• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2013

What is the fundamental cause of the broader gap between East and West medicine? This is a very long story that began in the late Renaissance and still continues today. Why it took so long time from the end of the XIIth century when acupuncture was firt imported to Europe to XX century when it was finally settled in France? We present three cases which caused the delayed establishment : A "blisters" article from Diderot and D'Alembert in the eighteenth century, the practice of acupuncture by Dr. Berlioz in Paris in early 19th century, and the reception of the works of Georges Soulie de Morant in France in the 1930's. We attempt to show the misunderstanding that has always prevailed between the East and West medicines because of different viewpoint : the West has not understood the richness and subtlety of the approach of East asian thought and wanted to "align" the Asian medical modality to west medicine with inappropriate and insufficient "experiments" without enough explanation of the principles and philosophical backgrounds. It was not the matter of technology but the mutual incomprehension of history and culture.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the unprecedented reform movement of geographic education in the United States since 1980 and extract some implications from this movement for geographic education in Korea. For the purpose, the history to this movement was reviewed through following three stages. In the first stage(1980~1984: form :HSGP" to :"Guideline"), the voluntary improvement movement appeared at California and the orgni-zational movement began in 1982 such as the Committee on Geography and International Knowledge. The national educational refrom imperatives, presented at "A Nation at Risk", and "Back to Basics" movement provided good opportunities to resurrect geography as a basic subject. For next real resurrection movement, the very important document "Guidelines for Geographic Education" was published at 1984. In the second stage(1985~1989: from "Guide-lines" to "Public"), the "Guideline" gave power-full motives and foci for reconstructiong the contents of geography, especially by the five fundamental themes(Location, Place, Relation-ships within Places, Movement, and Region). Also GENIP as the symbol of unity of all four major geography organization(AAG, NCGE, NGS, AGS) contributed to expanding and stren-gthening geography education. Also Geography Educagtion Program of NGS was a smart and well organized program to improve geographic education through it's a five strategies: Grass-roots organization(Alliances), Teacher education, Pu-blic awareness, Educational materials develo-pment, Targeted outreach to education decision-makers. In the late 1980s, the last focus of movement was the Public awareness and Edua-ction decision-making. In the third stage(1990-present: from "Public" to "Core Subject"), the initiative pendulum swung from geography organization to nation curricu-lum. In this National Curriculum, Geography was approved as a "Core Subject" and The 1994 National Geography Assessment Framework was constructed to assess the outcome of student's education in geography in grades, 4,8, and 12. Some Implications extracted from the process and contents of renaissance movement of geogr-aphic education in the Uinted States since 1980 are as follows. First, It shows the importance of the unity and target assignment among the geography organization. Second, interactive relationship between the academic geography and school geography develops each other. Third, teacher education, including pre-service education, including pre-service education and in-service education, is a key element to improve the quality of geography. And teacher organization is a good clearing house to exchange information for good geography. Forth, the positive and active response to changes in socketies such as globalism and inter-nationalizing, national education policy, and the trend of pedagogy is needed to rejuvenate geo-graphic education. Above all, we need to establish a well organized and powerfull program, sophisticated activities strategies, and long-term implementa-tion plan if we want more and better school geography.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.30
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• pp.7-29
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• 2013

A movie which brought its material from a historical character or incidents in the past was produced by a story suggestion through a historical fact. It is because Shakespeare created a story based on a mythical element related with his life in the plot which was written from the script of the play and was on the show in the cinemas of London. It is an obvious fact that the historical drama of this movie was intentionally modified and the fictional story was added to episodes in order to create a dramatic effect. However, reflecting historical backgrounds and cultural aspects accurately through a historical study would also be an important factor. Therefore, the backgrounds and aspects presented in this movie are a kind of storytelling which was reconstructed as if a historian added his opinion to historical facts like a discourse. A historical background in was a story about Shakespeare who worked at the theater in London as a writer in 1593 the period of England Reneissance. The movie included the working and playwriting of Shakespeare who is a main character. This indicated not only the environment of the theater and literature during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I but also historical aspect in the early modern industrial society in England. This movie, that is, described that time as a recreation such as a cultural acceptance and an achievement of an initial capitalism in Renaissance in the life of characters. In particular, the factor of theaters flourishing during the Renaissance was because a newly emerging class, bourgeoisie, who held the capital emerging from a policy for middle class led to a box office hit through founding theaters and drama company and selling tickets and performing plays by themselves. Like this, the movie depicted the time led by plays to a industrialization. Moreover, Social aspects in the late 1500s were revealed in this movie through a depiction of the cinemas and the city of London. The depiction of the city of London reflected a social situation of an initial capitalism rapidly developed in trade and commerce. The social aspects such as conflicts between social classes based on getting richer and poorer, mammonism, a corrupted love between the male and the female, a immortality with growing brothels, religious and political conflicts with the foundation of the church in England were closely linked with characters' daily routine at that time in London and were reflected in this work overall. The reason why we highlight characters' job and custom like this in the movie is that these are ideationally inherent in a critical mind from people at that moment. The historical background and reproduction of the image depicted in the movie were focused on characters' daily routine and indicated the problem mentally and independently exposed in the form of initial capitalism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.139-149
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• 1999

It is very important to establish precisely the historical phases of nursing. We nurses should try to acquire the central social position in the health management system in the near the future, the 21st Century. Therefore my treatise aims to orient the desirable phases of the history of nursing through the feministic survey of the history of nursing from the post medieval epoche to the modern epoche. During the time of the renaissance which gave morning light to the modern epoche, the antique Athenian thinking of sex was again revived. Athenian excluded the women from the public and autonomous regions. All the medical activity, once dominated by the women, was misfortunately regarded as superstition acted by witches. Accordingly, the nursing women were to hunted as witches. In short, in the early modern epoche, women began to be excluded from the history of medical activities. In the middle modern epoche characterized by the enlightenment movement and early capital economic system, capitalistic patriarchal system began to be formed by change in the economic system. The status of women began to be greatly dropped below by the social distinction of the private dimension of home and the Public dimension of job. The woman was deprived of even the occasion to get the official license of medicine and medical institutions were handed to the state or the powerful and rich merchants. Accordingly, nursing acted mainly in the nunnery as the total approach to the patients was destructed wholly and transformed into the means of earning the money. Therefore unprepared low class -women began to engage in nursing only for the money. From then on, nursing activity was tunneled through the dark age for 200 years. In the late modern epoche characterized by the contrast of the accumulated vast capital by industrialization and vast poverty of the peoples, feminism began to float over the surface for the acquisition of equality of men and women from England. A feminist, Nightingale insisted that the women as nurses should be responsible for the healthy life of man. She tried the professional nursing education for women. Accordingly she not only contributed to the intellectual progress of women but also inspired in women the consciousness of the professional job. She tried to realize the ideal of at-that-time-feminists by engaging in nursing all through life. She really paved the road to contemporary nursing. In the near the future, I will write to describe how the late modern epoche nursing has fallen into the dilemma through the 1st and 2nd world wars and matured capitalism and to consider contemporary nursing with the status of women. All these papers aim to give proper recognition of nursing and right orientation of the future 21st Century nursing.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.86-99
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• 1998

The aim of this study to examine the Hip-Hop style, one of the fashion trends of the new generation in the 1990s and to come up with a design with a Hip-Hop image. As the Counterculture, Black Renaissance, Pop Star Syndrome, the importance of Hip-Hop fashion in mass culture was recognized and given a firm place as one of the major cultural trends of the 1990s. Hip-Hop fashion has a history: it originated from the Caribbean style in the 1940s and was transformed into Rude Boys style in the 1960s, Two-tone style and Rastafarians style in the 1970s. Finally it was succeeded by B-boys and Flygirls style. Hip-Hop style combines characteristics of all three styles mixed in one, which are as follows. First, Neo-Hip-Hop Fashion, Second, Hip-Hop Reggae Fashion and Third, Graffiti Fashion. Based on these three Hip-Hop images of the 19905, an attempt will be made to produce a Design Planning with a predicted 1998 fashion trend. This research provides order sheets on ready-made clothes designed for new generation in their late 10s and early 20s. Design Concept, Image Map, Fabric, color direction will be offered on the basis of an image map drawn in line with the three design concepts incorporating three sub themes of Liveliness, Modern Ethnic, and Dynamic Future. Three designs will be designed based on the following fashion themes$\ddot{o}$ Generation 'Y', Black Guys and Street Boys.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.31-48
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• 2007

The purpose of the this study is to make a historical review of changes in the structural decorations of men's costume from ancient times to modern times and to provide basic materials for developing handicraft decoration techniques and sewing methods in contemporary fashion. Their gorgeousness of collars and sleeves reached its peak along with the exaggerated expression of the human body during the Renaissance when people were free from Christian traditions of the Middle Ages and pursued human pleasures. Huge and decorative collars gave great dignity and formality to the wearer. Sleeves were slim and cuffs were small or nonexistent after the French Revolution. Various decorated pockets had been developed since pockets began to be attached to coats in the 17th century. Pockets were at the bottom of coat in the late 17th century, but they were gradually placed much higher on the coat. Buttons began to be used as the tool for sticking fast body to clothes in the 12th century and became extremely sumptuous accessories in the $16th{\sim}18th$ centuries. Men's clothes were simpler and more practical after the French Revolution. The result was that decorative buttons begun to disappear and metal buttons came out for practical purpose. The number of buttons worn on sleeves was also noticeably reduced. This research suggested the possibility that various decoration techniques could create the unique details in the each part of clothes. In order to develop high value-added products, we need to study various decoration-sewing methods and put to practical use them for creative fashion design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.154-164
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the modernizations of traditional Saekdong by analyzing the magazines from the 1955 to 1995. The application of Saekdong extended during the 1950s. Before, Saekdong was only used for children; however, women were wearing it during this period. With the advancement of the fabric industry in the 1960s, a great popularity of Saekdong was witnessed and its application extended even further. During the 1970s, the Saekdong was applied in westernized clothes; however, the 1980s was a time of renaissance for Saekdong as the awakening of national identity movement began. The application of Saekdong in westernized clothes became more popular during the 1990s as the widespread of industrial designing was inspired by the tradition. The functional aspect of Saekdong such as recycling the leftover fabrics decreased over the years whereas the decorative aspect increased. The form of Saekdong became more variant. The Saekdong was applied either as a part or whole of the clothes. With the development of the mechanically woven Saekdong, various widths and forms of Saekdong, not only vertical lines but also diagonal and wave lines, appeared. The colors also changed. During the 1990s, low chroma and gradation methods were applied. Gold and silver threads also were woven together. The motifs were created and gilts were printed on Saekdong.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-38
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• 2011

Bernays has not drawn scholarly attention that he deserves. Only quite recently, the reevaluation of his philosophy, including the projects of editing, translating, and reissuing his writings, has just started. As a part of this renaissance of Bernays studies, this article tries to distinguish carefully between Hilbert's and Bernays' views regarding the axiomatic method. We shall highlight the fact that Hilbert was so proud of his own axiomatic method on textual evidence. Bernays' estimation of the place of Hilbert's achievements in the history of the axiomatic method will be scrutinized. Encouraged by the fact that there are big differences between the early middle Bernays and the later Bernays in this matter, we shall contrast them vividly. The most salient difference between Hilbert and Bernays will shown to be found in the problem of the uniformity of the axiomatic method. In the same vein, we will discuss the later Bernays' criticism of Carnap, for Carnap's project of philosophy of science in the late 1950's seems to be a continuation and an extension of Hilbert's faith in the uniformity of the axiomatic method.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.205-220
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• 2007

In the 17th century, men's hair style showed a dramatical change to thick hair style with femineity. During the 17th century, men wore their hair longer than at any other time in the history of western culture. Men's hairs in the early 17th century were defined as short hair style influenced by ruff collar of renaissance and thick beards and moustaches During the mid 17th century, shoulder-length hair style was predominant over all classes. As hair style became long, beards and moustaches gradually declined in favour: from 1625, small neat beards, and moustaches turned up at the ends, got progressively smaller, and by 1650 the beard was only small tuft on the chin, disappearing completely by 1680. In the late 17th century, very long, thick and shiny hair got a great popularity with the gorgeous and decorative baroque costume dominated over the entire Europe. The habit of adding false hair when natural hair was deficient led to the introduction of the periwig, which became an essential part of a fashionable man's attire. Wiggery were widely used to express curled and puffed hairs more exaggerated. As the long hair style with wiggery became popular, various style of beard and moustache got smallar so that they were ended up in entire disappearance in the end of the 17th century.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.53-57
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• 2009

The Oriental flower arrangements have the beauty of a strict triangle in a symmetrical three-dimensional effect as the form of flower tribute to gods in ancient times and used frogs to fix flowers to a basin easily. Flower arrangements of a conical shape made by repeatedly piled flowers in ancient Egypt shows the origin of the present vertical form of the Western flower arrangements. Flower arrangements in ancient Greece formed in a smooth S shape, while Roman flower arrangements were rich and gorgeous in a lowering and thin shape horizontally. Persians were showing triangular forms similar to the Oriental three-dimensional effect. The basic form of flower arrangements in the age of Renaissance was also created upon the ancient one, descending to Art Nouveau when flower arrangements were widely expressed from mass to space aesthetics led by America in the 20th century influenced by mild color, simplicity and realistic description of the Oriental art in the late 19th century. The Western flower arrangements are focused on formation, same as the Oriental ones, yet they disregard naturality and based on practicality.