• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.189-201
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• 2023

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin incorporating microcapsules containing plant essential oils. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Denture base specimens containing up to 3% w/v essential oil microcapsule powders (MCPs), i.e., eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, menthol, and tea tree, in two resins (Detax and NextDent 3D+) were 3D printed using two printers (Asiga and NextDent 5100). The dispersion and interaction of the MCPs in the resin were assessed by SEM while the mechanical properties of the incorporated denture base including flexural strength (MPa), flexural modulus (MPa), Vickers hardness (VHN), and surface roughness (Ra) were also subsequently evaluated. Statistical analysis of any differences in mean values was determined using a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc testing (α = .05). RESULTS. The spherical shape of the MCPs was maintained during the mixing and polymerization/printing process. However, the Detax-Asiga group showed significant agglomeration of the MCPs even at the lowest MCP concentration levels (0.5% w/v). Overall, as the microcapsule concentration increased, the mean flexural strength decreased, though the menthol MCP groups remained compliant with the ISO standard. The flexural modulus and harness remained relatively unchanged, and the flexural modulus complied with the ISO standard regardless of the MCP concentration. Surface roughness increased with the addition of the MCPs but also remained below that required for clinical acceptance. CONCLUSION. Incorporation of microencapsulated plant essential oils into 3D printed denture base resin was successfully achieved. While incorporation negatively influenced flexural strength and surface roughness, little effect on flexural modulus and Vickers hardness was demonstrated.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to find herbicidal compounds from seven different plant essential oils such as amyris (Amyris balsamifera), cajuput (Melaleuca cajeputi), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), lavender (Lavendula spp.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), pine (Pinus spp.) and rosemary (Rosmarius officinale), and determine their herbicidal activities. The in vitro herbicidal activity of cajuput essential oil was the highest among six essential oils ($GR_{50}$ value, $425{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) and major chemical components in cajuput essential oil were eucalyptol (37.2%), ${\alpha}$-terpineol (11.6%), benzaldehyde (5.2%), linalool (4.1%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.5%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (2.4%), and their $GR_{50}$ values were 2,731, 500, 50, 372, 4,363, and $4,671{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$, respectively. Soil application of cajuput essential oil and benzaldehyde did not show any herbicidal activity at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$. When cajuput essential oil was applied to foliar at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, narrow-leaved plants such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolar), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), and southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) were killed 100%, however, broad-leaved plants indian jointvetch (Aeschynomeme indica), velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti), cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), Japanese morningglory (Calystegia japonica) were not killed, indicating the cajuput essential oil was effective to control narrow-leaved plants. Herbicidal activities of benzaldehyde at 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, to those plants were 20, 60 and 95%, respectively. Overall data showed that the herbicidal activity of cajuput essential oil was in part due to benzaldehyde.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2012

Purpose: The study was designed to verify effects of aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and the autonomic nervous system in breast cancer patients who are undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Methods: Data were collected from November 2006 through March 2007 at the C university hospital in Seoul. The study included 33 patients and they were assigned to three groups. Group I had aroma oil inhalation for 2 minutes per time, three times a day for six weeks whereas Group II and a control group inhaled aroma oil for 2 minutes per time, once a day for six weeks. For Groups I and II, a mixture of lemon, lavender, rosewood and rose essential oils were used while control group inhaled tea tree oil. Results: Depression was significantly decreased in patients in the experimental groups only. In Groups I and II patients, anxiety level was lower than that in control patients. Patients in Groups I and II also showed stronger physical resistance to stress than control group patients. Conclusion: Aromatherapy should be considered as a method that can significantly decrease depression in breast cancer patients who are undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aroma therapy on anxiety and pain before and after tooth extraction. The subjects in this study were 60 patients who felt severe anxiety and pain due to tooth extraction. The experiment was conducted from January through March, 2004, by organizing an experimental group and a control group with 30 patients each. The experimental group was asked to keep wearing lavender-containing necklaces from two days before tooth extraction to inhale lavender, and no such an action was taken to the control group. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 program to obtain statistical data. and ${\times}2$ test and t-test were implemented. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. Regarding whether or not the experimental and control groups were homogeneous, men outnumbered women, and the largest number of the patients were in their 30s. Those who were married were more than the others who were unmarried in number, and those who lived with their spouses under the same roof together outnumbered the others who didn't, as the rate of the former stood at 65 percent in the experimental group and 86.4 percent in the control group. They expressed high satisfaction at their spouses, since 45 percent of the experimental group and 31 percent of the control group did it, but the difference between them and those who were unsatisfied was insignificant (pE0.347). By occupation, the largest number of people in the experimental group, which numbered 16.7 percent, were self-employed, and lots of patients in the control group were government workers. As for blood type, type A was most prevailing, which recorded 43.3 percent. By religion, 43 percent of the experimental group had no religion, whereas 36.7 percent of the control group were Christian. The most common monthly income ranged from 2 million to 2.5 million won. 2. There was little disparity in past pain experience between the two groups before aroma therapy was applied. The experimental group underwent more pain (6.15) than the control group (5.78), but the difference wasn't significant. The experimental group (90%) experienced more anxiety and fear than the control group(83%), but the difference was insignificant. This fact showed that there was little gap between the two groups in anxiety and fear caused by tooth extraction. Contrary to earlier expectation that pre-anxiety might not be the same. little significant difference was found. 3. After aroma therapy was applied, 50 percent of the experimental group and 23.3 percent of the control group suffered significantly less anxiety and fear about tooth extraction(${\times}2$=4.59, pE.05). And the experimental group exposed to aroma therapy was less nervous(3.0) than the control group(4.39), and the gap between the two was significant (t=13.37, pE.001). Therefore, aroma therapy had a good effect on alleviating their anxiety. During tooth extraction. 73.3 percent of the experimental group and 93.3 percent of the control group felt pain. The former group suffered Significantly less pain(${\times}2$=4.32, PE.05). Concerning the extent of pain, the experimental group(2.53) found it less painful to have their teeth extracted than the control group(5.50), and the gap between the two was significant(t=5.89, PE.05). 4. As to the effect of aroma therapy on alleviating anxiety or fear, the experimental group(33.3%) felt that aroma therapy let them more relieved. Every member of that group was willing to use aroma therapy again in the future, and 86.7 percent of that group perceived that aroma therapy made a difference to dental treatment. The experimental group responded to aroma therapy favorably, as every member of it had an intention to advise others to use that therapy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.486-498
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the leaf growth and flowering characteristics of 85 Hosta cultivars. The 85 cultivars were grown in a pot in Useful Plant Resources Center in Yangpyeong, Korea. H. 'Abiqua Blue Crinkles', H. 'Abiqua Drinking Gourd', H. 'Dancing in the Rain', H. 'Elegance', H. 'Inniswood', and H. 'Venus' were classified as a large size group (> 50 cm), while 27 cultivars including H. 'Abby', H. 'Birchwood Parky's Gold', H. 'Blue Cadet', and H. 'Blue Edge' were classified as a small size group (< 20 cm). The others were classified as a medium size groups. 79% of Hosta cultivars had leaf variegation. Leaf variegation type was divided into 5 types (standard, marginata, mediovarigata, albomaculata, striata). Among them 31 cultivars including H. 'Abby', H. 'Abiqua Moonbeam', and H. 'Atlantis' has a variegation type of marginata in the leaf. 36 cultivars including H. 'Abby', H. 'Abiqua Drinking Gourd', and H.'Abiqua Moonbeam' bloomed in late May and 9 cultivars including H. 'Black Hills', H. 'Boeun', and H. 'Fragrant Bouquet' started to flower on late August. Most flowers were below 3.0 cm in length, while H. 'Avocado' was longest on 10.0 cm. Most flowers have a lavender color group (63.5%), and 14 cultivars of Hosta showed white color group (16.5%). 12 cultivars including H. 'Blue Mouse Ears', H. 'Captain Kirk', and H. 'Fragrant Bouquet' had the fragrance in their flowers. H. 'Cherry Berry' and H. 'Revolution' had a colorful stalk, red and yellow, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.180-193
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• 2014

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease and regarded as a prototype of T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Aroma Oil Complex (AOC) is composed of lavender true oil, chamomile roman oil and tea tree oil. This study was performed to assess the effects of AOC in a canine model of ACD. ACD was induced on the back of dogs induced by sensitization and repeated application by 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB). Topical treatment of AOC was applied once a day for 8 days and skin biophysical parameters including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin thickness and erythema index, were measured every two days during experimental periods. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect. In skin biophysical parameters, TEWL, skin hydration, skin thickness and erythema index were significantly increased, with a maximum increase appeared on day 2 (p<0.05). After the completion of AOC treatment, skin biophysical parameters were significantly reached those of baseline in a time-dependent manner (p<0.05). In histopathology, marked increases of epidermal thicknesses were induced after DNCB challenge with numerous inflammatory cell infiltrations and edematous changes, decreases of connective tissue occupied regions in dermis. In addition, marked increases of cytokine - tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$)-immunoreactivities in the dermis and of apoptotic markers - caspase-3 and PARP-immunoreactivities in the epidermis were observed in DNCB control as compared with intact control, respectively (p<0.01). The decrease of infiltrated inflammatory cells and related decreases of pro-inflammatory cytokine immunoreactivities were observed in AOC treated skin (p<0.01). Based on these findings, AOC may have anti-inflammatory and alleviatory effects in the allergic contact dermatitis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.96-105
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• 2018

This study examined the growth of herb plants in response to irrigation on a green rooftop area in order to select herb plants that can be used for rooftop greening. Apple Mint (Mentha suaveolens), Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), Spearmint (Mentha spicata), Pineapple sage (Salvia elegans), Choco Mint (Mentha ${\times}$ piperita 'Choco Mint'), Ox-eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), Roman Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) showed increased growth when irrigated. Conversely, Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia ), Peppermint (Mentha ${\times}$ piperita ), Vicks Plant (Plectranthus tomentosa), Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla), Heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens), Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) and Lady's mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris) demonstrated satisfactory growth regardless of irrigation. Peppermint, Tansy, Lemon Verbena, Soapwort, and Lady's mantle seem to be suitable for green rooftop because of their overwintering ability and drought hardiness. Pineapple sage, Apple Mint and Thyme would seem to be inappropriate for rooftop greening because they showed negative growth response to drought and failed overwintering. Although Spearmint, Lemon balm, Choco Mint, Ox-eye Daisy and Roman Chamomile had reduced growth during dry conditions, they were able to overwinter satisfactorily and can be used as rooftop plants with irrigation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2005

Herbs and yucca(Yucca shidigera) are widely used a source of tea and otherwise such as botanical medicine, essential oil for perfumes, cosmetics, and food spices. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of herb tea prepared with lemon verbena, spearmint, apple mint, Korea mint, rosemary, pineapple sage, Chrysanthemum indicum, stevia, lavender, lemon balm cultivated in Korea and effects by addition of yucca. Approximate composition of yucca were as follows: moisture 5.88%, crude protein 5.46%, crude fat 0.69%, crude ash and 7.59%. pH of herb tea mixed yucca at 80℃ was decreased in lemon verbena, spearmint, apple mint, Korea mint, and rosemary in comparison herb tea alone, but soluble solids were similar in two tea. In the result of sensory test, herb tea and herb tea mixed Yucca were not difference with a few exceptions. pH of mentha(Korea mint) tea by addition of yucca was decreased according to increment amount of yucca. The sensory evaluation score of mentha tea by addition of yucca were increased when the tea was processed with 0.01∼0.04% yucca.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of inhalation method using essential oils on the preoperative anxiety of hystrectomy patients, and to provide effective and holistic nursing care to them. The research design was a nonequivalent control group non synchronized design. The data were collected from February 1 to March 31, 2002 at D Medical Center in Busan. The subjects were forty one patients that were operated on under general anesthesia for hystrectomy. They were assigned to two groups, twenty one subjects in the experimental group and twenty subjects in the control group. The tool of the Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was used to anxiety on all patients the day before surgery and the preoperative period. Then systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate levels were measured the day before surgery and the preoperative period. The experimental group received two treatments of inhalation method using essential oils of with lavender, ylang ylang, and bergamot oil. The data were analyzed by the $X^2$ test and the independent t-test. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. Hypothesis 1: It has been supported that the experimental group received inhalation method using essential oils might cause lower level of the preoperative VAS anxiety than that of the control group(t=-2.93, p=.006). 2. Hypothesis 2: It has been rejected that the experimental group received inhalation method using essential oils might cause lower level in the preoperative systolic blood pressure than the control group(t=-.120, p=.905). It has been rejected that the experimental group received inhalation method using essential oils might cause lower level in the preoperative diastolic blood pressure than the control group.(t=1.766, p=.085). 3. Hypothesis 3: It has been supported that the experimental group received inhalation method using essential oils might cause lower level in preoperative pulse rate than the control group(t=5.853, p=.000). According to these results, inhalation method using essential oils can be considered an effective nursing intervention that relieves the preoperative anxiety of hysterectomy patients and stabilizes vital sign partially.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2004

Introduction : Chronic hemodialysis patients have been psychological problems because of being compelled to follow a dialysis schedule for a long period of time. Specifically, depression and anxiety are so frequently observed that psychological management is required for most hemodialysis patients. Fragrance has been known to have beneficial psychological and physiological effects on human. This study was designed to investigate the psychological effect of aromatherapy on chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods : 40 subjects of this study selected from Je Young-Sung Internal Medicine Clinic in Busan. The experimental group were random assigned to 20 subjects who had visited on Monday, & Wendesday & Friday and received aromatherapy every day for 2 weeks. the control group were random assigned to 20 subjects who had visited on Tuesday & Thursday & Saturday and did not receive any intervention. Experiment had been conducted from July. 7th July 21, 2003 and anxiety by Spilberger's state anxiety scale and depression by Zung's Scale were measured in the course of aromatherapy for both experimental group and control group. A control period consisting of natural hospital smells was established before each test session, and then aromatic test conditions were systematically evaluated for odorless conditions as well as aromatic conditions containing 100% lavender necklace for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by, frequency, percentage, mean, S.D. $x^2$- test, t-test. Results:1) Anxiety scores were not significantly decreased in the experimental group($54.57{\pm}13.20$) after treatment compared to the control group($49.45{\pm}12.41$)(t=1.225, p=.228). 2) Depression scores were significantly decreased in the experimental group($43.95{\pm}5.63$) after treatment compared to the control group($49.65{\pm}9.84$)(t=-2.367, p=.023). Conclusions : These findings indicate that the aromatherapy may decreased depression. It is suggested that the aromatherapy could be an effective nursing intervention to reduce to depression by chronic hemodialysis patients.