• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.304-311
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng black spot disease resulting from Alternaria panax Whuetz is a common soil-borne disease, with an annual incidence rate higher than 20-30%. In this study, the bacterial strains with good antagonistic effect against A. panax are screened. Methods: A total of 285 bacterial strains isolated from ginseng rhizosphere soils were screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the Oxford cup plate assay. We analyzed the antifungal spectrum of SZ-22 by confronting incubation. To evaluate the efficacy of biocontrol against ginseng black spot and for growth promotion by SZ-22, we performed pot experiments in a plastic greenhouse. Taxonomic position of SZ-22 was identified using morphology, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, 16S ribosomal DNA, and gyrB sequences. Results: SZ-22 (which was identified as Brevundimonas terrae) showed the strongest inhibition rate against A. panax, which showed 83.70% inhibition, and it also provided broad-spectrum antifungal effects. The inhibition efficacies of the SZ-22 bacterial suspension against ginseng black spot reached 82.47% inhibition, which is significantly higher than that of the 25% suspension concentrate azoxystrobin fungicide treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the SZ-22 bacterial suspension also caused ginseng plant growth promotion as well as root enhancement. Conclusion: Although the results of the outdoor pot-culture method were influenced by the pathogen inoculum density, the cropping history of the field site, and the weather conditions, B. terrae SZ-22 controlled ginseng black spot and promoted ginseng growth successfully. This study provides resource for the biocontrol of ginseng black spot.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 1971

Physiological analysis of the physical exercise was made on 9 subjects performing mountain climbing. The course between two points (256 and 516 meters altitude) was 1,300 meters in distance and difference of vertical height was 260 meters making the mean grade of 20%. In the field, the heart rates during uphill or downhill walk were recorded by EKG radio-telemetry. In the laboratory, oxygen consumption was obtained by the recorded heart rates, using individual heart rate vs oxygen consumption diagram obtained by treadmill test. the following results were obtained. 1. Uphill walk time was 36.5 minutes, and during this period the mean heart rate was 149.0 heats/min and peak heart rate was 169.2 beats/min. The total heart beats during the uphill walk was 5.433 beats. 2. The ratio of individual mean heart rate during the uphill walk to the maximal heart rate distributed between 66.6% and 98.3%, and the mean of the total group was 83.1%. The ratio of peak heart rate of uphill walk to the maximal heart rate was 94.5% in the group. Thus uphill walk of a 20% grade mountain course was an exhaustive exercise. 3. Oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.22 l/min (ranged between 1.79 and 2.70 l/min) and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 8.31. The peak value of oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.73 l/min and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 10.39. 4. Energy expenditure during uphill walk showed a mean of 11.1 kcal/min and the peak expenditure rate was 13.6 kcal/min. The total energy expenditure during 36.5 minutes of uphill walk was 396 kcal. 5. In downhill walk, the time was 31.7 minutes, mean heart rate was 118.4 (ranged between 100.1 and 142.7) beats/min, and the peak heart rate was only 129.4 beats/min. The ratio of mean heart rate to the maximal heart rate was 66.3%. Total heart beats during downhill walk was 3,710 beats. The ratio of downhill oxygen consumption to the resting consumption was 5.70. The rate of energy expenditure was 7.5 kcal/min, and the total onery expenditure during the 31.7 minutes of downhill walk was 228 kcal. 6. The effect of training was manifest in the uphill walk and not in the downhill walk. After training in mountain course walk, i) the uphill time was shortened, ii) mean heart rate increased, iii) time vs heart rate curve became smooth and showed less frequent zig-zag, i.e., the depth of trough on the curve decreased and the magnitude was less than 10 beats. In non-trained subject the depth of trough on the curve was greater than 50 beats and appeared more frequently. 7. Mountain climbing is a good health promotion exercise. For the promotion of health the reasonable amount of uphill mountain walk exercise in a 20% grade course is a walk for 40 or 50 minutes duration once a week.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2012

Purpose: This study aimed to find overseas workplace and improve global competence through the preference survey on overseas employment by dental technology students. Methods: The survey sample consisted of 250 randomly selected dental technology students. Survey was conducted from March 1 to May 1 in 2012. Total of 245(98.0%) replies and analyzed 236 questionnaires excluding 9 incomplete questionnaires. The questionnaires used in this study consisted of 7 items for general information, overseas employment characteristics of 10 items, 7 items for overseas employment activation plane and job competency development of 7 items. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Win 19.0 statistics program. Results: Regarding general characteristics of the subjects, there were 131 third graders(55.5%), 63 first graders(26.7%) and 42 second graders(17.8%) among 130 males(55.1%) and 106 females(44.9%). 221(93.6%) of the subjects had no experience in language training. Students who had clinical training for 1-5 months were 123(52.1%), and 24(10.2%) students had more than six months. 89(37.7%) of the subjects had no clinical training. 155(65.7%) of the subjects hope to work with korean owner, and 81(34.3%) chose foreign owner. Favored working countries were Australia(41.5%), the United States(29.2%), Canada(18.2%) and other(11.0%). The field of dental ceramic was indicated to be the highest proportion of 104(44.1%). Period of training were 3 hours(40.3%) and 6 hours(35.2%). The most important training were language-centered education(54.2%), Job-oriented education(24.2%), local culture education(16.1%), other(3.0%) and Leadership Training(2.5%). The subjects chose overseas worker(44.9%), working-level practitioner (28.8%), successfully employed dental technology graduate(19.5%a) and professor(3.4%) as an instructor. The subjects get education and training information from professor(40.3%), other(28.0%), senior(14.4%), job site(8.9%) and acquaintance(8.5%). A credit exchange(2.46 points), a joint degree program(2.46 points), and a foreign professor(2.33 points) were needed to activate the overseas employment. A kind of dental prosthesis(3.58 points), carving tooth morphology(3.38 points), and majors of dental technology(3.30 points) were indicated to develop job competency for overseas employment. Age, year, clinical training experience and company owner were statistically meaningful data among the general characteristics affecting job competency development. Conclusion: The college needs to offer variety programs such as foreign language-centered education and a local job competency development program to graduates to be connected with international workplace and employment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2010

Spawning behavior and early life history of the tuman river sculpin, Cottus hangiongensis were studied in the laboratory and in the field at Wangpi Stream, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, from January to December, 2007. The spawning ground was in the lower Wangpi Stream, which is a shallow region about 40cm or less in depth. During the spawning period, from March to April, mature males made nest cavities under stone 10 which they led a gravid female. The male and female then turned upside down, and spawning and fertilization occurred onto the ceiling of the nest cavity. After spawning, the male chased the female from the nest and mated with several other females. Fertilized eggs were spherical in shape, demersal, adhesive, transparent and yellow in color, measuring 1.86 mm (1.79~1.93 mm) in diameter. A mean of 17(12~22) various-sized oil globules were counted in the yolk. Granular materials formed a mass in the yolk. Fertilized eggs hatched at 256 hrs, 10 minutes after the morula stage under water temperature of $15.0{\sim}18.0^{\circ}C$. Newly hatched larvae 9.34 mm (9.02~9.69 mm. n=10) in total length (TL) had a large yolk At 14 days after hatching, larvae 11.40 mm (11.07~11.72 mm, n=10) in TL transformed to the postlarval stage. At 41 days after hatching, postlarvae of 18.42 mm (17.31~18.62 mm, n=10) in TL had reached the juvenile stage. The result of this study indicate that Cottus hangiongensis has the spawning ground in the lower stream and the amphidromous life history which is the different from that of Cottus poecilopus.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.656-660
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• 2013

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL0145A was discovered at the New York State Museum Field Research Laboratory as an effective agent against the environmentally destructive zebra mussel, which has contaminated US waters. Dried cells of the microbe are being commercialized as an environmentally friendly solution to the problem. We found that antibiotic activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is produced and excreted by this strain. We have carried out studies to optimize production of the antibiotic. Studies were begun in a complex corn meal medium. Activity was found in both cells and culture supernates and was maximal after one day of fermentation. Static fermentation conditions were found to be superior to shaken culture. Production of extracellular antibiotic in complex medium was found to be dependent on the content of sucrose and enzyme-hydrolyzed casein. Indeed, production was greater in sucrose plus enzyme-hydrolyzed casein than in the complex medium. Of a large number of carbon sources studied as improvements over sucrose, the best was glycerol. An examination of nitrogen sources showed that production was improved by replacement of enzyme-hydrolyzed casein with soy hydrolysates. Production in the simple glycerol-Hy-Soy medium was not improved by addition of an inorganic salt mixture or by complex nitrogen sources, with the exception of malt extract. In an attempt to keep the medium more defined, we studied the effect of amino acids and vitamins as replacements for malt extract. Of 21 amino acids and 7 vitamins, we found tryptophan, glutamine, biotin, and riboflavin to be stimulatory. The final medium contained glycerol, Hy-Soy, tryptophan, glutamine, biotin, and riboflavin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

Endophytic fungi are little known for their role in gibberellins (GAs) synthesis and abiotic stress resistance in crop plants. We isolated 10 endophytes from the roots of field-grown soybean and screened their culture filtrates (CF) on the GAs biosynthesis mutant rice line - Waito-C. CF bioassay showed that endophyte GMH-1B significantly promoted the growth of Waito-C compared with controls. GMH-1B was identified as Penicillium minioluteum LHL09 on the basis of ITS regions rDNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses. GC/MS-SIM analysis of CF of P. minioluteum revealed the presence of bioactive $GA_4$ and $GA_7$. In endophyte-soybean plant interaction, P. minioluteum association significantly promoted growth characteristics (shoot length, shoot fresh and dry biomasses, chlorophyll content, and leaf area) and nitrogen assimilation, with and without sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced salinity (70 and 140 mM) stress, as compared with control. Field-emission scanning electron microcopy showed active colonization of endophyte with host plants before and after stress treatments. In response to salinity stress, low endogenous abscisic acid and high salicylic acid accumulation in endophyte-associated plants elucidated the stress mitigation by P. minioluteum. The endophytic fungal symbiosis of P. minioluteum also increased the daidzein and genistein contents in the soybean as compared with control plants, under salt stress. Thus, P. minioluteum ameliorated the adverse effects of abiotic salinity stress and rescued soybean plant growth by influencing biosynthesis of the plant's hormones and flavonoids.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.45-58
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• 2014

The Korean Culture Contents spread out to Worldwide, because the Korean wave is sweeping in the world. The contents stand in the middle of the Korean wave that we are used it. Each country is ongoing to keep their Culture industry improve the national brand and High added value. Performing contents is important factor of arousal in the enterprise industry. To improve high arousal confidence of product and positive attitude by populace is one of important factor by advertiser. Culture contents is the same situation. If culture contents have trusted by everyone, they will give information their around to spread word-of-mouth. So, many researcher study to measure for person's arousal analysis by statistical survey, physiological response, body movement and facial expression. First, Statistical survey has a problem that it is not possible to measure each person's arousal real time and we cannot get good survey result after they watched contents. Second, physiological response should be checked with surround because experimenter sets sensors up their chair or space by each of them. Additionally it is difficult to handle provided amount of information with real time from their sensor. Third, body movement is easy to get their movement from camera but it difficult to set up experimental condition, to measure their body language and to get the meaning. Lastly, many researcher study facial expression. They measures facial expression, eye tracking and face posed. Most of previous studies about arousal and interest are mostly limited to reaction of just one person and they have problems with application multi audiences. They have a particular method, for example they need room light surround, but set limits only one person and special environment condition in the laboratory. Also, we need to measure arousal in the contents, but is difficult to define also it is not easy to collect reaction by audiences immediately. Many audience in the theater watch performance. We suggest the system to measure multi-audience's reaction with real-time during performance. We use difference image analysis method for multi-audience but it weaks a dark field. To overcome dark environment during recoding IR camera can get the photo from dark area. In addition we present Multi-Audience Engagement Index (MAEI) to calculate algorithm which sources from sound, audience' movement and eye tracking value. Algorithm calculates audience arousal from the mobile survey, sound value, audience' reaction and audience eye's tracking. It improves accuracy of Multi-Audience Engagement Index, we compare Multi-Audience Engagement Index with mobile survey. And then it send the result to reporting system and proposal an interested persons. Mobile surveys are easy, fast, and visitors' discomfort can be minimized. Also additional information can be provided mobile advantage. Mobile application to communicate with the database, real-time information on visitors' attitudes focused on the content stored. Database can provide different survey every time based on provided information. The example shown in the survey are as follows: Impressive scene, Satisfied, Touched, Interested, Didn't pay attention and so on. The suggested system is combine as 3 parts. The system consist of three parts, External Device, Server and Internal Device. External Device can record multi-Audience in the dark field with IR camera and sound signal. Also we use survey with mobile application and send the data to ERD Server DB. The Server part's contain contents' data, such as each scene's weights value, group audience weights index, camera control program, algorithm and calculate Multi-Audience Engagement Index. Internal Device presents Multi-Audience Engagement Index with Web UI, print and display field monitor. Our system is test-operated by the Mogencelab in the DMC display exhibition hall which is located in the Sangam Dong, Mapo Gu, Seoul. We have still gotten from visitor daily. If we find this system audience arousal factor with this will be very useful to create contents.

• The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2012

Background: Leukocyte reduction filters are widely used to prevent transfusion reactions caused by leukocytes in blood components. Commercial filters are not sufficient for removal of leukocytes for prevention of transfusion associated graft-versus-host disease; therefore, irradiation of blood components was performed using expensive equipment. Techniques using an aptamer substituted for antibody have been developed and are available in clinical areas. The purpose of this study is to develop the aptamer filter system and to evaluate its efficiency and the possibility of its clinical application. Methods: Aptamers targeted to CD45 were selected by the Postech Aptamer Initiative. The aptamer filter in which aptamers attached to beads were bound to leukocytes and removed by magnetic field was developed. Filtration of 14 units of leukoreduction-red blood provided by Korean Red Cross Blood Services was performed using aptamer filters. Leukocyte removal rate and red cell recovery rate were evaluated and bacterial culture was performed. Results: After filtration using the aptamer filters, 45.6% of leukocytes were additionally removed and the red cell recovery rate was 92.8%. No growth in the bacterial culture was observed. Conclusion: In order to apply the cell depletion technique utilizing an aptamer to blood filter system, we developed and evaluated the aptamer filter system. Through improvement of the binding efficiency of the aptamer and the filtering process, and application of the various aptamers for other different cells, we suggest that this technique can be applied in the clinical area, such as a substitution for the irradiation process for TAGVHD prevention.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.143-154
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was investigated the quality changes before and after harvesting, storage and, processing of onion. Experiments were carried out to compare the effect on the characteristics of the postharvest from preharvest factors using onion. This experiment had identified the characteristics of harvested onions after cultivating with several preharvest factors such as the light and water conditions. These tests were conducted in an onion growth in the field, storage, and processing of fresh-cut during a laboratory periods of 2 years. In first year, onion cultivars ('Kars' and 'Pop') were produced under stable or unstable environment conditions, these onions were stored at low temperature(0?). Measurement was evaluated by the growth amount after harvesting, and the fresh weight loss and respiration rate during storage. According to different culture conditions and storage temperatures, it was investigated the properties of the fresh-cut onion. Growth of onion was varied depending on the cultivars and culture conditions. The amount of growth on 'Kars' and 'Pop' onions were decreased by excessive soil water conditions with shading. These influences were found the morphological differences resulting for the cell tissue of onion being rough and large. Onion cultivated in excessive soil water with shading affected the degree of its respiration rate and fresh weight loss during storage. Ones in excessive soil water with shading were higher than the control in fresh weight loss and respiration rate, respectively. However fresh-cut onion could not investigated to clarify the difference due to effects of cultivation condition and storage temperature on some measure items such as electrolyte leakage and microbial number change. There was a change of only electrolyte leakage depending on the storage temperature, rather than cultivated conditions before harvesting factor. The results showed that the onion grown on in the good environment was represented to a good quality produce even after harvesting.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.2 s.103
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• pp.139-149
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine limiting nutrients and the physiological characteristics of phytoplankton in response of nutrients in Lake Paldang from March 2002 to October 2002. A field research was conducted along with laboratory batch culture experiment to find the limiting nutrients and the growth kinetics. According the results of Chl. a TP relationship, TN/TP ratio, and nutrient addition bioassay, phosphorus appeared to be a major limiting nutrient in Lake Paldang and thus the lake productivity was greatly influenced by it. P limitation for the phytoplankton of Lake Paldang varied with season, and the possibility of limitation by nitrogen and silica also occurred. The degree of P limitation was greatest during spring when the concentration of dissolved phosphorus is relatively much lower than summer and autumn. The maximum growth rate (${\mu}_{max}$) and half saturation concentration ($K_u$) of Lake Paldang phytoplankton ranged from 0.8${\sim}$1.1$day^1$ and from 0.1${\sim}$O.8${\mu}M$, respectively. $K_u$ was highest during May ($0.8{\mu}M$) and the lowest during September ($0.1{\mu}M$). Such result may be induced by the phytoplankton cell quota that showed the lowest concentration ($0.13{\mu}gP/{\mu}gChl.$ a) during May. The growth kinetics showed that phytoplankton growth in Lake Paldang was faster during summer and autumn than spring, suggesting that the Potential of algal bloom is high after the summer monsoon season.