• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2016년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
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• pp.309-310
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• 2016

Sealed flooded lead acid batteries are becoming popular in the industry because of their low cost as compared to their counterparts. State of Charge (SOC) estimation has always been an important factor in battery management systems. For the accurate SOC estimation, open circuit voltage (OCV) hysteresis should be modelled accurately. The hysteresis phenomenon of the sealed flooded lead acid battery is discussed in detail and its ultimate modeling is proposed based on the conventional parallelogram method. The SOC estimation is performed by using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) while the parameters of the battery are estimated using Auto Regressive with external input (ARX) method. The validity of the proposed method is verified by the experimental results. The SOC estimation error by the proposed method is less than 3 % all wing the 125hr test.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2006

This study has been focused on the analysis of high speed shear forming process for lead-acid battery grids. The grid plays an important role of electrical charge. It is necessary to ensure the best battery's performance that the grid should have a best quality. The clearance between punch and die, the velocity of punch and the critical damage value are very important parameters for making a good grid form. The finite element analysis of the shear forming process is carried out by measuring and optimizing these three important parameters. The result of this study concludes that these parameters has a great influence on grid quality.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.214-218
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• 2011

납이 용해된 수용성메탄술폰산을 전해액으로 사용하는 레독스 플로우 전지의 전기화학적 특성과 성능을 평가하였다. 납과 이산화납의 부착, 용해과정을 평가하기 위해 전압전류법을 실시하였다. 음전위쪽으로 순방향 주사에서 뚜렷한 환원피크는 관찰되지 않고, 전류는 서서히 증가하였다. 음전위 구간에서 역방향 주사에서 산화피크의 on-set potential은 -0.47 V(vs SCE)에서 관찰되었다. 양전위 구간에서는 순방향과 역방향에서 뚜렷한 피크가 나타났다. 비이커 셀내에 설치된 전극으로 충방전 실험을 실시하였다. 납의 충전(부착)은 약 0.5 V(vs SCE), 납의 방전(용해)는 약 0.25 V(vs SCE)에서 진행되었으며, 충전 및 방전시의 전위 차이는 약 0.25 V이다. 이산화납의 초기 충전(부착)은 1.7 V(vs SCE)에서 진행되었고, 방전(용해)은 0.95 V 부근의 일정전위에서 진행되었다. 두번째 사이클에서, 충전은 1.5 V(vs SCE)이하에서 시작되고, 이후 전위가 1.7 V(vs SCE)로 증가하였다. 방전 전위는 약 1.0 V로 안정적으로 유지하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.160-171
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• 1995

The size characteristics of lead particle which is one of the important factors associated with absorption of lead were ignored in establishing lead standard. This study was conducted to investigate distribution of lead particles by operation of industry. Aerodynamic Mass Median Diameters (MMD) of airborne lead particles in the battery and litharge manufacturing industry were $14.1{\mu}m$ and $15.1{\mu}m$, respectively. There was no significant difference between those two values(p>0.05). However, the diameters in radiator manufacturing and secondary smelting industry were $1.3{\mu}m$, $4.9{\mu}m$, respectively. Those were significantly smaller than the particle sizes in other industries(p<0.05). Total lead concentrations in the secondary smelting industry were higher than those in the battery and litharge manufacturing industry. Total lead concentrations in other industries except radiator manufacturing industry exceeded the standard of $50{\mu}g/m^3$. Only radiator manufacturing industry indicated lead concentrations significantly lower than those in other industries(p<0.05). Concentrations of lead particles smaller than $1{\mu}m$ defined as respirable fraction by OSHA's CPA model assumption were $72.4{\mu}g/m^3$ in the secondary smelting industry, exceeding $50{\mu}g/m^3$. The relationship of concentrations between total lead and lead of particles smaller than $1{\mu}m$ was log Y = 0.46 logX + 0.06(n=119, $r^2=0.44$, p=0.0001). Relationship of respirable lead concentrations between OSHA and ACGIH was significantly detected in the litharge and battery manufacturing industry(p=0.0001), but was not significant in the radiator(p=0.2720) and secondary smelting manufacturing industry(p=0.2394). As MMDs of lead particles generated in industry were small, difference of respirable lead concentration between OSHA and ACGIH became smaller. There was a significant difference between concentrations respirable lead defined by two organizations such as OSHA and ACGIH in the battery and litharge manufacturing industry. Average concentration of respirable lead by ACGIH definition was 43.3 % of total lead in secondary smelting and 48.9 % in radiator manufacturing industry, and lower fractions were indicated in battery and litharge manufacturing industry. Relationships of total lead with IPM, TPM, and RPM were significant respectively(p=0.0001) and lead concentrations by particle size could be estimated using this relationship. Linear regression equation between total lead concentration(X) and ACGIH-RPM concentration(Y) was log Y = 0.76 log X - 0.40($r^2=0.89$, p=0.0001).

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.569-582
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• 2023

납축전지는 가장 오래된 충전식 배터리 시스템으로 현재까지 충전식 배터리 분야에서 자리를 지키고 있다. 이 배터리는 다양한 이유로 열폭주 현상이 생기는데 이는 큰 사고로 이어질 가능성이 있다. 그렇기 때문에 열폭주 현상을 예방하는 것은 배터리 관리 시스템의 핵심부분이다. 최근에는 열폭주 위험 배터리 셀을 기계학습으로분류하는 연구가 진행 중이다. 본 논문에서는 비지도학습인 DBSCAN 클러스터링과 통계적 방법을 사용하여 열폭주 위험 셀 탐지 및 검증 알고리즘을 제안하였다. BMS에서 측정한 lead-acid 배터리의 저항 값만을 사용하여 열폭주 위험 셀 분류 실험을 진행하였고 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘이 열폭주 위험 셀을 정확히 검출해 냄을 보여주었다. 또한 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘을 사용하여 배터리 내 열폭주 위험이 있는 셀과 노이즈가 심한 셀을 분류할 수 있었으며 그리드 서치를 통한 DBSCAN 파라미터 최적화를 통해 열폭주 위험 셀을 초기에 검출해 낼 수 있었다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 무정전 전원시스템(UPS : Uninterruptible Power Supply)의 에너지 저장용으로 사용되는 납축전지를 최적의 상태로 유지, 관리하는 배터리관리시스템을 설계, 제작하고, 잔존용량을 추정하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 배터리관리시스템은 배터리의 충 방전 전류를 제어하여 과방전 및 과충전으로부터 배터리를 보호하며, 충 방전 시 배터리 잔존용량(SOC)을 예측하여 배터리를 최적 상태로 유지하도록 하는 알고리즘이 적용된다. 또한 충 방전 시험기를 이용한 실험과 UPS에 장착한 후 성능 실험을 통해, 제작된 시스템의 성능 및 제안된 배터리 잔존용량 추정 알고리즘의 타당성을 입증한다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.225-233
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• 2021

Conventional submarine propulsion batteries have mainly used lead acid batteries, which have proved relatively safe, but in recent years, research on mounting lithium-ion batteries to improve the underwater operation capability of submarines is underway in advanced countries such as Japan. Korea has world-class technology in the development of electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries for energy storage, but fire safety accidents continue to occur in electric vehicles and energy storage lithium-ion batteries. In order to mount the lithium-ion battery in a submarine, it is necessary to check the safety as well as whether the performance is improved compared to the lead acid battery. Through the charge/discharge experiment of this lithium-ion battery module unit, it was possible to measure how much performance was improved compared to the lead acid battery. Safety tests were conducted on the lithium-ion battery module assuming that it was mounted on a submarine, and it was confirmed that safety was secured when applied to a submarine. Since many modules are mounted on actual submarines, it has been confirmed that it can be applied to submarine systems by simulating charge/discharge characteristics through Hardware-in-the Loop(HILS). Through the results of this study, the application of lithium-ion batteries to submarines is expected to significantly improve the sustainability of underwater operations.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2016

Earlier studies conducted on lead-exposed workers have determined the reticulocyte count (RC) (%), but the parameters of Absolute Reticulocyte Count (ARC), Reticulocyte Index (RI), and Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI) were not reported. This study assessed the effect of lead (Pb) exposure on the status of reticulocyte count indices in workers occupied in lead battery plants. The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 391 male lead battery workers. The blood lead levels (BLL) were determined by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The RC (%) was estimated by using the supravital staining method. The parameters, such as ARC, RI, and RPI, were calculated by using the RC (%) with the red cell indices (RBC count and hematocrit). The levels of RBC count and hematocrit were determined by using an ABX Micros ES-60 hematology analyzer. The levels of reticulocyte count indices - RC (%), ARC, RI, and RPI significantly increased with elevated BLL. The association between BLL and reticulocyte count indices was positive and significant. The results of linear multiple regression analysis showed that the reticulocyte count (${\beta}=0.212$, P < 0.001), ARC (${\beta}=0.217$, P < 0.001), RI (${\beta}=0.194$, P < 0.001), and RPI (${\beta}=0.208$, P < 0.001) were positively associated with BLL. The variable, smoking habits, showed a significant positive association with reticulocyte count indices: RC (%) (${\beta}=0.188$, P < 0.001), ARC (${\beta}=0.174$, P < 0.001), RI (${\beta}=0.200$, P < 0.001), and RPI (${\beta}=0.151$, P < 0.005). The study results revealed that lead exposure may cause reticulocytosis with an increase of reticulocyte count indices.

• 에너지공학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.338-346
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• 2013

일반 납축전지는 차량의 시동 성능 위주로 최적 설계되어 있다. 최근 차량 전장 시스템과 납축전지를 활용한 연비기술 적용의 증가로 납축전지의 사용 빈도가 늘어나고 있다. 연비기술 적용은 납축전지의 잦은 충방전 반응을 일으켜 납축전지 내구 수명을 단축시키고 있다. 본 연구에서는 납축전지의 노화 수명 모델 구현을 통해 배터리 내구 수명을 예측하는 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 납축전지의 노화에 영향을 미치는 요인은 방전율, 충전 시간, 완충 시간, 온도 조건 등이 있다. 본 논문에서는 납축전지의 동적 거동을 예측하기 위하여 전기화학반응 속도론, 이온의 전달현상, 전극 공극률의 시간에 따른 변화를 고려하였다. 수명 예측을 위해서 노화 메커니즘 중 노화에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 극판 부식 현상과 활물질 탈락을 노화 모델링에 반영하였다. 개발된 납축전지의 노화 모델을 검증하기 위하여 납축전지의 가속 충방전 시험을 수행하였다.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2013년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
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• pp.317-318
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• 2013

State-of-Charge (SOC) is one of the most important indicators for the battery management system. Thus its precise estimation is crucial not only for effectively utilizing the energy but also preventing critical situations from happening to the powertrain of the vehicle. However, lead-acid battery is time-variant and highly nonlinear, and the hysteresis phenomenon causes large errors in estimating SOC. This paper proposes a novel SOC estimation technique for the lead-acid battery by using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) considering hysteresis effect. The validity of the proposed technique is verified through the experiments.