• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1474-1482
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• 2024

Objective: The experiment aimed to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in 10 brown rice samples fed to pigs, and to construct predictive models for SID of CP and AA based on the physical characteristics and chemical composition of brown rice. Methods: Twenty-two cannulated pigs (initial body weight: 42.0±1.2 kg) were assigned to a replicated 11×3 incomplete Latin square design, including an N-free diet and 10 brown rice diets. Each period included 5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection. Chromic oxide was added at 0.3% to all the diets as an indigestible marker for calculating the ileal CP and AA digestibility. Results: The coefficients of variation of all detected indices for physical characteristics and chemical composition, except for bulk weight, dry matter (DM) and gross energy, in 10 brown rice samples were greater than 10%. The SID of CP, lysine (Lys), methionine, threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp) in brown rice was 77.2% (62.6% to 85.5%), 87.5% (80.3% to 94.3%), 89.2% (78.9% to 98.9%), 55.4% (46.1% to 67.6%) and 92.5% (86.3% to 96.3%), respectively. The best prediction equations for the SID of CP, Lys, Thr, and Trp were as following, SID_CP = -664.181+8.484×DM (R² = 0.40), SID_Lys = 53.126+6.031×ether extract (EE)+0.893×thousand-kernel volume (R² = 0.66), SID_Thr = 39.916+7.843×EE (R² = 0.41), and SID_Trp = -361.588+4.891×DM+0.387×total starch (R² = 0.85). Conclusion: Overall, a great variation exists among 10 sources of brown rice, and the thousand-grain volume, DM, EE, and total starch can be used as the key predictors for SID of CP and AA.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.228-239
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods: Four of 7 to 8 months old male crossbred (50% Thai Native-Anglo Nubian) goats with average liveweight 20±0.13 kg were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four diets ad libitum basis. The study investigated the effects of two levels of yeast (Y) supplementation (Y, 0 and 0.5g/kg dry matter [DM]) along with two levels of DKTL supplementation (DKTL, 0 and 4.44g/kg DM). The experimental groups were as follows: T1 = control group with 0Y+0DKTL, T2 = 0Y+4.44 DKTL, T3 = 0.5Y+0DKTL, and T4 = 0.5Y+4.44 DKTL. Results: The results showed that there were no interactions between Y levels and DKTL levels with respect to total DM intake, but there were significant effects (p<0.05) by levels of Y; goats receiving 0.05 g/kg DM Y had higher than goats fed 0.0 g/kg DM on average (kg/d). A percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per kilogram of metallic weight (g/kg w^0.75) had no influence on yeast levels and DKTL, but there was a difference (p<0.05) by yeast level Y at 0.5 g/kg DM, being higher compared to the non-supplemented group. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrition in the form of (DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) was an increased trend in the Y-level complementary group at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM, respectively. Protozoa populations decreased in the group receiving Y levels at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels at 4.44 g/kg DM when compared to group T1. The acetic acid concentration and methane gas generation decreased (p<0.05) in the group receiving Y levels of 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels of 4.44 g/kg DM, while the amount of propionic acid increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Effects of feeding combinations of Y and DKTL supplementation on feed showed no interaction effect (Y×DKTL) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, bacterial and fungi population. The effect on protozoal populations was lower in the group that was supplemented with DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM related to synthetic CH₄ was reduced.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권3호
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• pp.514-522
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• 2024

This study mainly evaluated the responses in growth performance of growing pigs to different energy systems and energy levels in diets. Subsequently, we compared the nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient concentrations of each energy level diet. In experiment 1, a total of 144 growing pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 26.69 ± 7.39 kg were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (four pigs/pen; six replicates/treatment) according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement resulting from two energy systems (metabolizable energy [ME] and net energy [NE]) and three energy levels (low [LE], recommended [C], and high energy [HE]). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks and were allowed free access to feed and water during the experimental period. In experiment 2, 12 growing pigs with an average initial BW of 27.0 ± 1.8 kg were randomly allotted to individual metabolism crates and fed the six diets in a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design. The six dietary treatments were identical to those used in the growth trial. Pigs were fed their respective diets at 2.5 times the estimated energy requirement for maintenance per day, and this was divided into two equal meals provided twice per day during the experimental period. Differences in energy systems and energy levels had no significant effect on the growth performance or nutrient digestibility (except acid-hydrolyzed ether extract [AEE]) of growing pigs in the current study. However, the digestible concentrations of ether extract, AEE, and acid detergent fiber (g/kg dry matter [DM]) in diets significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing energy levels. Additionally, there was a tendency (p = 0.09) for an increase in the digestible crude protein content (g/kg DM) as the energy content of the diet increased. Consequently, differences in energy systems and levels did not affect the BW, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake of growing pigs. This implies that a higher variation in dietary energy levels may be required to significantly affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility when considering digestible nutrient concentrations.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.288-296
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• 2007

콜레스테롤 저하제이자 고지혈증 치료제의 하나인 모나콜린-K (lovastatin)의 생산을 높이기 위하여 플라스크 배양에서 생산배지 최적화를 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 기본생산배지에 탄소원, 무기인산염, 아미노산원과 무기원에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 각각의 원소에 대해 모나콜린-K를 가장 많이 생산한 순서대로 3가지를 선별하여 Graeco-Latin square design에 의해 생산배지의 종류와 농도를 결정하였다. 하지만 상기 실험은 각 배지간의 교호작용을 검출할 수 없어서 모나콜린-K 생산에 대한 재현성이 떨어졌다. 따라서 탄소원, 질소원과 질소원의 농도에 대한 실험을 보완하였다. 통계학적 실험계획법인 Plackett-Burman design에 의해 배지 중 beef extract, $(NH_4)_2HSO_4$와 $KHSO_4$가 모나콜린-K 생산에 가장 영향력 있는 인자로 분석되었으며, 영향력이 있는 3가지 배지에 대해 배지 사이의 교호작용까지 분석할 수 있는 실험계획법인 중심합성계획법과 반응표면 분석법을 이용하여 생산배지를 최적화 하였다. 모나콜린-K 고생산을 위한 배지와 최적화된 농도 (g/L)는 soluble starch 96, malt extract 44.5, beef extract 30.23, yeast extract 15, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 4.03, $Na_2HPO_4{\cdot}12H_2O$ 0.5, L-Histidine 3.0과 $KHSO_4$ 1.0이며, 기본생산배지에서의 생산량보다 약 3배 증가한 558.96 mg/L의 생산을 보였다. 생물반응기에서 교반속도가 모나콜린-K 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 기본생산배지를 이용하여 300, 350, 400과 500 rpm에서 실험을 수행하였다. 교반속도 500 rpm에서 68 mg/L으로 가장 높은 생산을 보였으며, 이 때 균의 형태구조는 300, 350과 400 rpm에서 펠��과 균사체가 공존하는 것과는 다르게 펠�� 형태로만 자라는 것이 확인 되었으며, 생물반응기를 이용하여 발효 시 펠�� 형태가 모나콜린-K 생산에 가장 좋은 형태구조임을 알 수 있었다. 확립된 최적생산배지를 이용하여 400 rpm, 1 vvm과 3% 초기 접종량에서 pH를 6.5로 조절한 경우 185 mg/L의 가장 높은 모나콜린-K가 생산 되었으며, 이때 균체량은 32 g/L를 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1164-1172
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma reesei derived phytase for pigs fed diets with fixed calcium to total phosphorus ratios (1.5:1). In Exp. 1, 280 weaned pigs (initial BW of $10.32{\pm}1.94$ kg) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments on the basis of weight and gender in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were the low phosphorus (0.6% Ca, 0.4% total P and 0.23% available P) diets supplemented with 0, 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU phytase/kg of diet and a positive control diet (PC; 0.85% Ca, 0.58% total P and 0.37% available P). The treatments were applied to seven pens with eight pigs per pen, half male and half female. In Exp. 2, six barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula (initial BW = $35.1{\pm}1.6$ kg) were assigned to three dietary treatments with a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were the low-phosphorus diet (0.53% Ca, 0.34% total P and 0.14% available P), the low phosphorus diet plus 1,000 FTU phytase/kg and a positive control diet (0.77% Ca, 0.50% total P and 0.30% available P). In Exp. 1, there were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, phosphorus absorption, bone strength, calcium and phosphorus content of fat-free dried bone and plasma phosphorus concentrations with increasing dose rate of phytase. The performance of pigs fed the diets with 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet. Pigs fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet in bone characteristics. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ash and energy was not affected by dietary treatment. However, pigs fed the PC diet excreted more fecal phosphorus (g/d, p<0.01) and fecal phosphorus per BW gain (g/kg) than pigs fed the diets with phytase. Phytase linearly decreased (p<0.01) fecal phosphorus excreted per BW gain (g/kg), plasma calcium concentration as well as plasma and bone alkaline phosphatase activity. In Exp. 2, phytase supplementation in the low-P diet increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca, P, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine and cysteine, tended to AID of crude protein, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine and serine. In conclusion, the novel phytase originated from Trichoderma reesei is effective in releasing Ca, P, and amino acids from corn soy based diet for pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.955-962
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• 2005

본 시험은 두충 잎을 저질 조사료인 볏짚의 일부로 대체․이용할 목적으로 평균체중 50.2 $\pm$1.6kg의 건강한 숫 면양(Corriedale$\time$Polwarth) 4두로 4$\time$4 라틴 방각법으로 실시하였으며, 이때 농후사료 : 조사료의 비율은 3：7이었다. 시험구는 두충을 대체하지 않은 대조구와 조사료인 볏짚의 건물을 기준으로 음건 두충 잎을 3, 5 및 10% 대체한 4개 처리구를 공시하였으며, 영양소 이용율, 기호성, 반추위 내 발효 특성 및 미생물체단백질 합성량을 조사․분석하였다. 조지방 소화율은 3% 구와 5% 구가 대조구에 비하여 약 12.5-17.5%로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 조섬유 소화율은 두충잎을 대체한 모든 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 약 10.6-13.7%로 개선되었다(p<0.05). 건물 섭취량은 10% 구가 844g으로 가장 많았으며 5% 구는 그 다음으로 많이 섭취하였으며, 대조구와 3% 구는 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 질소 축적량은 3% 구가 대조구에 비하여 약 97%가 개선되었으며, 5% 구와 10% 구가 약 173-192%가 개선되었다(p<0.05). 유기물 이용율은 3% 구와 5% 구가 대조구에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). PD(purine derivatives) 배설량은 5% 구가 2.90mmol/d로 대조구와 3% 구에 비하여 높았다(p<0.05). 미생물체단백질 합성량은 5% 구가 2.51gN/d로 대조구와 3% 구에 비하여 높았다(p<0.05). 반추위내 total VFA 함량은 두충 잎 처리구에서 높게 나타났다. RAN 함량은 두충 잎 급여 후 1-4시간에 15-19mg/100ml로 높게 유지되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 두충 잎을 음건하여 반추동물에게 5-10%를 대체하여 급여할 경우 영양소 소화율, 기호성 및 반추위 내 발효조건 개선에 유리할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate dietary concentrate:forage ratios (C:F) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in lambs. Four Dorper${\times}$thin-tailed Han crossbred castrated lambs with $62.3{\pm}1.9$ kg body weight at 10 months of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of two levels of C:F (40:60 and 60:40) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of CP), according to a complete $4{\times}4$ Latin-square design. Each experimental period lasted for 19 d. After a 7-d adaptation period, lambs were moved into individual metabolism crates for 12 d including 7 d of adaption and 5 d of metabolism trial. During the metabolism trial, total urine was collected for 24 h and spot urine samples were also collected at different times. Urinary PD was measured using a colorimetric method and creatinine was measured using an automated analyzer. Intake of dry matter (DM) (p<0.01) and organic matter (OM) (p<0.01) increased as the level of UDP decreased. Fecal N was not affected by dietary treatment (p>0.05) while urinary N increased as the level of UDP decreased (p<0.05), but decreased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention increased as dietary C:F increased (p<0.05). As dietary C:F increased, urinary excretion of PD increased (p<0.05), but was not affected by dietary UDP (p>0.05) or interaction between dietary treatments (p>0.05). Daily excretion of creatinine was not affected by dietary treatments (p<0.05), with an average value of $0.334{\times}0.005$ mmol/kg $BW^{0.75}$. A linear correlation was found between total PD excretion and PDC index ($R^2$ = 0.93). Concentrations of creatinine and PDC index in spot urine were unaffected by sampling time (p>0.05) and a good correlation was found between the PDC index (average value of three times) of spot urine and daily excretion of PD ($R^2$ = 0.88). These results suggest that for animals fed ad libitum, the PDC index in spot urine is effective to predict daily excretion of PD. In order to improve the accuracy of the spot sampling technique, an appropriate lag phase between the time of feeding and sampling should be determined so that the sampling time can coincide with the peak concentration of PD in the urine.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.222-239
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• 1996

ALDH-I 활성군과 비활성군에서 음주후 정신운동성 수행 및 주관적 평가에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 사교적 음주에 상응하는 4종류의 알콜(0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0g/kg)을 투여한 결과 비활성군이 활성군에 비해 보다 부정적인 평가를 하였다. 이는 특히 고용량의 알콜(0.75 및 1.0g/kg)을 투여시 분명하였다. 이러한 결과는 비활성군이 활성군에 비해 알콜에 대한 민감성이 주관적인 판단과 객관적인 수행에서 모두 더 높다는 사실을 반영한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2009

본 연구는 팽이버섯 재배 후 폐기물로 방치되어온 팽이 버섯 폐 배지를 거세한우 사육용 조사료로의 사료적 가치를 규명하기 위해 반추위 누관이 장착된 면양 3두를 이용한 대사시험과 12개월령의 거세한우 24두를 이용하여 20개월령까지 8개월간 사양 실험을 실시하였다. 대사시험의 경우 시판 한우 비육 전기용 배합사료(70%)와 볏짚(30%, 건물 기준)을 급여하였으며(대조구, CON) 시험구의 경우 발효 팽이버섯 폐 배지(fermented spent mushroom compost, FSMC)를 대조구 볏짚 급여량의 30% (FSMC-30) 또는 60% (FSMC-60, 건물 기준) 수준으로 대치하여 급여하였다. 거세한우를 대상으로 한 사양시험 사료 역시 대사시험과 동일한 방법으로 제조된 발효 팽이버섯 폐 배지를 동일한 비율로 볏짚을 대치하여 급여하였다. 면양 반추위액의 pH는 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지가 포함된 시험사료(FSMC-30 및 FSMC-60)에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 반추위액의 암모니아의 농도는 사료 급여 후 3시간에서 볏짚의 60%를 FSMC로 대치하여 급여한 처리구(FSMC-60)에서 암모니아 농도가 가장 높았다(P<0.045). Acetate 조성비율은 사료 급여 후 1시간 및 3시간에서 볏짚대신 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지를 60% 대치 급여한 처리구(FSMC-60)에 비하여 볏짚을 급여한 대조구에서 더 높았다(P<0.001). 이와는 반대로 propionate 조성 비율은 모든 반추위액 채취 시간에 걸쳐 FSMC-60 처리구에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.027~P<0.002). Butyrate의 경우 타 처리구에 비하여 볏짚대신 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지를 30% 대치 급여한 처리구(FSMC-30)에서 사료 급여 30분 전(P<0.031)과 급여 후 1시간(P<0.011) 및 6시간(P<0.039)에 높은 조성 비율을 보였다. Propionate에 대한 acetate의 비율($C_2/C_3$)은 FSMC-60 처리구에서 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 시험사료의 건물(EDDM), 조단백질(EDCP), 조지방(EDEE) 및 NDF(EDNDF) 유효 분해율은 볏짚에 대한 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지 대치에 의한 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 조단백질(P<0.031)과 NDF (P<0.006)의 전장 소화율은 조사료로서 볏짚만을 급여한 처리구에서 높았지만 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지를 볏짚의 60% 수준으로 대치 급여한 처리구(FSMC-60)에서 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 거세한우의 총 증체량 및 평균 일당증체량은 시험사료에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2010

본 연구는 조사료원으로 청보리 사일리지 급여시 농후사료 급여수준이 육성기 흑염소의 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 이용율 및 질소축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험구는 4처리구 (볏짚+농후사료 체중의 2.0%, 청보리사일리지 + 농후사료 체중의 2.0%, 체중의 1.5%, 체중의 1.0%)로 나누어 처리구당 3두씩 라틴방각법으로 시험을 실시하였다. 시험기간 동안의 1일 두당 가소화 조단백질 섭취량은 대조구, 청보리 사일리지에 농후사료를 각각 체중의 2.0과 1.5% 급여구가 농후사료를 1.0% 급여구 보다 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 가소화 NFC 섭취량은 청보리 사일리지와 농후사료를 체중의 2.0% 급여구가 가장 높았고, 농후사료를 1.0% 급여구가 가장 낮았다 (p<0.05). 일당 증체량은 청보리 사일리지+농후사료 2.0%, 청보리 사일리지+농후사료 1.5%, 볏짚 + 농후사료 2.0%, 청보리 사일리지+ 농후사료 1.0%, 순으로 유의하게 낮아졌다 (p<0.05). 건물소화율은 청보리 사일리지와 농후사료를 1.5% 급여구가 대조구 보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 질소축적량은 대조구와 청보리 사일리지에 농후사료를 각각 체중의 2.0과 1.5% 급여구가 농후사료 1.0% 급여구보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 청보리 사일리지를 조사료원으로 급여시 육성기 흑염소의 생산성과 효율적인 영양소 이용을 위한 농후사료 급여수준은 1.5%가 적정한 것으로 사료된다.