• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1609-1613
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• 2013

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in copra expellers (CE), palm kernel expellers (PKE), and cassava root (CR). Eight barrows (initial BW of 40.0 kg, SD = 4.5) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated $4{\times}3$ incomplete Latin square design was employed involving 4 dietary treatments, 3 periods, and 8 animals. Three experimental diets contained 40% CE, PKE or CR as the only source of P. A P-free diet mainly based on corn starch, sucrose, and gelatin was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. Values for the ATTD of P in the CE and PKE were greater than in the CR (46.0 and 39.7 vs -14.0%; p<0.05). However, the STTD of P did not differ greatly among the test ingredients (56.5, 49.0, and 43.2% in the CE, PKE, and CR, respectively). In conclusion, the ATTD of P values in CE and PKE were greater than that in CR, but the STTD of P did not differ greatly among CE, PKE, and CR.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2000

The effects of vaselin, silver sulfadiazine and propolis on healing of full-thickness skin defects were evaluated in rabbits. Two wounds measuring 2{times}2cm$ were created bilaterally (4 wounds/rabbit) on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 17 Ne Zealand white. Wound treatments were evenly distributed 4 sites, using a Latin square design. Treatments evaluated were: vaselin(group A), silver sulfadiazine(group B), 5% propolis (group C) and 10% propolis(group D). On days 3, 7 and 14, mean percentage of wound in group A, B, and C. On days 21 and 28, mean percentage of wound contraction in group D were significantly higher than those of groups B and C, but were not higher than that of group A. Microscopically fibersis and epithelialization were noticed on days 14 and 28 after wounding in all group. Rates of fibrosis of collagen fiber and epithelialization of groups C and D were exceeded those of groups A and B. All wounds in all group achieved 100% healing during the 28-day study period. Results indicate that use of propolis as would ointment on full-thickness skin wounds in rabbits increase rate of healing.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 1994

A study was conducted to develop a new analytical method to quantitate chicken dietary fiber (CDF). Four types of grain diets and 2 types of forages were used. Three broiler chicks at eight weeks of age were used in the Latin square design to estirnate the in vivo digestibility. Six quantitative analytical methods (Southgate method, total dietary fiber or TDF, acid detergent fiber or ADF, neutral detergent fiber or NDF, crude fiber or CF) including CDF were compared in this study. ADF, NDF and CF contained the lowest amount of the unavailable carbohydrate(UC). The value of TDF was higher than the values of ADF, NDF and CF and lower than CDF and the Southgate method. The value of NDF showed the lower values than the CDF, Southgate fiber and TDF. The recovery rate of the fiber in the feces was high in the TDF, ADF, NDF and CF, while CDF and Southgate fiber showed lower recovery rates. TDF, NDF, ADF, or CF can replace chromium in the digestibility test, while the CDF and Southgate fiber can not replace chrorniurn. The digestibility of TDF, NDF, ADF and CF in the chicken showed negative values or values close to zero depending on the types of feed but the digestibility of CDF and Southgate fiber showed relatively high positive values.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding order bay-concentrate-silage, concentratehay- silage, silage-concentrate-hay, silage-concentrate-hay, concentrate-silage-hay) on ruminal characteristics change with 3 fistulated dry Holstein cows in a Latin square design. The main results obtained were as follows : DM intake in forage hayconcentrate-silage feeding order was 1.65% of body weight, which is the highest of all treatments, but that in concentrate-hay-silage 1.4%, which is the lowest. The difference between max and min rumen pH in hayconcentrate-silage feeding order was lowest as 0.55, but there is no significant. The mean rumen $NH_3N$ content in silage-concentrate-hay feeding order was highest as 6.12mg/100ml, but that in silageconcentrate-hay feeding order lowest as 4.82mg/100ml. Acetic acid and propionic acid content was highest in forage hay-concentrate-silage feeding order. but there is no significant. The ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid averaged 3.47~3.69(NS). In conclusion, the best feeding order fitted in ruminal physiology was forage hay-concentrate-silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.487-491
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• 1994

The experiment was carried out to study the digestibility of nutrients in the neutralized urea-treated rice straw when it was fed singly or in combination with concentrates. A total of 8 crossbred Holstein steers were randomly allocated in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design consisted of 4 treatments, in which the neutralized straw/concentrates ratio on DM basis varied as 100/0, 90/10, 80/20 and 70/30. The results indicated that the digestibility of DM, ether extract and NFE, and TDN and DE of the diets tended to increase with an increase in the level of concentrates. Regression analysis showed that the values of intercepts should be used for estimating DM digestibility, TDN and DE of neutralized straw, when it was fed with concentrates. Digestibilities of crude fiber, NDF and ADF tended to be higher when it was fed singly than when fed with concentrates. Digestibilities of organic matter and CP were not so much changed with the increasing level of concentrates. Although the animals singly fed the neutralized straw showed positive body weight gain and N-balance, it should be necessary to supplement the concentrates to get more body weight gain and N-balance in the crossbred Holstein steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1035-1039
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• 1999

Four ruminally cannulated buffalo bulls were fed mottgrass diets using a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Treatments were arranged factorially and consisted of mottgrass fertilized with 0 for Kg nitrogen (N) per acre and harvested at 40 and 60 days of age. Nitrogen fertilization improved the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in early-cut mottgrass (ECM) but, the acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents were higher in the late-cut mottgrass (LCM). The crude protein (CP) contents of the mottgrass decreased with advancing maturity, but N fertilization increased CP at both maturities. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP, NDF and ADF were higher by buffalo bulls fed ECM than those fed LCM. The ruminal pH increased in first 6 hours post feeding in animals fed N fertilized mottgrass and may be due to higher concentration of ruminal ammonia. The digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were higher by buffalo bulls fed ECM than those fed LCM. However, the application of N fertilizer did not affect the digestibilities of these nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.490-496
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• 2000

In vivo digestibility, nitrogen retention and microbial protein yield from diets of 100% ammonia treated rice straw (ARS) ($D_1$); 65% untreated rice straw (URS)+30% rice bran (RB)+5% SBM ($D_2$) and 85% ARS+15% RB ($D_3$) were determined using three Japanese Corriedale wethers in a $3{\times}3$ Latin Square Design. Results showed that DM consumption and organic matter digestibility were highest in $D_3$; but did not promote high protein digestibility, which RB+SBM had effected in URS based-diet. Dry matter intake and OM digestibility were the same for $D_1$ and $D_3$. Solubility of fiber bonds was increased by ammoniation, resulting in higher NDF digestibility. Nitrogen retention and microbial protein yield of rice bran supplemented groups was higher than ARS, but supplementation did not significantly increase efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from ARS which did occur when RB+SBM was added to untreated straw. The quality of ammoniated rice straw could be improved through RB supplementation because of its positive effects on DM digestibility, nitrogen retention and microbial protein yield. However, the addition of RB+SBM to URS resulted to more efficient N utilization.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1988

In a study about minerals cycling in grassland agro-ecosystem, investigation on relations among two minerals, potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg), and nitrogen(N) was performed. Four kinds of diets different in K and N levels were fed to four goats with a Latin-square method and $2{\times}2$ factorial design. As the basal diet, press cake silage prepared from Italian ryegrass was used because of its uniformity and comparatively low mineral concentrations. Supplementation of K and N were made using potassium bicarbonate and urea. In the experiment, it was clearly shown that high K concentration in the forage crops is the main reason of the low utilization of Mg in ruminant animals. However, high nitrogen intake resulted in the increase of magnesium retention, urinary potassium excretion, water intake and volume of urine and in the decreases of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The results of high nitrogen intake seemed to be produced in the following order;increase of urine, increase of water intake, increase of urinary potassium excretion, and decrease of intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The amount of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion had significantly close relationships with magnesium utilization and serum magnesium concentration. As a conclusion, higher nitrogen intake by ruminants seemed to be preferable for magnesium utilization through increased water intake and urinary potassium excretion, if the sufficient drinking water could be supplied to ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.1288-1293
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• 2002

Four adult rams ($22.25{\pm}0.90kg$) were used in a $4{\times}4$ latin square design to evaluate the rations without ($T_1$) or with supplementation of sunflower acid oil at 5 ($T_2$), 10 ($T_3$) or calcium soap at 10% of dietary DM ($T_4$) on nutrient digestibility and balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. The basal ration contained 60 parts Brazilian napier grass hay and 40 parts concentrate mixture. The DM, CF, NDF and ADF digestibilities and nitrogen retention (g/d) decreased (p<0.01) by inclusion of sunflower acid oil at 5% of dietary DM. In addition, depression (p<0.01) in digestibilities of CP, nitrogen free extract (NFE), cellulose, hemicellulose, retention of calcium and phosphorus (g/d) were also observed with increasing the level of sunflower acid oil to 10% of dietary DM. The EE digestibility, total digestible nutrients (TDN) content and calcium retention (g/d) were significantly higher (p<0.01) for ration supplemented with calcium soap. It is concluded that sunflower acid oil supplementation in free form as low as 5% of dietary DM is deleterious to fibre digestion in sheep while as calcium soap, it can be fed up to 10% of dietary DM as an energy source without any adverse effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 1997

The minimum amounts of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) required to improve the performance of cattle on a straw diet has been studied. Four levels of leucaena, namely 0 (0%), 2 kg (10%), 4 kg (18%) and 6 kg (27% of dietary dry matter intake) were supplied to 4 adult indigenous bulls ($355{\pm}21.5kg$ weight) fed rice straw alone, in a $4{\times}4$ latin square design. Measurements were made on intake, digestibility, N balance and microbial N yield. Up to 10% level of leucaena supplementation, there were no significant improvement on intake, digestibility, microbial N yield and N balance. Both straw and total dry matter intake showed diminishing return to increasing levels of leucaena supplementation and the maximum intake was observed at around 20% level. However, dietary N and digestible organic matter intake, the microbial N yield and the N balance increased linearly to the increasing levels of leucaena supplementation. On a rice straw based diet, the minimum level of leucaena required to improve the animal performance would probably be at around 20% of the dietary intake.