• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.3 s.83
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• pp.386-395
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• 2007

A total of 27 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (18 strains isolated from Korea and 9 strains from Japan) were serotyped and examined for biochemical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, cytotoxicity assay, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) production and molecular epidemiology. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and DNA probe hybridization method, the strains were tested for toxR, tdh, trh and ORF 8 genes. The V. parahaemolyticus isolated from patients were belonged to 8 different serotypes : O3:K6, O1:K38, O3:K57, O4:K9, O4:Kl2, O4:K68, O5:Kl5 and O6:K46. Urease-positive strain possessed the trh gene, and conversely, urease-negative strains lacked the gene, indicating that urease production by V. parahemolyticus strains strongly correlates with the possession of the trh gene. Most strains showed multiple resistant to more than three antibiotics and the antibiogram could be classified into 6 group (I to VI). All of the O3:K6 strains isolated in South Korea and Japan producted TDH at high levels. The TDH titers ranged between 256 and 2.048, and the average titer was 1009. To distinguish the new and increasingly common V. parahaemolyticus strains from clinical isolates, ORF 8 is a useful genetic marker. After Southern hybridization, the HindIII restriction fragment patterns of the tdh gene were grouped one type, respectively. One type showed two bands one of which was 4.3kb and the other was 11.5kb in size. Variation between the O3:K6 serotype are minor when compared to the differences seen with the non O3:K6 strains. The migration patterns of Not I -digested of the total DNA of the O3:K6 strains were similar, and only slight variations were observed between the serotypes. By contrast, the O3:K6 strains and non O3:K6 had markedly different profiles. In conclusion, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile using appropriate primers was an effective epidemiological marker.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.422-429
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• 1999

Purpose: The measurement of radiation absorbed dose is useful to predict the response after I-131 labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy and determine therapy dose in patients with unresectable or malignant pheochromocytoma. We estimated the absorbed dose in tumor tissue after high dose I-131 MIBG in a patient with pheochromocytoma using a gamma camera and Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) formula. Materials and Methods: A 64-year old female patient with pheochromocytoma who had multiple metastases of mediastinum, right kidney and periaortic lymph nodes, received 74 GBq (200 mCi) of I-131 MIBG. We obtained anterior and posterior images at 0.5, 16, 24, 64 and 145 hours after treatment. Two standard sources of 37 and 74 MBq of I-131 were imaged simultaneously. Cummulated I-131 MIBG uptake in tumor tissue was calculated after the correction of background activity, attenuation, system sensitivity and count loss at a high count rate. Results: The calculated absorbed radiation dose was 32-63 Gy/ 74 GBq, which was lower than the known dose for tumor remission (150-200 Gy). follow-up studies at 1 month showed minimally reduced tumor size on computed tomography, and mildly reduced I-131 MIBG uptake. Conclusion: We estimated radiation absorbed dose after therapeutic I-131 MIBG using a gamma camera and MIRD formula, which can be peformed in a clinical nuclear medicine laboratory. Our results suggest that the measurement of radiation absorbed dose in I-131 MIBG therapy is feasible as a routine clinical practice that can guide further treatment plan. The accuracy of dose measurement and correlation with clinical outcome should be evaluated further.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.250-258
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• 1992

The oxygen isotope composition of surface waters in the Bransfield Strait was determined as one extra state variable in order to characterize water masses in the region, since salinity is significantly modified due to the freezing and ice-melting in the polar region. The salinity, temperature, and $\delta$/SUP 18/O values vary from 34.0 to 34.5$\textperthousand$, -.05 to 2.1$^{\circ}C$ and -0.50 t -0.26$\textperthousand$, respectively. The combined effects of evaporation, precipitation, freezing, ice-melting are reflected in the widely scattered data. Although it is small, the distribution of $\delta$/SUP 18/O of the Bransfield Strait is strongly affected by the freezing-ice melting rather than the evaporation-precipitation. The ice melted fresh water which has higher temperature, depleted salinity and nutrients may be injected to the Bransfield Strait from the north. The concentrations of nutrients are decreasing gradually from the north to the south. The waters were characterized by two groups of higher (about 19.4) and lower N/P ratio (about 16.7). The lower N/P ratio is found in the northern part where ice-melted fresh water is injected. and the higher N/P ratio is found in the southern part of the Bransfield Strait. Although more precise work is needed, the deference of N/P ratio can be an evidence of the ice melted water injection to the Bransfield Strait. Chlorophyll a concentrations, in general, increase from northwest (Waddell Sea) to the southeast (Smith and Hosseason Islands). Probably the injection of nutrient depleted fresh water from the ice melting reduce the chlorophyll a concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2001

The EDXRF(Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer) technique was applied to the determination of heavy metals in welding fume. The EDXRF method designed in this study was a non-destructive analysis method. Samples were analyzed directly by EDXRF without any pre-treatment such as digestion and dilution. The samples used to evaluate this method were laboratory samples exposed in a chamber connected with a welding fume generator. The samples were first analyzed using a non-destructive EDXRF method. The samples subsequently were analyzed using AAS method to verify accuray of the EDXRF method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of the non-destructive analysis of heavy metals in welding fume by EDXRF. The results of this study were as follow: 1.When the samples were collected under the open-face sampling condition, a surface distribution of welding fume particles on sample filters was uniform, which made non-destructive analysis possible. 2. The method was statistically evaluated according to the NIOSH(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and HSE(Health and Safety Executive) method. 3. The overall precision of the EDXRF method Was calculated at 3.45 % for Cr, 2.57 % for Fe and 3.78 % for Mn as relative standard deviation(RSD), respectively. The limits of detection were calculated at $0.46{\mu}g$/sample for Cr, $0.20{\mu}g$/sample for Fe and $1.14{\mu}g$/sample for Mn, respectively. 4. A comparison between the results of Cr, Fe, Mn analyzed by EDXRF and AAS was made in order to assess the accuracy of EDXRF method. The correlation coefficient between the results of EDXRF and AAS was 0.9985 for Cr, 0.9995 for Fe and 0.9982 for Mn, respectively. The overall uncertainty was determined to be ${\pm}12.31%$, 8.64 % and 11.91 % for Cr, Fe and Mn, respectively. In conclusion, this study showed that Cr, Fe, Mn in welding fume were successfully analyzed by the EDXRF without any sample pre-treatment such as digestion and dilution and a good correlation between the results of EDXRF and AAS was obtained. It was thus possible to use the EDXRF technique as an analysis method of working environment samples. The EDXRF method was an efficient method in a non-destructive analysis of heavy metals in welding fume.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1995

Blood lead assay by $D_2$ lamp background correction method of atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS) with wavelength of 283.3 nm is most popular in occupational health practice in Korea. On the other hand, $D_2$ lamp background correction method with wavelength of 217.0 nm is also often used in general chemical analysis for lead assay in general purpose. But both methods have some weakness of background correction which brought direct effect on the results of analysis. Recently blood lead assay with polarized Zeeman effect of AAS was introduced and is now preferred in many laboratory than $D_2$ correction method in blood lead analysis. But still AAS with $D_2$ lamp are widely used in the field of occupational health in Korea. This study compared blood lead assay data with $D_2$ correction methods(283.3 and 217.0 nm) and with that of polarized Zeeman effect correction method to evaluate the validity of 02 correction methods. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Taking the value of polarized Zeeman effect method as reference value of 1.00, the mean relative value of $D_2$ correction method with wavelength of 217.0 nm was 0.92 and that with wavelength of 283.3 nm was 0.90 respectively in the analysis of blood lead whose value were below $20.0{\mu}g/dl$(p<0.001). Both mean values were statistically smaller than polarized Zeeman effect correction method. But in the analysis of blood whose value were between 20.0 to $20.0{\mu}g/dl$, the mean relative value of $D_2$ correction method was 0.96 in both wavelength and did not differ from polarized Zeeman effect method(p<0.001). There was no difference of blood lead between $D_2$ correction method and polarized Zeeman effect method in the analysis of blood lead whose value were over $40.0{\mu}g/dl$. 2. The variations of background correction value in polarized Zeeman effect method were not changed by increase of blood lead, but those in $D_2$ correction methods were increased by the increase of blood lead. While then relative standard deviation(RSD) of data measured by Zeeman effect method were decreased by the increase of blood lead, those by $D_2$ methods were nol differed by the increase of blood lead.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.115-130
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• 2009

Three experiments on the addition of Porous Calcium Silicate (PCS) to broiler feed were conducted at different time periods in the same house. Each treatment had 4 replicates with 12 chicks in each treatment. Weight gain and feed intake were higher ($P{\le}0.05$) in the control groups. Feed conversions' were better ($P{\le}0.05$) in the PCS group, 3.0% PCS and 20 mesh size of PCS than the control group from 21 to 49 days, and for the overall period. $NH_3$ and $H_2S$. gas production were decreased ($P{\le}0.05$) when zeolite was added in broiler feeds. 1.5% or 3.0% PCS in broiler feed was better ($P{\le}0.05$) than the 4% PCS. More than 90 mesh size PCS was better ($P{\le}0.05$) in controlling $CO_2$ production in the 5th period than the 20 or 50 mesh size or control groups. The control and PCS groups produced more flies ($P{\le}0.05$) than zeolite group during the 2nd and 3rd weeks. The 3.0% or 4.5% PCS or 50 or 90 mesh size of PCS in broiler feed produced more flies than the 20 mesh size or control groups although 50 or 90 mesh size of PCS during 5th week tended to have lower fly production than the 20 mesh size of PCS and control group.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2018

To maintain the best quality of kimchi during long-term storage, we developed a fermentation storage mode for the kimchi refrigerator. The optimal kimchi fermentation temperature was determined to be $6^{\circ}C$ with fermentation time of 4-7 days in winter and 3-5 days in spring and fall. Based on these results, the fermentation storage mode conditions were programmed to consist of a fermentation temperature of $6^{\circ}C$ and fermentation times of 111 h in winter and 58 h in spring/fall. When kimchi was stored under the developed fermentation storage mode conditions, the total acidity of kimchi was almost the same as that of the control kimchi (stored $-2-\;-1^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks). However, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Leuconostoc sp. in kimchi were higher ($10^1-10^2CFU/mL$) than those in the control kimchi during storage. In addition, kimchi fermented and stored under the fermentation storage mode clearly received higher scores for overall preference than the control kimchi.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2014

Purpose: Although vitamin D deficiency is more commonly found in cancer patient than in non-cancer patients, there have been little data regarding the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients at the very end of life. We examined vitamin D deficiency in terminally ill cancer patients and related factors. Methods: This study was based on a retrospective chart review of 133 patients in a hospice ward. We collected data regarding age, sex, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cancer type, physical performance, current medications and various laboratory findings. We investigated factors related to serum vitamin D levels after multivariate adjustment for potential confounders. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<20 ng/mL was considered deficient and <10 ng/mL severely deficient. Results: Ninety-five percent of the patients were serum vitamin D deficient. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more common in male patients, non-lung cancer patients, $H_2$ blocker users and non-anticonvulsant users. Elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also associated with low serum vitamin D levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with male gender (aOR 3.82, 95% CI: 1.50~9.72, P=0.005), $H_2$ blocker users (aOR 3.94, 95% CI: 1.61~9.65, P=0.003) and elevated serum ALT levels (aOR 4.52, 95% CI: 1.35~15.19, P=0.015). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among terminally ill cancer patients. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more common in male patients, $H_2$ blocker users, and patients with elevated ALT levels.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.4 s.173
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• pp.481-492
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine geochemical characteristics for stream sediments in the Gwangju area. We collect the stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels and dry these samples slowly in the laboratory and grind to under 200mesh using an alumina mortar fur chemical analysis. Major elements, trace and rare earth elements are determined by XRF, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. For geochemical characteristics on geological groups of stream sediments, we separate geologic groups which are derived from Precambrian granite gneiss area, Jurassic granite area and Cretaceous Hwasun andesite area. Contents range of major elements for stream sediments in the Gwangju area are $SiO_2\;51.89\~70.63\;wt.\%,\;Al_2O-3\;12.91\~21.95\;wt.\%,\;Fe_2O_3\;3.22\~9.89\;wt.\%,\;K_2O\;1.85\~4.49\;wt.\%,\;MgO\;0.68\~2.90\;wt.\%,\;Na_2O\;0.48\~2.34\;wt.\%,\;CaO\;0.42\~6.72\;wt.\%,\;TiO_2\;0.53\~l.32\;wt.\%,\;P_2O_5\;0.06\~0.51\;wt.\%\;and\;MnO\;0.05\~0.69\;wt.\%.$ According to the AMF diagram for stream sediments and rocks, the stream sediments are plotted on boundary of tholeiitic series and calk alkaline series, which shows that contents of $Fe_2O_3$ are higher in stream sediments than rocks. According to variation diagram of $SiO_2$ versus $(K_2O+Na_2O),$ stream sediments are plotted on subalkaline series. Contents range of trace and rare earth elements for stream sediments in the Gwangiu area are Ba$590\~2170$ppm, Be1\~2.4$ppm, Cu$13\~79$ppm, Nb$20\~34$ppm, Ni$10\~50$ppm, Pb$17\~30$ppm, Sr$70\~1025$ ppm, V$42\~135$ppm, Zr$45\~171$ppm, Li$19\~77$ppm, Co$4.3\~19.3$ppm, Cr$28\~131$ppm, Cs$3.1\~17.6$ppm, Hf$5\~27.6$ppm, Rb$388\~202$ppm, Sb$0.2\~l.2$ ppm, Sc$6.4\~17$ppm, Zn$47\~389$ppm, Pa$8.8\~68.8$ppm, Ce$62\~272$ppm, Eu$1\~2.7$ppm and Yb$0.9\~6$ppm.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2002

Column experiments were performed to evaluate the removal efficiency of soil vapor extraction (SVE) iota TCE (trichloroethylene) and toluene in soil. Homogeneous Ottawa sands and real soils collected from contaminated area were used to investigate the effect of soil properties and SVE operation conditions on the removal efficiency. In column teats with two different sizes of Ottawa sand, the maximum effluent TCE concentration in a coarse sand column was 442 mg/L and 337 mg/L in a fine sand column. However, after 20 liter gas flushing, the effluent concentrations were very similar and more than 90% of initial TCE mass were removed from the column. For two real contaminated soil columns, the maximum effluent concentration decreased 50% compared with that in the homogeneous Ottawa coarse sand column, but 99% of initial TCE mass were extracted from the column within 40 liter air flushing, suggesting that SVE is very available to remove volatile NAPLs in the contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of contaminant existing time on the removal efficiency, an Ottawa sand column was left stable for one week after TCE was injected and the gas extraction was applied into the column. Its effluent concentration trend was very similar to those for other Ottawa sand columns except that the residual TCE after the air flushing showed relatively high. Column tests with different water contents were performed and results showed high removal efficiency even in a high water content sand column. Toluene as one of BTEX compounds was used in an Ottawa sand column and a real soil column. Removal trends were similar to those in TCE contaminated columns and more than 98% of initial toluene mass were removed with SVE in both column.