• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.340-352
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• 2024

This study measured the potential changes of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract and energy and nutrient digestibility by supplemental bacteriophages in pigs. Twelve castrated male pigs (initial mean body weight = 29.5 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically cannulated using T-cannula. The animals were housed individually in pens equipped with a feeder and a nipple waterer. The pigs were allotted to 1 of 3 experimental diets in a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with 3 experimental diets, 2 periods, and 12 pigs resulting in 8 replicates per diet. The 3 diets were a control mainly based on corn and soybean meal with no antibiotics or bacteriophages, a diet containing 0.1% antibiotics, and a diet containing 0.2% bacteriophages. On day 5 of the experimental period, feces were collected and on days 6 and 7, ileal digesta were collected. Genomic DNA for bacteria were extracted from the ileal digesta and feces and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. The ileal and fecal digestibility of energy, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and fiber was unaffected by dietary antibiotics or bacteriophages. At the phylum level, the supplemental antibiotic or bacteriophage tended to result in a higher proportion of Firmicutes (p = 0.059) and a lower proportion of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.099) in the ileal digesta samples compared with the control group with no difference between the antibiotic and bacteriophage groups. At the genus level, the supplemental antibiotic or bacteriophage tended to result in a higher proportion of Lactobacillus (p = 0.062) and a lower proportion of Bacteroides (p = 0.074) and Streptococcus (p = 0.088) in the ileal digesta compared with the control group with no difference between the antibiotic and bacteriophage groups. In the feces, supplemental antibiotics or bacteriophages reduced the proportion of Bifidobacterium compared with the control group (p = 0.029) with no difference between the antibiotic and bacteriophage groups. Overall, supplemental antibiotics and bacteriophages showed positive effect on the microbiota of in the ileal digesta without largely affecting energy or nutrient digestibility, with no differences between the antibiotic and bacteriophage groups in growing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to observe the effects of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria culture (Ruminococcus flavefaciens H-20 and Fibrobactor succinogenes H-23) on in vivo ruminal fermentation characteristics in Hanwoo heifers. Four ruminally cannulated Hanwoo heifers ($221\pm7.5kg$) receiving a basal diet containing 3 kg of mixture hay (tall fescue and ochardgrass) and 2 kg of concentrate per day were in a $4\times4$ Latin square with 21-day periods. Treatments were the basal diet without the culture additive (control), the basal diet plus 50 ml/day of bacteria culture of H-20 and H-23 (1%), 150 ml/day of H-20 and H-23 (3%), and 250 ml/day of H-20 and H-23 (5%). In the whole experimental periods, ruminal pH did not differ between treatments. However, the concentration of ruminal ammonia-N was increased in the 3% treatment relative to control and the 1% treatment at 1 hr post-feeding (p<0.05). Avicelase and CMCase (carboxymethyl cellulase) activities in rumen fluid showed no significant difference among treatments. However, xylanase activity was higher in the 5% (119.49, xylose ${\mu}mol$/ml/min) than the 3% treatment (71.02, xylose ${\mu}mol$/ml/min) at 0 hr post-feeding (p<0.05). Concentrations of ruminal total VFA, acetate, propionate and valerate were unaffected by treatments, while butyrate was higher in the 3% treatment (24.48 mM) than control (15.71 mM) at 1 hr post-feeding (p<0.05). Results indicate that minimum 3% inclusion of cellulolytic bacteria cultures improved ruminal fermentation, especially ammonia-N concentration and butyric acid production.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.407-414
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of dietary betaine on nutrient digestibility and physiological responses in finishing pigs. A total of twelve pigs with a body weight of $80.1{\pm}3.7kg$ were individually caged, and randomly assigned to one of the two experimental diets containing 0 (control) or 5 g/kg (treatment) of the betaine in a $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. The experimental period was 14 days-7 days adaptation and 7 days trial period-per phase. All data for the difference between control and treatment groups were statistically analyzed by student's t-test. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility in the treatment group were significantly improved by 1% and 1.3%, respectively, as compared with those in the control (p<0.05). The apparent absorption of dietary energy was increased from 82.3% to 83.7% by dietary betaine supplementation. Thus, the retention of energy was also significantly increased to above 6% in the treatment group compared with the control group (control 4,057 vs treatment 4,314 kcal; p<0.01). The physiological parameters indicating serum biochemical contents and stress-, immune-, and inflammatory- responses were not changed by the supplementation of dietary betaine. In conclusion, dietary betaine improves the nutrient digestibility without any negative effects in terms of physiology in finishing pigs. It suggests that the supplementation of dietary betaine may increase the productivity through the improvement of weight gain and feeding efficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.176-182
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of fattening Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae). Six male goats with average initial body weight (BW) of $31.78{\pm}4.54kg$ and an average age of 8 months were used in this study. The experiment had a replicated duplicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design for balancing carryover effects. In the course of the experiment, each of Black goats were fed three diets that were formulated to contain T1 (13%), T2 (16%) and T3 (19%) levels of crude protein (CP). A 14-day diet adjustment period was followed by a 5-day collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) of groups fed diets with T2 was 966.67g/d which was higher than group fed diets with T1 and T3 were 925.14g/d and 936.08g/d each. Average daily gains (ADG) of black goats were the highest in T2(167.13g/d) But, there was no significant difference. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in CP intake among treatments and goats receiving T3, T2, and T1 recorded 181.23, 154.57, and 128.78g CP/d, respectively. This was excepted because CP intake is proportional to CP content of diet, which from highest to lowest was as follows: T3 (19%) > T2 (16%) > T1 (13%). Intercept of the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance indicated that maintenance CP requirement was 1.63g/BW0.75.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2017

The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of extruded linseed supplementation on methane production in Holstein steers. Four Holstein steers fitted with permanent cannulas were assigned to two dietary treatments in a duplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design: a control diet consisting of tall fescue straw (65%) and concentrate (35%), and a treatment diet supplemented with 3.8% extruded linseed by replacing a part of ingredients in the concentrate of the control diet. The concentrates of the control and the treatment diet were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Extruded linseed supplementation did not affect dry matter intake but significantly (P<0.05) increased the intake of lipid. Rumen pH was significantly (P<0.05) lower for control than for treatment. Although there was no significant difference between treatments, the concentration of total VFA in control was 21% higher than in treatment. The concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were not different between treatments. Extruded linseed supplementation significantly (P<0.05) reduced methane output(g/d) and emission factor. Methane conversion rate was lower for treatment than for control but no significant difference was found. The results of the present study showed that extruded linseed supplementation in the diet of Holstein steers could reduce methane output.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2011

Two trials at different body weights of Hanwoo heifers (average body weight of 143 and 257 kg, respectively) were conducted to determine crude protein requirements for maintenance (CPm). Six Hanwoo heifers in each trial were used in two 3 ${\times}$ 3 Latin square design with three diets containing three levels of CP, 14 days in each period. In trial 1, the diets were based on 2.8 kg fresh wt./day/heifer timothy hay (LCP) with supplements of either 250 g ground corn and 150 g corn gluten meal (MCP) or 500 g ground corn and 300 g corn gluten meal (HCP). In trial 2, the diets were based on 4.8 kg fresh wt./day/heifer timothy hay (LCP) with supplements of either 350 g ground corn and 250 g corn gluten meal (MCP) or 700 g ground corn and 500 g corn gluten meal (HCP). In trial 1, CP intakes were 236.6, 340.1, and 459.8 g/d for LCP, MCP, and HCP, respectively. Crude protein balances were 0.51, 1.87 and 3.20g/$BW^{0.75}$/d for LCP, MCP, and HCP, respectively. In trial 2, CP intakes were 415.2, 606.9 and 793.0g/d for LCP, MCP and HCP, respectively. Crude protein balances were 0.67, 1.03, 2.99 g/$BW^{0.75}$/d for LCP, MCP, and HCP, respectively. The maintenance requirements for CP from the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance were 4.58g/$BW^{0.75}$/d (trial 1) and 5.02 g/$BW^{0.75}$/d (trial 2) and lower than the value (5.56 g/$BW^{0.75}$/d) adopted by Korean Feeding Standards for Hanwoo (2007).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2011

Present experiment was carried out to determine maintenance energy requirements for growing Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = $180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg) were used in two 3 ${\times}$ 3 latin square design with three different energy intake levels; TDN 1.70 kg (Low), 2.05 kg (Medium), 2.80 kg (High), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Dry matter intake was 2,058, 3,256 and 3,881 g/day for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Increase in energy intake did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. Gross energy intake averaged 180.21, 292.74 and 337.15 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$ for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Energy loss was 28.7% in feces and 2.1% in urine of gross energy intake. Further, energy loss from methane produced during rumen fermentation was 6~8.3%, while body heat loss averaged 34~60%. Intercept of regression equation between ME intake and retained energy indicated that the energy requirement was 109.84 kcal ME/$BW^{0.75}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in four sources of full-fat soybeans (FFSB) and in one source of soybean meal (SBM). The FFSB had different concentrations of trypsin inhibitor units (TIU) and included two sources of conventional FFSB, and two sources of a soybean variety that was selected for a reduced concentration of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. The conventional FFSB was either low temperature-processed (LT-FFSB-CV; 37.7% CP, 35.4 TIU/mg) or high temperature-processed (HT-FFSB-CV; 40.5% CP, 4.4 TIU/mg). The low-Kunitz FFSB was also either low temperature-processed (LT-FFSB-LK; 36.2% CP, 23.5 TIU/mg) or high temperature-processed HT-FFSB-LK; (38.2% CP, 4.0 TIU/mg). The SBM contained 47.5% CP and 3.20 TIU/mg. Twelve weanling barrows (initial BW: $11.1{\pm}1.3\;kg$) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were allotted to a replicated $6{\times}6$ Latin square design with six diets and six periods per square. Five diets were prepared using each of the soybean sources as the only source of AA in the diet. An N-free diet was also included in the experiment to measure basal endogenous losses of AA. The two low temperature-processed FFSB had lower (p<0.05) AID and SID values for all indispensable AA than the two high temperature-processed FFSB and SBM. The SID values for all indispensible AA except Trp were greater (p<0.05) in LT-FFSB-LK than in LT-FFSB-CV, but the SID of AA in HT-FFSB-CV and HT-FFSB-LK were not different. The SID of AA in SBM were not different from the SID in HT-FFSB-CV and in HT-FFSB-LK. Results of this experiment show that a reduction of the TIU from 35.4 to 23.5 TIU/mg will improve the SID of AA, but this reduction is not sufficient to completely ameliorate the negative impact of trypsin inhibitors. Results also show that the SID of AA in high temperature-processed FFSB is similar to that in de-hulled SBM.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.74-84
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• 2021

Objective: Feed additives that modify rumen fermentation can be used to prevent metabolic disturbances such as acidosis and optimize beef cattle production. The study evaluated the effects of liquid and powdered forms of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on rumen fermentation parameters in ruminally cannulated non-lactating dairy cows that were adapted or unadapted to a high concentrate diet. Methods: A double 3×3 Latin square design was used with three PAP treatments (control, powdered, and liquid PAP) and two adaptation protocols (adapted, unadapted; applied to the square). Adapted animals were transitioned for 2 weeks from an all-forage to an 80% concentrate diet, while unadapted animals were switched abruptly. Results: Interactions between sampling time and adaptation were observed; 12 h after feeding, the adapted group had lower ruminal pH and greater total short chain fatty acid concentrations than the unadapted group, while the opposite was observed after 24 h. Acetate:propionate ratio, molar proportion of butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentration were generally greater in adapted than unadapted cattle up to 36 h after feeding. Adaptation promoted 3.5 times the number of Entodinium protozoa but copy numbers of Streptococcus bovis and Fibrobacter succinogens genes in rumen fluid were not affected. However, neither liquid nor powdered forms of PAP altered rumen acidosis variables in adapted or unadapted animals. Conclusion: Adaptation of cattle to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets promoted a more stable ruminal environment, but PAP was not effective in this study in which no animal experienced acute or sub-acute rumen acidosis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.343-354
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to examine the fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) in the rumen, and whole tract digestibility of whole crop silage based TMR in comparison with conventional separate feeding of concentrate and roughage. Three ruminally fistulated non-lactating Holstein cattle were used in a 3 $\times$ 3 Latin square design. The cattle were fed 8kg of whole crop barley silage based TMR (BS-TMR) or 8kg (DM basis) of whole crop rye silage based TMR (RS-TMR) twice (08:00 and 18:00) daily in an equal amount. The cattle were also fed concentrate (5.6kg) and rice straw (1.4kg) seperately (DM basis, Control) twice daily in an equal amount. The both silages were included in TMR at 20% level (as fed basis). pH in the rumen fluid was not influenced by the diets but was slightly higher from TMR than from control. No difference was found in ammonia-N concentration between diets. Total VFA concentration was relatively increased in the cattle fed RS-TMR to the other diets up to 6h post feeding. The proportion of acetate was increased in the TMR feeding at right before feeding (0 h, p<0.005) and 9 h (p<0.048) post feeding compared with control. Propionate proportion was increased (p<0.046) in both TMRs while butyrate proportion was increased (p<0.029) at 1h post feeding compared to other diets. Effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP of RS-TMR was relatively increased to other diets, and EDNDF of both TMRs was higher than that of control diet due to the increased parameters b (p<0.039) and c (p<0.006) in TMR treatments. Whole track digestibility of most components in the TMRs was slightly increased compared to that in control diet, and RS-TMR had a tendency to be increased whole track digestibility except for NDF compared to BS-TMR. Based on the results observed from the present study, nutrient availability of whole crop silage based TMR looked slightly better than conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw, mainly due to the improved stabilization of fermentation in the rumen and increased NDF digestibility of whole crop silage in TMR.