• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the problems and improvement areas by reviewing the laws related to kindergarden healthcare workers. Methods: The laws were searched at the Korean law information center (https://www.law.go.kr/). We reviewed the 「Early Childhood Education Act」, 「School Health Act」, 「Medical Service Act」, 「Elementary and Secondary Education Act」and their enforcement decrees and rules. Results: The legal role of health teachers as school healthcare professionals was comprehensively specified by the 「School Health Act. However, the qualifications for and roles of health teachers were not fully described in 「Early Childhood Education Act], indicating a unclear legal basis for the qualifications for and roles of kindergarten health teachers. To support healthcare workers in kindergartens, it is necessary to amend the 「Early Childhood Education Act」 that provides the guidelines for qualifications for kindergarten health teachers in elementary, secondary, and special schools who have completed necessary continuing education. A health hub kindergarten could be a step-by-step option for all kindergartens to have healthcare workers. Conclusion: This review demonstrated the importance of amending the laws on kindergarten health teachers and health hub kindergartens for child health and safety. These findings could be used to support policies related to kindergarten healthcare workers.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.53-89
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• 2006

At its thirty-second session(Vienna, 17 May-4 June 1999), the UNCITRAL decided that the priority items for the Working Group(Arbitration and Conciliation) should include enforceability of interim measures and the requirement of written (on for the arbitration agreement. The Working Group, at its forty-third session(Vienna, 3-7 October 2005), it had undertaken a detailed review of the text of the revised article 17 of UNCTTRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, and it had resumed discussions on a draft model legislative provision revising article 7, paragraph (2) of UNCITRAL Model Law. The purpose of this paper is to make research on the contents and issues of the draft legislative provisions on interim measures and preliminary orders, and on the form of arbitration agreement which the Working Group discussed and adopted at its forth-fourth session(New York, 23-27 January 2006). The draft legislative provisions on interim measures and preliminary orders are composed of the following provisions : Article 17-power of arbitral tribunal to order interim measures; article 17 bis-conditions for granting interim measures; article 17 ter-applications for preliminary orders and conditions for granting preliminary orders; article 17 quater-specific regime for preliminary orders; article 17 quinquies- modification, suspension, termination; article 17 sexies-provision of security; article 17 septies-disclosure; article 17 octies-costs and damages; article 17 novies recognition and enforcements; article 17 decies-grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement; article 17 undecies-court-ordered interim measures. There are the following issues in the draft legislative provisions on interim measures and preliminary orders : form of issuance of an interim measures in article 17(2); conditions for granting interim measures in article 17 bis; purpose, function and legal regime of preliminary orders in article 17 ter; obligation of arbitral tribunal to give notice, and non-enforceability of preliminary orders in article 17 quater; burden of proof, interplay between article 17 decies and article 34, and decision on the recognition and enforcement of the interim measures in article 17 decies; placement of article 17 undecies; amendment of scope exception of application in article 1(2). The draft legislative provisions on the form of arbitration agreement are composed of the following provisions : article 7(1) definition of arbitration agreement; article 7(2) arbitration agreement in writing; article 7(3) arbitration agreement if its terms(content) are (is) recorded in any form; article 7(4) arbitration agreement by an electronic communication; article 7(5) arbitration agreement in an exchange of statements of claim and defence; article 7(6) reference to any document containing an arbitration clause. There are the following issues in the draft legislative provisions on the form of arbitration agreement : arbitration agreement in writing in article 7(2); terms or contents of arbitration agreement in article 7(3); arbitration agreement by electronic communication in article 7(4); existence of arbitration agreement in article 7(5); reference to any document containing an arbitration clause in article 7(6); the alternative proposal on article 7; amendment to article 35(2).

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.545-554
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• 2021

According to the changes of the medical environment of the times, it is necessary to discuss the issues of the doctor's medical guidance and to conduct continuous research so that alternatives can be prepared systematically. Furthermore, in order to enhance the professionalism of radiological technologists and to develop the medical technician system, the new Radiological Technologist Independent Act has been established, which contains the overall contents of the scope of work, professional qualifications, and specialized education of radiological technologists, and provides quality medical services to patients through professional procedures and treatment. In order to increase the level of medical care, the purpose, definition, mission, role, and scope of work specified in the Medical Act, Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act, the Enforcement Decree, and the Enforcement Rules were variously analyzed and new directions were presented. First, the definition of a medical technician should use a generic term so that the factors of conflict and prejudice could be resolved. Second, change the doctor's guide to doctor's prescription; and then legislate the authority to sign and write medical records after examination by radiological technologists, thereby prohibiting unlicensed technicians that seriously endanger patient safety. Third, an accurate definition of radiological technologists' roles should be established; not only selection and management of radiological technologists' work but also procedures and treatment for each radiology field should be specified to suit the current medical system. Fourth, a professional radiological technologists' qualification system and a specialized education system should be established in order to secure human resources that could provide patients trust in procedures and treatment based on professional knowledge and experience in the field of radiology. Fifth, the Education and Evaluation Institute should be operated in Korea education system to educate the professional knowledge and competency for students. In addition, it is necessary to in-depth analysis of foreign cases could be applied to the medical system and education system in Korea; it could strive to nurture systematic human resources.

• 의료법학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.77-116
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• 2020

현대 과학의 경험과 성과가 반영된 의약품의 사용으로 인류에게 질병의 치료와 건강 상태의 개선이라는 혜택이 주어지고 있다. 그러나 의약품은 질병의 치료라는 혜택 이외에도 본질적으로 피할 수 없는 부작용도 내포한다. 각국은 부작용으로 인한 피해의 최소화를 위해 시장진입 규제나 시판후조사 등의 조치를 취하고 있으나, 부작용의 발생은 피할 수 없다. 부작용으로 인한 손해의 발생이 불가항력이라도 그 점이 사전에 알려진 것이었다면, 의약품의 종류와 사용 형태에 따라서 처방한 의사나 복약지도를 담당하는 약사 등이 손해를 배상해야 한다. 의약품에 결함이 있어 손해가 발생하는 경우도 있는데, 손해 배상의 일반원칙을 그대로 적용해서는 결함으로 인한 부작용 피해자가 손해를 배상받기 쉽지 않다. 우리나라를 비롯한 여러 나라가 제조물 책임법을 통하여 피해자의 보호를 도모하고 있으며, 의약품도 제조물에 포섭되기 때문에 제조물 책임법을 통한 손해배상을 문의할 수 있는데, 이 때 주로 설계상의 결함이나 표시상의 결함이 문제될 수 있다. 제조물 책임법이 제정·시행되기 이전에도 의약품의 부작용으로 인한 손해는 발생하여왔다. 이러한 경우를 위해서 판례는 제조물 책임법과 유사한 법리를 발전시켜 왔고, 의약품 결함은 혈액제제와 관련하여 판례가 형성되어 왔다. 제조물 책임법 시행 이전에 제조된 의약품으로 인한 손해는 향후에도 발생할 수 있기에 판례 법리는 중요한 검토의 대상이다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.121-150
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• 2006

Under the New York Convention, parties can petition the courts of the United States to confirm foreign arbitral awards. Although there is no definition in the Convention for 'non-domestic' awards, in the United States, federal and state courts read the Convention broadly and interpret this as permitting the enforcing authority to supply its own definition of 'non-domestic' in conformity with its own domestic law. There are a number of federal cases on this point. The court preferred this broad construction of 'non-domestic' awards because it comported with the intended purpose of the Convention, which was entered into to encourage the recognition and enforcement of international arbitral awards. This means that in applying the New York Convention, U.S. courts have responded to the underlying spirit rather than the technical letter of the Convention. In brief, the New York Convention has much broader application in the United States. It is applicable not only to awards rendered outside of the United States, but also to non-domestic awards rendered within United States. As this article suggests, the general attitude towards foreign awards is more pro-enforcement in the United States, whether the award is rendered in favor of the American party or in favor of the foreign party.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.71-92
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• 2012

The significant increase in international trade over the last few decades has been accompanied by an increase in the number of commercial disputes between Korea and India. Understanding the Indian dispute resolution system, including arbitration, is necessary for successful business operation with Indian companies. This article investigates characteristics of India's Arbitration and Conciliation Act in order to help then traders who enter into business with Indian companies to settle their disputes efficiently. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act(1996) based on the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 1976, has a number of characteristics including the following: (i) this act covers ad hoc arbitration and institutional arbitration (ii) parties to the arbitration agreement have no option except arbitration in case of any dispute (iii) the parties can choose their own laws, places, procedures, and arbitrators (iv) the decision of the arbitrators is final and binding (v)role of the court has been minimized and (vi) enforcement of foreign awards is recognized. However, there have been some court decisions that have not been in tune with the spirit and provisions of the Act. Therefore, Korean companies insert the KCAB's standard arbitration clause into their contracts and use India's ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution) Methods to strategically resolve their disputes. Additionally, Korean companies investigate Indian companies' credit standing before entering into business relations with them.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.139-149
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• 2008

특정직 공무원은 별도의 인사법규를 근거로 일반직과 다른 개별 인사행정을 시행하고 있다. 조직과 임무가 특수한 만큼 일반직에 대한 인사행정을 적용하는 것은 여러 면에서 문제점이 야기될 수 있다. 경찰공무원 역시 특정직으로 타 공직과는 상이한 형태의 인사행정을 시행하고 있다. 그런데 이러한 개별적 인사행정은 많은 장점을 가질 수 있으나 그에 못지않은 단점도 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 타 공직과 상이하게 운영되고 있는 경찰 근무성적평정 제도의 바람직한 운영을 도모하기 위해 평정결과에 대한 검증절차의 도입을 제안하였다. 다만, 제도시행 초기에는 검증대상을 최종 평정권자로 한정하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.176-191
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• 2023

Purpose - When recovered through arbitration a contractual penalty that is disproportionately high can become grounds for challenging an arbitral award or an obstacle to its enforcement within Russian jurisdiction. This article investigates how violation of the principle of proportionality can affect the enforcement and challenging of arbitral awards in Russia. Based on the examination of the current legislation, along with the analysis of recent court cases on the subject, the ultimate object of this article is to discern practical recommendations for Korean practitioners who are looking to challenge and/or enforce arbitral awards in Russian courts. Design/methodology - The research process included the reviewing of current Russian legislation conducted in concurrence with academic literature review, searching and analyzing recent court cases where the relevant legal provisions and concepts were applied, and formulating practical implications of the research at its final stage. Findings - Through its relation to the principle of fairness/justice the authors establish the connection between the principle of proportionality and the public policy of Russia. Analysis of recent court cases showed two conflicting trends of whether a disproportionate penalty can be considered a public policy violation. The authors offer practical recommendations on how to substantiate a relevant claim regarding contractual penalty reduction by the court, depending on the desired outcome. Originality/value - The article contains an up-to-date summary of the legal provisions on the principle of proportionality of civil liability in Russia and identifies the most recent trends in court practice on the issue that is not covered by existing studies.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.71-100
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• 2007

To promote the way of resolving the increasing disputes regarding international intellectual property by arbitration, we should overcome uncertainty thwarting the dispute resolution; i.e., whether a dispute regarding intellectual property would be an arbitrable subject, whether the arbitration agreement would be valid and enforceable, and whether the arbitral award could be recognized and enforced in a foreign country. This article is intended to seek how to promote and facilitate the resolution of international disputes regarding intellectual property by arbitration. This article in Chapter II will examine the characteristics of the IP disputes first. Chapter III of this article will study arbitrability of IP disputes. Then, Chapter IV will discuss the requirements, validity, and effectiveness of arbitration agreement of international IP disputes. The author will discuss the procedure of arbitration of the international IP disputes in Chapter V, and finally the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards thereon in Chapter VI. Due to the so called 'territoriality principle' in intellectual property, the international disputes thereof confront numerous procedural setback, e.g., jurisdiction, conflict of laws, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments or awards. To overcome such setbacks, I propose resolution of international IP disputes by one-step arbitration procedure through widely recognizing the arbitrability of IP disputes, and utilizing unnational nature of arbitration. In addition, I propose to set up the principles as to arbitration of the international IP disputes as the American Law Institute has formulated the principles for International Intellectual Property Litigations. By setting up these principles, I am certain it will be helpful to just and prompt resolution of international IP disputes which occur more frequently these days.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.55-96
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• 2004

2004년 7월에 항공법 개정안이 발표되었는데 그 주요 제안이유는 현행 "항공법"중 그 내용이 객관적이고 독립적인 항공사고 조사분야를 "항공사고조사에 관한 법률"로 분법하고, 최근 항공안전 강화추세에 따라 빈번하게 개정되고 있는 국제민간항공 조약 부속서의 표준 및 권고사항에 신속하게 대처할 수 있도록 그 근거규정은 법률로 정하고 세부기술적인 사항은 하위법령에서 정하도록 하며, 그 간 제도운영과정에서 나타난 일부 미비점을 보완하려 하고 있다. 이러한 항공법 개정의 변화과정에 대한 논의와 외국의 항공법 체계와 국내항공법의 체계비교를 통하여 국내항공법의 개정 변화에 대한 추이를 살펴보고자 한다. 본 조사 결과 대부분 국가가 항공법과 항공사고조사법을 분리하고 있기 때문에 현행 항공법을 "항공법"과 항공사고조사법으로 분법하려는 추진방향을 세운 것처럼 생각된다. 현행 항공법에서는 권리제한이나 의무부과, 인허가 관련 기본적인 사항만 정하고 나머지 세부적인 사항은 국제기준의 변경에 신속히 대응할 수 있도록 하위법령에서 정할 수 있도록 근거를 마련하는 방향으로 가닥을 잡아가고 있다. 이러한 흐름에 맞추어 국제표준과 항공선진국으로서의 위상에 걸맞고 급변하는 세계항공운송의 흐름에 순행하는 항공법을 제정하는 지혜를 모아야 할 것이다.