• Title/Summary/Keyword: Large negative reaction heat

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Fabrication of Composite Powders by Mechanical Alloying of Magnetite-M (M = Ti, Al) Systems (마그네타이트와 금속(Ti, Al)의 기계적 합금화에 의한 복합분말의 합성)

  • 홍대석;이성희;이충효;김지순;권영순
    • Journal of Powder Materials
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.247-252
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    • 2004
  • Recently, it has been found that mechanical alloying (MA) facilitates the nanocomposites formation of metal-metal oxide systems through solid-state reduction during ball milling. In this work, we studied the MA effect of Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$-M (M = Al, Ti) systems, where pure metals are used as reducing agents. It is found that composite powders in which $Al_{2}$O$_{3}$ and TiO$_{2}$ are dispersed in $\alpha$-Fe matrix with nano-sized grains are obtained by mechanical alloying of Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$ with Al and Ti for 25 and 75 hours, respectively. It is suggested that the large negative heat associated with the chemical reduction of magnetite by aluminum is responsible for the shorter MA time for composite powder formation in Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$-Al system. X-ray diffraction results show that the reduction of magnetite by Al and Ti if a relatively simple reaction, involving one intermediate phase of FeAl$_{2}$O$_{4}$ or Fe$_{3}$Ti$_{3}$O$_{10}$. The average grain size of $\alpha$-Fe in Fe-TiO$_{2}$ composite powders is in the range of 30 nm. From magnetic measurement, we can also obtain indirect information about the details of the solid-state reduction process during MA.

Fabrication and Structural Observation of a Soft Magnetic Composite Powders by Mechanical Alloying (기계적합금화법에 의한 연자성 복합분말의 제조 및 구조관찰)

  • Lee, Chung-Hyo
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.252-257
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    • 2019
  • Fabrication of soft magnetic composite powders for the $Fe_2O_3-Ca$ system by mechanical alloying(MA) has been investigated at room temperature. It is found that soft magnetic composite powders in which CaO is dispersed in ${\alpha}-Fe$ matrix are obtained by MA of $Fe_2O_3$ with Ca for 5 hours. Changes in magnetization and coercivity also reflect the details of the solidstate reduction process of hematite by pure metal of Ca during MA. The saturation magnetization of MA powders increases with increasing MA time and reaches a maximum value of 65 emu/g after 7 hours of MA. The average grain size of ${\alpha}-Fe$ in MA powders, estimated by diffraction line-width, gradually decreases with increasing MA time and reaches 52 nm after 5 hours of MA. It can also be seen that the coercivity of the 5-hour MA sample is fairly high at 190 Oe, suggesting that the grain refinement of already-produced ${\alpha}-Fe$ tends to clearly occur during MA.

Synthesis of $Fe/Al_2O_3$ and $Fe/TiO_2$ nanocomposite powder by mechanical alloying (기계적합금화에 의한 $Fe/Al_2O_3$$Fe/TiO_2$계 나노복합분말의 제조)

  • Lee, Seong-Hee;Lee, Chung-Hyo
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.202-207
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    • 2009
  • Nanocomposite formation of metal-metal oxide systems by mechanical alloying (MA) has been investigated at room temperature. The systems we chose are the $Fe_3O_4$-M (M = AI, Ti), where pure metals are used as reducing agent. It is found that $Fe/Al_2O_3$ and $Fe/TiO_2$ nanocomposite powders in which $Al_2O_3$ and $TiO_2$ are dispersed in ${\alpha}$-Fe matrix with nano-sized grains are obtained by MA of $Fe_3O_4$ with Al and Ti for 25 and 75 hours, respectively. It is suggested that the shorter MA time for the nanocomposite formation in $Fe/Al_2O_3$ is due to a large negative heat associated with the chemical reduction of magnetite by aluminum. X-ray diffraction results show that the average grain size of ${\alpha}$-Fe in $Fe/TiO_2$ nanocomposite powders is in the range of 30 nm. The change in magnetic properties also reflects the details of the solid-state reduction of magnetite by pure metals during MA.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Crystallization of amorphous silicon films below $450^{\circ}C$ by FALC ($450^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 FALC 공정에 의한 비정질 실리콘의 결정화)

  • 박경완;유정은;최덕균
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.210-214
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    • 2002
  • The crystallization behavior of amorphous silicon (a-Si) film was investigated by using Cu-field aided lateral crystallization (Cu-FALC) process below $450^{\circ}C$. The lateral crystallization was induced from the Cu deposited region outside of pattern toward the Cu-free region inside of the pattern by applying an electric field during heat treatment. As expected, the lateral crystallization toward Cu-free region proceeded from negative toward positive electrode side. The occurrence of Cu-FALC phenomenon was interpreted in terms of dominant diffusing species in the reaction between Cu and Si. Even at the annealing temperature of $350^{\circ}C$, the large dendrite-shaped branches were formed in the crystallized region and the polarity in the lateral crystallization was clearly observed. Consequently, we could successfully crystallize the a-Si at the temperature as low as $350^{\circ}C$ by an electric field of 30 V/cm with fast crystallization velocity of 12 $\mu$m/h.