• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to measure the labor intensity of menus according to various cooking types. Through a literature review and in-depth interview, the attributes that affected the labor intensity were identified as the level of skill, amount of effort, degree of tiredness, time consumed, and machine usage. A survey was conducted in April, 2001 among cooks who Dew the entire process of cooking. There was a strong positive correlation between labor intensity and labor intensity attributes. Through regression analysis, a regression equation was obtained between labor intensity and labor intensity attributes. The labor intensity index calculated from this study showed the extent of labor intensity of menus. The result of this study could be used as basic data for foodservice manager to establish a menu planning and work schedule based on a scientific method.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social capital, labor intensity and incivility and effects the job burnout in pediatric nurses. Methods: A survey is conducted with 186 nurses working in pediatric units at 10 hospital in B, Y, K city. The data was analyzed with SPSS 21.0 program using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, $Scheff\acute{e}s$ test and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: A score of 3.31 out of 5 for the level of social capital, a score of 3.16 out of 5 on the labor intensity, and 2.20 points on a 5point on incivility, 4.15 points on a 7 point on job burnout. Job burnout explained 21.7% of the variance in incivility, social capital-shared values, job satisfaction, and labor intensity. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the major factors effecting pediatric nurses job burnout are incivility. Thus, in order to reduce pediatric nurses job burnout are to investigate degree of incivility, it is nesessary to develop intervention programs to incivility and labor intensity that reduced organizational level of measures need to establish.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper examines how differently output and input tariffs affect domestic employment across industrial characteristics of comparative advantage such as labor quality and capital intensity. Design/methodology - The paper focuses on 453 Korean industries from 2007 to 2014 because Korea is a typical example of a natural resource-scarce open economy and experienced the transition of the export pattern from labor intensity to technology intensity during this period. Findings - The results show that input tariff reduction stimulated total employment, focusing on the early 2010s, while the effects of output tariff reduction were statistically insignificant in general. However, the stimulation effects of output tariff reduction on employment were found in comparative advantage industries with greater labor quality and capital intensity. As for input tariff reduction, its stimulation effects on employment were more prominent in comparative disadvantage industries with lower labor quality and capital intensity. Originality/value - These results provide significant implications for natural resource-scarce open economies which are experiencing the transition of the export pattern from labor intensity to technology intensity and the unequal distribution of income after trade liberalization: imported intermediate inputs has become increasing important, leading to trade effects on employment and alleviation of income inequality.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.133-151
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• 2021

Purpose - This study examines the effects of expatriate transfer on foreign affiliate's labor productivity. Design/methodology - Using Korean-owned foreign affiliate-level data, we estimate the effect of expatriate transfer on foreign affiliate's labor productivity using the system generalized method of moments model. We also consider foreign affiliate- and host country-specific contingencies and test how they are associated with expatriates in enhancing foreign affiliate's labor productivity. Findings - We consider foreign production intensity and cultural distance between the home (i.e., South Korea) and host countries as key contingencies that influence the effect of expatriates on foreign affiliate's labor productivity. We find that expatriates are effective in enhancing the labor productivity of less production-intensive foreign affiliates. This effect is strengthened as expatriates are deployed to countries that share cultural similarities with the home country. Originality/value - Considering that previous studies provide mixed results on the effect of expatriates, our findings suggest that foreign affiliate-specific operational orientation and cultural distance should be considered jointly to understand the true effect of expatriate staffing on foreign affiliate performance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.420-429
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test the prescribed mediating effect of a sense of job oppression by considering the relationship between emotional labor and work satisfaction. Methods: This study was carried out using the data published in 2016 by the Korea Labor & Society Institute in An Investigation of Quality of Life and the Working Environment in the Service Industry. The data were collected from 638 workers at department stores. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression with Baron and Kenny steps for mediation. Results: After investigating the mediating effect of a sense of job oppression in the relationship between emotional labor and work satisfaction, it was confirmed that the effect was partially meaningful. It was also determined that the greater the intensity of their emotional labor was, the lower was their satisfaction with their working life. Additionally, the workers felt that the greater their sense of job oppression, the lower was their sense of satisfaction with work. Conclusions: In order to increase work satisfaction, it is required for guidelines for reducing job oppression and the intensity of emotional labor to be proposed or established.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.200-216
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• 2015

This paper empirically investigates the role of R&D intensity on market concentration of firms using four key market valuation variables, namely (1) market share, (2) labor intensity, (3) firm age and, (4) firm's market value. The empirical tests use database at firm level for the Indian IT sector from 1999 to 2013 from the CMIE Prowess database. The results of the regression analyses partially support our hypothesis that R&D intensity positively influences firm's market value measure by the H-index. The test results are consistent with the hypotheses that R&D spending is more valuable for firms with larger market shares, higher labor intensity, and firms that are diversified.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.34
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• pp.39.1-39.11
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• 2022

Background: Workers in logistics centers are always pressed for time to collect and pack products. They also participate in high-intensity manual labor in which various musculoskeletal hazards exist. In the case of logistic center labor, it is estimated that there is a high risk of presenteeism due to the above characteristics which can cause deterioration of workers' mental health. However, there is insufficient research on this topic. Methods: Workers in a logistic center were surveyed using an Internet questionnaire. The survey items included demographic characteristics, labor intensity and work-related factors, and mental health aspects such as depression and anxiety. The survey was conducted for about a month from July 26, 2021 and a total of 353 people were analyzed. Through the χ² test and t-test, the characteristics of workers who experienced presenteeism were examined and the prevalence ratios (PRs) of depression and anxiety experiences were calculated by multivariable Poisson regression. Afterwards, stratification analysis considering gender, the type of contract, and labor intensity was implemented. Results: In the group that experienced presenteeism, the number of working days per week was higher and fixed-term workers, high labor intensity, and sleep deprivation were more common. In the multi-Poisson regression analysis conducted by adjusting the demographic characteristics, working hours, and work-related factors, the PRs of depression and anxiety were 1.98 (95% confidence interval: 1.24-3.18) and 1.81 (1.22-2.68), respectively. In particular, the p-value for interactions was significant when stratified with the type of contract. Conclusions: As a result of the study, presenteeism and mental health were associated in logistic center workers. To prevent mental health issues of logistic center workers, management of presenteeism is necessary and a prospective study is needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2013

Purpose: To analyze the structure of Korean nurse labor market and examine its effect on hospital nurse staffing. Methods: Secondary data were obtained from Statistics Korea, Education Statistics, and Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service and Patient Survey. Intensity of monopsony in the nurse labor market was measured by Herfindahl Hirshman Index (HHI). Hospital nurse staffing level was divided into high and low. While controlling for confounding factors such as inpatient days and severity mix of patients, effects of characteristics of nurse labor markets on nurse staffing levels were examined using multi-level logistic regressions. Results: For characteristics of nurse labor markets, metropolitan areas had high intensity of monopsony, while the capital area had competitive labor market and the unemployed nurse rate was higher than other areas. Among hospital characteristics, bed occupancy rate was significantly associated with nurse staffing levels. Among characteristics of nurse labor markets, the effect of HHI was indeterminable. Conclusion: The Korean nurse labor market has different structure between the capital and other metropolitan areas. But the effect of the structure of nurse labor market on nurse staffing levels is indeterminable. Characteristics such as occupancy rate and number of beds are significantly associated with nurse staffing levels. Further study in support of the effect of nurse labor market is needed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to define nursing behavior in neonatal intensive care units so as to estimate resource-based relative value-. Method: Participating in this study were 292 nurses in neonatal intensive care units. The study surveyed physical and mental labor, stress and time involved in nursing work. Tool used in this study was a nursing labor per relative value tool. For analyzes, the relative value of each nursing behavior was calculated, where the mean value of the three components, labor intensity and component-by-component explanatory power were in percentage terms. Results: 1. Nursing behaviors in neonatal intensive care unit were classified and defined at three levels: 5 main domains, 17 mid-domains, and 42 small domains. 2. The per component explanatory power of intensity involved in nursing labor showed physical effort to be 32.45%, mental 32.86%, and stress 34.69%. 3. The reliability of nursing labor factors was very strong, Cronbach's alpha value of 0.96. Conclusion: In this research, which is a first in defining nursing behavior in neonatal intensive care units, individual nursing behavior were broken down using resource-based relative value for nursing cost, and each nursing behavior was successfully translated to a numerical value.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.201-223
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• 2008

This paper studies the supply and demand of Industrial Technology Labor-force(ITL) and analyzes the determinate of ITL shortage in Korean manufacturing. We classified the industry into four categories-high technology industries, medium-high technology industries, medium-low technology industries and low technology industries-based on its R&D intensity like OECD. For the empirical analyses we use a survey data collected from 5,703 enterprises. The key findings are as follows: Firstly, a large majority of ITL is engaged in more technology-intensive industries but the categories that are exposed to more serious labor-force shortage problem are medium-high technology industries and low technology industries. Secondly, in the terms of supply factor, the ITL shortage problems are mainly due to the avoidance of ITL jobs. And the demand point, the reason is that the most of ITL are not researchers but production managers. Thirdly, the cause of imbalance between supply and demand of ITL are different by the technological categories. For example, in the high technology industries, the supply factors, such as average wage and turnover rate played more important role in the imbalance. But in the low technology industries the demand factors, such as per capita sales and the ratio of ITL in all employees were relatively much more important. Based on the findings, we discovered some political meanings such as the necessity to plan various policies to resolve the shortage problem of ITL according to the technological categories, etc.