrocytic thiol contents and the levels of T-SH and P-SH became statistically (p<0.05) comparable to those of lead-exposed controls by day 7 and 4, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) change in serum urea, creatinine, total protein and albumin levels between the treatment groups. It is concluded from the present investigation that treatment with $CaNa_2$EDTA at the present dose rate is safe to be used for chelation in lead loaded calves.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.62-68
• /
• 2003

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using nafion-coated glassy carbon electrodes modified with Tetren(tetraethylene pentamine)-glycerol showed sensitivity for determining lead (II) at low concentration. The Lead (II) was accumulated on the electrode surface by the formation of the complex in an open circuit, and the resulting surface was characterized by medium exchange, electrochemical reduction, and differential pulse voltammetry. Various experimental parameters, such as the composition of modifier, preconcentration time, pH of electrolyte (0.1 M acetate buffer), and parameters of differential pulse voltammetry, were optimized. The initial potential was applied for 50 s, the electrode was scanned from -0.9 to -0.3 V, and the anodic peak current was measured at -0.604 V $\pm$ 0.015 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The calibration plot was obtained in the range 1.0$\times$10$^{-8}$ M~l.0$\times$10$^{-6}$ M with pH 4.5 buffer solution. The detection limit (3$\sigma$) it as low as 5.0$\times$ 10$^{-9}$ M. This method is applied to the determination of lead(II) in a certified reference material and the result agrees satisfactorily with the certified value.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.9-13
• /
• 2016

Purpose PET-CT examinations using $^{18}F-FDG$ to treat urinary system cancer are limited in terms of anatomical structure and excretion route of $^{18}F-FDG$. But one of the ongoing examinations utilizing $^{11}C-Acetate$ can compensate for such defects. We would like to introduce a clinical application of $^{11}C-Acetate$ PET-CT in urinary cancer patients. Materials and Methods We conducted a clinical survey of 22 patients diagnosed with urinary cancer at our hospital, 10 prostate cancer patients, 10 renal cell carcinoma patients, and 2 bladder cancer patients. All patients were performed $^{18}F-FDG$ PET-CT examinations, $^{11}C-Acetate$ examinations were performed after two weeks on average. The equipment used to D-710 PET-CT in GE Company and we performed PET-CT procedures 15 minutes after injecting $^{11}C-Acetate$, and a medical doctor from the department of nuclear medicine appraised and compared images between $^{18}F-FDG$ and $^{11}C-Acetate$. Results According to our survey, prostate cancer patients generally had lower uptake of $^{18}F-FDG$ than other cancer patients did. In 2 out of 10 prostate cancer patients, metastasized cancer showed greater uptake in $^{11}C-Acetate$ than $^{18}F-FDG$. In renal cell carcinoma cases, 8 out of 10 patients displayed evidently greater uptake in $^{11}C-Acetate$ than $^{18}F-FDG$. We excluded bladder cancer cases in this study because uptake of $^{18}F-FDG$ in the bladder was too hot, the number of patients was insufficient, and the cases did not meet criteria such as the use of diuretics. Conclusion It is too premature to draw solid conclusions from the survey, since it involved only a small number of participants. However, there are a number of studies conducted abroad that prove the effectiveness of the $^{11}C-Acetate$ PET-CT examinations in treating urinary system cancer, and this study is still ongoing at our hospital. If the tests were to be conducted on a larger number of participants, this study could lead to numerous other potential research topics, such as the correlation between Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) values and $^{11}C-Acetate$ PET-CT, Gleason sum values from biopsy before surgery, Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) between $^{18}F-FDG$ PET-CT examinations and $^{11}C-Acetate$ PET-CT examinations in other urinary system cancers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.131-135
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of extracts from Paeoniae radix on postprandial hyperglycemia. Organic solvent (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, water) extracts from Paeoniae radix were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. These fractions were used to screen $\alpha$-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) inhibitors by microplate colorimetric assay. The fractions 11, 12, 18, 19 of ethyl acetate extract from Paeoniae radix showed inhibitory activity by 85%, 84%, 77%, 77% at concentration of 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, respectively. The selected fractions (no. 10~no. 19) significantly reduced by 22% the blood glucose elevation in comparison with positive control in mice loaded with maltose. The fractions of Paeoniae radix were determined in vitro inhibitory activity on $\alpha$-glucosidase and in vivo inhibition effect on blood glucose elevation in mice. Therefore, these results suggest that the extract of Paeoniae radix can be used as a new nutraceutial for inhibition on postprandial hyperglycemia as well as resource pool for lead compounds as a $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitor.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.41-41
• /
• 2001

In this study, synthetic fiber fabrics such as polyester, nylon 6, acrylic and acetate were dyed with indigoid vat dye. The effects of the composition of alkaline reduction, dyeing time and dyeing temperature on color strength and color fastness of the fabrics were investigated. Also the color fastnesses to wash and light of the dyed fabrics were studied. In dyeing of polyester, nylon, acrylic and acetate fiber fabrics with indigo vat dyes, it appears that these fabrics have high values of K/S up to Ig/L of sodium hydroxide and 6g/L of reducing agent. Indigo vat dyeing for synthetic fiber fabrics was verb fast, and lead to dyeing equilibrium within twenty minutes. The K/S values of dyed fabrics did not changed in dye concentration more than 10% o.w.f.. Synthetic fiber fabrics dyed with indigoid dyes had bad light fastness.