• 복식문화연구
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.12-31
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• 1997

This is a study on the changes of the ancient underclothes. Underclothing includes all such articles, worn by either sex, as were completely or mainly concealed from the spectator by the external costume. Functions of underclothes are follow ; to protect the body from cold, to support the shape of the costume, to cleanliness, to erotic use of underclothes and as a method of class distinction. Linen is the oldest as materials and cotton came into general use after the Restoration of 1660. We must suppose that woolen petticoat was at least as old as the Middle Ages and silk was rarely used until late in Victorian times. Until the middle of the last century underclothes were necessarily hand-made, and the absence of fit was noticeable until the introduction of man\`s drawers, fitting the leg, at the close of the eighteen century. Strings and ribbons were the fastenings for underclothes until the middle of the seventeenth century, when they were replaced by buttons. One outstanding example of the first type of figures is a Babylonian girl of about 3000 BC from Sumeria who wears that today would immediately be described as briefs. Female statues show no trace of anything being worn under the chiton, but there is literary evidenced that the Greeks. A band of linen of kid was bound round the waist and lower torso to shape and control it. It was known as the Zone or girdle. The apodesmos, meaning a band, breast band, occurs in a fragment of Aristophanes. A Roman mosaic shows female athletes wearing a bikini-briefs and bra in the fourth century AD. A similar band, called the mastodeton, or breast band, was also worn round the bust, apparently to flatten or minimise it, as in the 1920s, and not, to stress its curves. In Rome, too, women sometimes wore bands of material round the hips and bust-a cestus or girdle is referred to by the poet Martial and seems to have been similar to the zone, but wider, and the strophium, or breast band, is mentioned by Cicero.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.383-393
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• 2008

The etching mechanism of $ZrO_2$ thin films and etch selectivity over some materials in both $BCl_3$/Ar and $BCl_3/CHF_3$/Ar plasmas are investigated using a combination of experimental and modeling methods. To obtain the data on plasma composition and fluxes of active species, global (0-dimensional) plasma models are developed with Langmuir probe diagnostics data. In $BCl_3$/Ar plasma, changes in gas mixing ratio result in non-linear changes of both densities and fluxes for Cl, $BCl_2$, and ${BCl_2}^+$. In this work, it is shown that the non-monotonic behavior of the $ZrO_2$ etch rate as a function of the $BCl_3$/Ar mixing ratio could be related to the ion-assisted etch mechanism and the ion-flux-limited etch regime. The addition of up to 33% $CHF_3$ to the $BCl_3$-rich $BCl_3$Ar plasma does not influence the $ZrO_2$ etch rate, but it non-monotonically changes the etch rates of both Si and $SiO_2$. The last effect can probably be associated with the corresponding behavior of the F atom density.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2019

The Transgenic livestock can be useful for the production of disease-resistant animals, pigs for xenotranplantation, animal bioreactor for therapeutic recombinant proteins and disease model animals. Previously, conventional methods without using artificial nuclease-dependent DNA cleavage system were used to produce such transgenic livestock, but their efficiency is known to be low. In the last decade, the development of artificial nucleases such as zinc-finger necleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas has led to more efficient production of knock-out and knock-in transgenic livestock. However, production of knock-in livestock is poor. In mouse, genetically modified mice are produced by coinjecting a pair of knock-in vector, which is a donor DNA, with a artificial nuclease in a pronuclear fertilized egg, but not in livestock. Gene targeting efficiency has been increased with the use of artificial nucleases, but the knock-in efficiency is still low in livestock. In many research now, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) methods used after selection of cell transfected with artificial nuclease for production of transgenic livestock. In particular, it is necessary to develop a system capable of producing transgenic livestock more efficiently by co-injection of artificial nuclease and knock-in vectors into fertilized eggs.

• 감성과학
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2013

폭소노미 (foxonomy) 분위기 태그를 이용한 음악 검색 시 내부적으로 단어 태그 대신에 수치 태그 (AV 태그: Arousal과 Valence 값으로 이루어진 태그)를 이용하면 폭소노미의 문제점 중의 하나인 유사어 문제점을 일부 해결할 수 있다. 하지만 이를 위해서는 두 가지 선행 작업이 제대로 이루어져야 하는데, 그 첫 번째가 단어 태그를 수치 태그로 변환하는 작업이며 그 두 번째가 검색 대상인 음악을 수치 태그로 표현하는 작업이다. 첫 번째 작업에 대해서는 이전 연구를 통하여 그 유의성을 보였기 때문에 본 논문에서는 두 번째 작업에 대해서 그 유의성을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 음악과 AV값 간의 관계를 정의하는 음악-분위기 매핑테이블을 제안하고, ANOVA 검증을 이용하여 분석 하였다. 실험 결과, 동의어 포함 유무에 무관하게 음악 구간의 A값과 V값 모두 12개 음악의 분위기에 대하여 분포차가 발생하고, 모두 제 1종 오류확률 P<0.001를 만족하였다. 결론적으로 음악의 분위기에 따라 AV 값 분포가 다르다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.308-311
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• 2005

단심실에 있어서 폰탄 수술의 위험인자로는 폐동맥 크기 이상, 증가된 폐동맥 압력과 폐혈관 저항 등이 알려져 있다. 특히 한쪽 폐동맥의 심한 형성 부전이나 협착, 폐쇄는 폐혈관 단면적을 감소시키고 폐혈관 저항을 증가시켜 결과적으로 폰탄 수술의 위험성을 증가시킨다. 하지만 한쪽 폐동맥으로의 혈류가 전혀 없는 단심실 환자의 경우에도 혈역학 지표가 적절한, 잘 선택된 환자군에서 폰탄 수술의 성공 사례가 보고되고 있다. 본원에서는 심한 좌폐동맥 형성 부전으로 우폐동맥만 기능하는 삼첨판막폐쇄, 폐동맥 폐쇄를 보이는 환아에게 폰탄 수술을 시행하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.55-62
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• 1994

The mend for fabric products has been increased remarkably with increasing population, housings, mutistory buildings,...and etc. during the last two decades. However, since fabrics are highly combustible and can produce toxic gases during the combution, fabric products can result in serious human injury as well as financial damage. Acknowledged by this, a new phosphorus based flame retardant suitable for PET fabric has been synthesized by making use of the reaction of diphenyl chloro phosphate and hexamethylenediamine. Since the starting meterials are relatively cheap and the yield of this reaction is high (more than 90%), this reaction seems to be very effective as wall as very economic. By analyzing various spectrophotometric analysis data such as NMR, FT-IR, and Mass, this new flame retardant is identified to be N,N’-Bis(diphenyl chlorophosphoro)diamino hexane. In the mean time, DSC measurement has shown that the melting point and the boiling point of this material are around 115$^{\circ}C$ and around 40$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flame retardancy test done on the PET fabric processed by this flame retardant have shown excellent in times of flame contact, times of flame contact for washable. The most economical finishing condition estimated 10% in concentration of BDPDH, Moreover, it has been also found that the drape stiffness of the PET fiber processed by the flame retartant is changed very litter compared to the unprocessed original PET fabrics. Judging from this, the potential of this new phosphrdus based compond as a flame retardant for PET fabric seems to be high.

• 대기
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.343-364
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• 2014

This study presents local and synoptic conditions associated with extreme heavy snowfall events in the Yeongdong region, as well as the temporal and spatial variability of these conditions. During the last 12 years (2001~2012), 3 extreme snowfall events occurred in the Yeongdong region, which recorded daily snowfall greater than 50 cm, respectively. In these events, one of the noticeable features is the occurrence of heavy hourly snowfall greater than 10 cm. It was reported from satellite analysis that these heavy snowfall may be closely related to mesoscale convective clouds. In this paper the 3 extreme events are examined on their synoptic environments associated with the developments of mesoscale convective system using numerical model output. These 3 events all occurred in strongly forced synoptic environments where 500 and 300 hPa troughs and 500 hPa thermal troughs were evident. From the analysis of diagnostic variables, it was found in all 3 events that absolute vorticity and cold air advection were dominant in the Yeongdong region and its surrounding sea at upper levels, especially at around 500 hPa (absolute vorticity: $20{\sim}60{\times}10^{-5}s^{-1}$, cold air advection: $-10{\sim}-20^{\circ}C$ $12hr^{-1}$). Moreover, the spatial distributions of cold advection showed mostly the shape of a narrow band along the eastern coast of Korea. These features of absolute vorticity and cold advection at 500 hPa were sustained for about 10 hours before the occurrence of maximum hourly snowfall.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.732-745
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• 2009

Objectives : This study analyzed the contents of research papers of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) concerning chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) published in PubMed during the last 5 years. This study was conducted to help clinical studies for treating COPD with Oriental medicine. Materials and Methods : We inspected 31 theses and scrutinized their objectives, periods, participants, materials and methods, methods of assessment, results and Jadad score. Results : The treatments in the studies were supplements, physical training, acupuncture, acu-TENS, Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang), counseling, breathing training, osteopathic manipulative treatment, reflexology, and distractive auditory stimuli. The aims of treatment were improvement of exercise capacity, lung function, quality of life, oxidative status, nutrient status, systemic inflammation, and cessation of smoking. The median for treatment period of study was 8 weeks, the median number of participants was 35 and the differences between mean $FEV_1$ from groups were less than 10% in 22 studies. The methods of assessment were lung function test, exercise capacity test, muscle strength test, questionnaire of QoL, laboratory studies, and measurement of nutrient state. The mean of Jadad score was $2.4\;{\pm}\;1.03$, and 24 treatment were assessed as effective. Conclusion : Recent CAM studies of COPD have focused on various topics in alternative and complementary medicine, and it is necessary to provide objective studies for treatment of this disease with Oriental medicines.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2014

2010년부터 2012년까지 전국 각지 야외에서 조사한 바둑돌부전나비의 생태학적 특성은 다음과 같다. 1. 이대에 서식하는 일본납작진딧물은 바둑돌부전나비 유충의 먹이로서 지표로부터 폭넓게 분포하였으며, 조사 8회 차인 6월 13일부터 밀도가 현저히 감소하였다. 2. 일본납작진딧물과 바둑돌부전나비가 가장 많은 밀도를 보이는 곳은 줄기와 가장 인접한 부위이었다. 3. 바둑돌부전나비의 유충 예상 령수는 4령으로 추측된다. 4. 바둑돌부전나비 성충의 야외 노출 시 생존시간 조사 결과, 2분 이내에 사망하는 것으로 조사 되었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2010

Purpose: Orphan lung diseases are defined as lung diseases with a prevalence of 1 or less in 2,000 individuals. Despite an increase in the numbers of patients with such diseases, few studies on Korean children have appeared. To obtain epidemiologic and demographic data on these diseases, we systematically reviewed reports on pediatric orphan lung diseases in Korea over the last 50 years. Methods: We reviewed 223 articles that have appeared since 1958 on orphan lung diseases in Korean children. These articles described a total of 519 patients aged between 0 and 18 years. We classified patients by year of publication, diagnosis, geographic region, and journal. Results: Of 519 patients, 401 had congenital cystic lung diseases and 66 had bronchiolitis obliterans. About 80% of patients were described in reports published in three journals, Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease (Korea), the Korean Journal of Pediatrics, and the Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, in which papers on 157 (30.2%), 138 (26.6%), and 111 (21.4%) patients appeared, respectively. The frequency of publication of case reports has increased since 1990. Of the 519 patients, 401 (77.3%) were from Seoul/Gyeonggi-do and 72 (13.9%) from Busan/Gyeongsangnam-do. Conclusion: The prevalence of pediatric orphan lung disease has increased since 1990, and some provinces of Korea have a higher incidence of these diseases than do others. Studies exploring the incidence of pediatric orphan lung diseases in Korea are needed for effective disease management.