• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.9
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• pp.29-33
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• 1968

Through an experiment with gas chromatography carried out using diethylene glycol succinate(DEGS) as the packing material of the column, we have obtained the correction factor between the weight ratio and the peak dimension of the saturated fatty acid methyl esters of C10, C12, C14, C16, and C18 and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters of oleic acid, linoloic acid, and linolenic acid, employing the detector of thermal conductivity type. Quantitative analysis of the fatty acids contained in rice Bran oil was performed with the above correction factor and the results are as follows; 1. Main components were found to be palmitic acid, oleic acid sand linolenic acid. No trases of capric acid (C10) lauric acid (C10) were found. 2. It was confirmed that there were straight line relation between the logarism retention time of each fatty acid and the number of carbon of saturated fatty acid or the number of double bond of other fatty acids having the same number of carbon. 3. The correction factor became larger as to the number of carbon increased up to C18 in case of saturated fatty acids, end as for other fatty acids, and as for other fatty acids of the same carbon number, it became larger according as the number of double bond increased.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.321-329
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• 2006

Albuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The percutaneous permeation of albuterol sulfate was investigated in hairless mouse skin in vitro with and without pretreatment with enhancers. The enhancing effects of ethanol and various penetration enhancers such as terpenes, non-ionic surfactants, pyrrolidones, and fatty acids on the permeation of albuterol sulfate were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Among terpenes studied, 1,8-cineole was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 33-fold compared with the control without enhancer pretrement, followed by d-limonene with enhancement ratio of 21.79. 2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 5.5-fold compared with the control. Other pyrrolidones tested showed only slight permeability enhancing effect with enhancement ratio less than 2.8. Nonionic surfactants showed moderate enhancing effects. Lauric acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 30-fold with decreasing the lag time from 2.85 to 0.64 hr. Oleic acid and linoleic acid showed enhancement ratio of 24.55 and 22.91, respectively. These findings would allow a more rational approach for designing formulations for the transdermal delivery of albuterol sulfate and similar drugs.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.965-972
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• 2023

As the world population growth and economy develops, the importance of eco-friendly organic waste resource treatment and up-cycling increases. Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) treats organic waste resources that allows it to be recycled as a feed resource. In this study, we analyzed the nutrients composition, amino acid, and fatty acids of BSF larvae fed three agricultural by-products, namely apple pomace, mandarin waste, and oriental melon waste (mainly generated in South Korea). The highest BSF larvae crude protein and amino acid content was obtained in those fed mandarin waste compared with the other two diets (apple pomace and oriental melon waste). BSF larvae fed apple pomace had the highest crude fat, fatty acid, and lauric acid content compared with the other BSF larvae. Furthermore, all crude protein and fat content of BSF larvae fed the three agricultural by-products exceed that of the original agricultural by-products.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 1991

Free amino acid(FAA), free fatty acid(FFA), and amino acid obtained by hydrolysis of protein components of cystic fluid(CF) of Cysticercus cellulosae in pig and man were analyzed. FFA was analyzed by gas chromatography using Varian model 2700, and flame ionization detector with 6 feet${\times}$1/4inch glass column. Flow rate of $N_2$ was 30 ml/min, $H_2$ was 30 ml/min, air was 350 ml/min respectively and chart speed was 1 cm/min. Amino acid was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using Waters model 441, and fluorescence detector at 338nm/425nm with column of amino acid analyzer. Buffer A of mobile phase was pH 3.05 and pH of buffer B was 9.6 respectively. The results obtained were as follows : Seven FFAs containing 12~18 carbons were detected : Saturated fatty acids were lauric acid ($C_{12}$), myristic acid($C_{14}$), palmitic acid($C_{16}$), Stearic acid($C_{18}$). Unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid($C_{12}^{=1}$), linoleic acid($C_{12}^{=2}$), and one unidentified fatty acid was detected. Generally much more quantity of FFA was determined in CF obtained from pig than that from man. FFA of the largest quantity was palmitic acid; 0.078 mg/ml. Eighteen FAAs were detected and the largest quantity was alanine. Ouantity of alanine was 386 ug/ml in CF from pig 108 ug/ml in CF from man respectively. while histidine in CF from pig was 273 ug/ml, that from man was only 4.3 ug/ml. Eighteen amino acids were identified by hydrolysis of protein in CF from man. But, histidine was not identified in CF from pig. Amino from pig and ug/ml from man.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.575-583
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the major chemical components of dried baked garlic powder. The proximate compositions of baked garlic powder as a dry-matter basis were 5.30% moisture, 36.89% crude protein, 12.60% crude fat, 4.36% crude ash, 2.88% dietary tiber, and 37.97% carbohydrate, respectively. The major free sugars were identified as fructose and galactose. In the analysis of the total amino acids, 18 kinds of components were isolated from baked garlic powder. The essential amino acid contained in baked garlic powder accounted for 36.60% of total amino acids, while the non-essential amino acids accounted for 63.40%. The major unsaturated fatty acids of total lipids were linoleic acid. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (P/S ratio) was 5.77. Oxalic acid was the major organic acids. The contents of vitamin A, C, and E were 0.064, 1.452, and 0.037 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of baked garlic powder were greater, in order of K>Mg>Ca>Na>Zn>Fe. The total polyphenol, flavonoids and thiosulfates contents of baked-garlic ethanol extract were $2.85{\pm}0.05$ mg/100 g, $0.97{\pm}0.04$ mg/100 g and $0.61{\pm}0.02$ OD/g, respectively.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.295-302
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Thai native cattle grazing in the lowland or mountain forest on carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory palatability, and chemical composition. Methods: Twelve male Thai native cattle with an average weight of 110±10 kg are allowed to be grazing in the lowland or Phu Phan mountain forest during the rainy season in northeastern Thailand. Results: The carcass characteristics, meat pH, and meat color were unaffected by treatment (p>0.05). The boiling loss was lower in the cattle grazing on the mountain forest (p = 0.027). The cattle grazing in the mountain forest had increased shear force (p = 0.039), tenderness (p = 0.011), and flavor intensity (p = 0.003). The protein and fat were higher (p<0.001 and p = 0.035, respectively) in cattle grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems of the cattle had no effect (p>0.05) fatty acids in meat, except for capric acid (C10:0) and lauric acid (C12:0), which were higher (p = 0.046 and p = 0.049, respectively) when the cattle were grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems did not influence (p>0.05) the unsaturated fatty acids in meat. Conclusion: Thai native cattle grazing in the Phu Phan mountain forest in the rainy season improves meat quality, sensory evaluation, and chemical composition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1205-1215
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• 2017

In this study, the hydrolysis rate of palm kernel oil (HPKO) and shea butter were compared by in vitro digestion to develop low-digestible fats. HPKO exhibited a higher hydrolysis rate than shea butter. The initial rate and ${\Phi}max$ value of HPKO were 0.315 mM/s and 78.0%, while the corresponding values for shea butter were 0.117 mM/s and 41.4%. When the two fats were blended at various ratios, the hydrolysis rate, in terms of the ${\Phi}max$ value, was similar to that of shea butter until 2:8 (HPKO : shea butter, w/w). After the analysis of triacylglycerol species and the positional fatty acid composition, the factors that affected the hydrolysis rate were determined. The results suggest that the low hydrolysis rate of shea butter would be due mostly to the stearic acid located at the sn-1,3 positions of triacylglycerol molecules. These properties of shea butter are expected to be the nutritional benefits as a low-digestible fat in foods.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2005

Solid lipid nanoparticles(SLNs) are particulate systems for parenteral drug administration and have good biocompatibility and stability. SLNs were prepared with lauric acid, as the lipid core. Tween 20 and tween 80 were used as surfactant. 5-fluorouracil and l-benzoyl-5-fluorouracil were used as model drugs. Drug-loaded SLNs were prepared by the hot homogenization technique in order to evaluate the physical stability, entrapment efficiency of drugs as well as release profile. The particle size of SLNs was $40{\sim}600$ nm. By increasing speed, the mean particle size of SLNs was decreased. And entrapment efficiency in the case of using 1-Benzoyl-5-fluorouracil was higher than using 5-Fluorouracil. The higher surfactant concentration, the faster release rate at the range of $1.5{\sim}2.5%$.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1408-1417
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI) larvae oil (HILO) could serve as an alternative fat source to soybean oil (SBO) in laying hen diets. Methods: We randomly assigned 25-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens (n = 144) to receive (n = 6 hens/group; eight replicates) a control or an experimental diet in which SBO was replaced with 50% (50HILO) or 100% HILO (100HILO). Results: Dietary HILO did not negatively affect body weight or productive performance during the study. The eggs also had similar quality parameters, proximate composition, and cholesterol levels. However, the yolk color index was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the 100HILO than in the other groups. Dietary HILO significantly altered the composition of fatty acids (FAs) in abdominal fat and eggs. Total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) were significantly increased and decreased in the 50HILO and 100HILO groups, respectively, compared with those in the control group (p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Specifically, the medium-chain FAs lauric and myristic acids were remarkably increased in the abdominal fat of laying hens fed HILO (p<0.0001), whereas only myristic acid increased in eggs (p<0.0001). Undesirable heavy metal (aluminum, fluorine, arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium) concentrations were below permissible limits in eggs. Conclusion: We considered that HILO could be an alternative dietary fat to SBO for laying hens with maintained productive performance and good egg quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.795-799
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• 1989

This study was carried out to hydrolyze lactose in commercial milk by ${\beta}-galactosidase$ from Kluyveromyces fragilis and to compare some physicochemical properties of yoghurts made from control and lactase-treated commercial milks. Quantitative analysis of sugars was performed by gas liquid chromatograph (GLC) on trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. In commercial milk, 94.6% of lactose was hydrolyzed after 2 hours incubation at $40^{\circ}C$ with 6.0 units/ml of ${\beta}-galactosidase$. pH, titratable acidity and viable cell number of yoghurt made from lactase-hydrolyzed (LH) commercial milk were 4.1, 1.04% and $6.5{\times}10^8/ml$ of Str. thermophilus, $8.9{\times}10^8/ml$ of L. bulgaricus after 8 hours incubation at $40^{\circ}C$, respectively, The total contents of amino acid were 2.63% in control and 2.19%. in LH yoghurt. The total contents of free amino acid were 26.95 mg% in control and 17.55mg% in LH yoghurt. Analysis of free fatty acids resulted in that the contents of short chain fatty acids in LH yoghurt were a little higher than those in control. Both in control and LH yoghurt, the palmitic acid content was highest and that was followed by oleic and myristic acid.