• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.357-371
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• 1996

An assessment of the field performance of machines for varied farming conditions may be essential to the development of mechanization program and rational machinery management. The field performance of machines is largely affected by the field capacity of machinery selected, physical size and shape of field plots and their scatterness, farming functions and conditions, and labor requirement and constraints. The study was to develop the mathematical model for the field performance of machines and time requirement of the rice farming systems, considering those factors which affect the field performance of machines. The mathematical models developed were simulated to determine field efficiency and capacity of the different sizes of major machinery for a various size of paddy field plot and for prevailing conditions of farming operations. The effects of the sises of machinery and the plot geometry on the efficiency and field capacity were compared for major rice farming functions.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.999-1008
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• 1996

The development and improvement of the originally designed direct rice sowing machine were carried out for the specific purpose of saving labor and increasing the efficiency of field operations in rice cultivation in the northern part of Japan. the prototype super wide spreader has a unique mechanism which propels rice seeds by compressed air and spreads them from the pivoting nozzle while the machine is in motion. The effective field capacity of sowing operation is about 6 ha/h. This spreader can also handle granular chemicals such as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and insecticides.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 1996

노동력부족이 심화되는 농촌현실에서 이앙을 하지 않는 벼직파재배가 점차 확대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 건답과 담수직파재배를 실시하고 기존의 이앙재배와 수량성, 노동생산성 및 수익성을 비교하여 영농노력을 절감하고 경영비용을 저하시킬 수 있는 가능성을 검토하여 직파의 적부를 평가하였다. 다수성을 진속하면서 경영을 개선하기 위하여 농용자재의 적정투입과 생력화로서 영농노력을 절감하고 경영비용을 저하시켜 벼농사의 경영채산성을 확립 하고자 하였다. 직파재배는 무효분얼이 많이 발생하여 유효경비율이 50％에 불과하였고 출수기는 약 9일이 지연되었으나 현미수량은 이앙과 차이가 없이 455kg/10a(건답), 480kg/10a(담수)을 생산하였다. 노동시간투입은 이앙에 비하여 17％(건답), 28％(담수)씩 감소시켰고 생산비소요는 20％(건답), 32％(담수)를 절감하였고 농용에너지 투입은 건답은 약 5％ 감소시켰으나 담수는 3％ 증가되었다. 담수재배가 건답보다 생력화와 생산성에서 보다 효과적이었다. 직파재배는 본답기간이 연장되어 비료와 제초제의 증시가 필요하였고 앞으로 이들 보조에너지들의 절감과 효율성을 높이는 기술이 개발되어야 하겠다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.70-79
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• 1992

조선왕조초기(朝鮮王朝初期)부터 농업초기정책(農業初期政策)은 지역농업(地域農業)의 현실적(現實的) 조건(條件)과 결부(結付)된 농사직설(農事直說)과 같은 농서(農書) 발간(發刊)에 의해 부여(附與)되었다. 그 책(冊)들은 새롭고, 집약적(集約的)인 농업기술(農業技術)을 제공(提供)하였다. 이 농서(農書)는 그 당시(當時)에 농촌지역(農村地域)에서 경험(經驗)된 우수한 농업기술(農業技術)을 수집(蒐集)하여 만든 것이다. 농사직설(農事直說)에 따르면 벼 재배(栽培)는 무삶이(담수직파법(湛水直播法)), 건삶이(건답직파법(乾畓直播法)), 이앙법(移秧法) 그리고 산도법(山稻法)(육도법(陸稻法))으로 분화(分化)되었다. 이들 농법(農法)에 구비된 고도기술적특성(高度技術的特性)은 과학적제초기술(科學的除草技術)과 적극적인 시비법(施肥法), 축력(畜力)과 인력용(人力用)의 농기(農機)로 일관되게 체계화(體系化)시킨 농작업방법(農作業方法)에 근거(根據)를 두고 있다는 점이다. 해안(海岸)의 습지(濕地)와 황지(荒地)의 개간(開墾)은 화경(火耕)와 윤목(輪木)이라 칭하는 제초장비(除草裝備)로 인하여 가능케 되었다. 또한 벼의 묘령단계(苗令段階)에서 토양(土壤)의 간인(間引), 토기작업(土寄作業)과 동시에 섬세한 제초작업(除草作業)을 할 수 있도록 분화(分化), 발달(發達)된 호미가 있었다. 직파(直播)벼재배(栽培)는 저류지(貯溜地)와 소택(沼澤)을 만들어 평야수전(平野水田)의 직파재배(直播栽培)를 가능케 하였으며, 곡간지답(谷間地畓)은 보(洑)를 만들어 개간했다. 이들은 관수(灌水)에 의해 제초를 쉽게 하는 동시에 관수중(灌水中) 무기영양(無機營養)을 통(通)한 토양비옥도(土壞肥沃度) 유지 및 벼의 생리적(生理的) 호조건(好條件)을 부여하여 논의 생산성(生産性)을 증대시킬 수 있었다. 또한 이앙(移秧)을 하면 더욱 성력재배(省力栽培)가 가능하였을 것이지만 전국적인 물의 사용제약성(使用制約性)때문에 이앙법(移秧法)을 원칙적으로 금해 오지 않을 수 없었다. 건전재배(乾田栽培)에서 직파재배(直播栽培)가 수립되었으며, 수도(水稻)가 직파(直播)되고 유묘기까지 건토(乾土)에 재배(栽培)되었으며 농사직설(農事直說)에서처럼 비올때 관수토양(灌水土壤)에 재배(栽培)되었다. 조선중기(朝鮮中期)(AD 1495-1725)에는 벼 농사(農事)에서의 제초효율(除草效率)과 편리성(便利性) 때문에 정조식(正條式) 이앙법(移秧法)을 포함한 탁월한 성력농법(省力農法)(한정록(閑情錄))과 벼 이앙에 근거(根據)(농사직설(農事直說))하여 못자리(묘대) 기술(벼의 조기이앙(早期移秧)이 강조(强調)되었다. 비료분(肥料分)을 다량투입(多量投入)하고 우력(牛力)을 이용(利用)하여 심경(深耕)해야 한다는 일련(一連)의 기술(技術)들은 토지(土地)와 노동생산성(勞動生産性)을 향상 시키는 것이었다. 농가집성(農家集成)때보다 산림경제(山林經濟)때에 발전된 사항은 오늘날의 육묘대법(陸苗垈法)과 마찬가지인 건앙법(乾秧法)을 개발하여 이앙재배(移秧栽培)하게 만든 것이며, 답이모작(畓二毛作)을 확립(確立)시켜서 답작(畓作)의 노동(勞動) 및 토지생산성(土地生産性)을 높이게 된 것이다. 이결과 소경영생산양식(小經營生産樣式)을 경영형(經營型) 부농적(富農的) 생산양식(生産樣式)으로 변화시켜 광작농법사회(廣作農法社會)를 태동(胎動)시켰다. 우하영(禹夏永)(1741-1812) 은 천일록(千一錄)을 통하여 당시의 광작농(廣作農)이 갖는 폐단을 집약적(集約的) 농법(農法)으로 개혁하고자 하였고, 그가운데 탁월한 견해로서 농지(農地)를 토질(土質)에 따라 이앙법(移秧法)과 grooving 파종법(播種法)(전(田))으로 땅(토지(土地))의 이용을 구분한 것이다. 특히 서유가(徐有架)(산림경제(山林經濟))가 주장한바 이앙(移秧)의 유리성(有利性)은 제초노력이 절감되고 묘대(苗垈)와 본답(本畓)의 토지기력(土地氣力)을 얻기 때문에 벼의 좋은 생육(生育)을 기대할 수 있다는 것이었다. 또는 벼를 뽑았다가 다시 심기 때문에 새롭게 기력이 얻어진다는 것이었다. 물론 이앙법(移秧法)에 앞선 재평가(再評價), 이모작(二毛作)의 한계성(限界性), 반답법(反畓法)의 제약론(制約論), 광작(廣作)의 폐단에 처한 금지론(禁止論)이 있었다. 그당시 이지연(李止淵)에 의해서 벼의 수도수분생이(水稻水分生理), 토지(土地) 및 제초(除草)의 편리성(便利性)을 고려한 수도직파재배법(水稻直播栽培法)이 쓰여 졌는데 그것은 가장 안정한 농가소득을 확보하는 창조적인 작부체계(作付體系)였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.36-44
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• 1983

Farm population was rapidly decreasing due to shift of the people from farm sector to the non-farm sector caused by the economic growth of the country. Especially, a great shortage of farm labor in busy farming period in June and October is becoming a serious problem in maintaining or promoting land productivity. The peak of labor requirement in summer is caused by rice transplanting and barley harvesting. In order to reduce the restrictions imposed on farm management by the concurrence of labor requirement and the lack of labor, the experimental study for mechanization of barley harvesting has been carried out in the fields. 1. The machines for barley harvesting were knap-sack type reapers, windrow reaper (power tiller attachment), binder and combine. The order of higher efficiency of machine for barley harvesting was combine, binder, windrow reaper (WR), knapsack type reaper 1(KSTR1), and knap sack type reaper 2(KSTR2; mist and duster attachment). 2. The ratio of grain loss for the manual, binder, and combine plot was about four percent of total field yield. 3. The total yield of barley in 35 days and 40 days harvesting after heading were 514 kg and 507kg per 10 ares respectively. The yield of 35 days-plot was higher than other experimental plots. 4. The lowest yield was recorded in 30 days-plot due to the large quantity of immatured grains and having lighter 1000-grain weight. The ratio of immatured grains was 2.66 percent and 1000-grain weight was 29.4 grams. 5. The total harvesting cost of the windrow reaper was 10,178 won per 10 ares. It was the lowest value compared to other machines. The next were combine, binder, KSTR1, KSTR2, and manual in sequence. As a result, the optimum time of barley harvesting for mechanization was 35-40 days after heading. Combine, binder, and windrow reaper were recommended as the suitable machines for barley harvesting in the work efficiency. However, in total harvesting cost, the windrow reaper was the most promising machine for barley harvesting.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1999년도 추계 학술대회지
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• pp.102-144
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• 1999

The major problems of food crop cultivation in Korea are low yield of most crops except rice. inefficient cultivation techniques for aged farmers. and low international competibility. Therefore, development of cultivation techniques of food crops should aim the yield. quality improvement, labor reduction and production cost. The primary issue for increasing the yield of soybean, barely and wheat is to reduce the yield gap between the farmer's yield and recommended ones of experiment station. More advanced cultivation techniques needs to be developed. and/or the conventional breeding methods to be reconsidered. The newly developed labor-saving mechanized technique needs to reduce labor hours , and the cost of agricultural implements and machineries. In other words the labor-saving mechanized technique should be developed based on the improvement of total farming system as well as systemic fundamental innovation of cultural methods. The efficiency of solar energy use in food production of Korea in 1997 is as low as $0.52{\%}$ so there is much room to increase yield. It is recommendable that the concept of food Production should be changed to energy Producing efficiency Per unit area basis from volume and weight of food materials. Moreover, introduction of resonable cropping system is needed to increase yield of main crops, farmer's income, solar energy use efficiency, and decrease of land service expenditure. Current cropping system emphasized on economic crops. especially in vegetables , is not desirable for resonable use of arable land. stability of agricultural management and staple food crop self-sufficiency ratio. It is desirable to increase food crops . that are energy of carbohydrate and protein rich and land dependent crops. in cropping system. And the agronomist should develop the cultural methods to replace food crops for food self-sufficiency and stable farming management instead of economic crops in current cropping system. Low-input and environmentally-sound crop cultivation techniques, especially nitrogen-reducing culture technique which is directly related to food crop quality, also needs to be developed urgently. The extended cultivation of corn in upland and barely and wheat in lowland as a feed stuffs is recommended to prevent further decrease of food self-sufficiency ratio, which is mainly caused by the high reliance on imported feed grain. It is also considered that the calculation and presentation methods of standard agricultural income needs to be improved. The current calculation method uses unit land area of 10a regardless of crop kinds , characteristics of agricultural management and cultivation scale. So, it is apt to lead misunderstanding of farm income value. Therefore. it should show an income of average farmers for certain number of years. Research and developing system for food producing is not desirable because they are conducted currently individual crop and mono-culture basis. But actual agricultural income is usually earned by cropping system including upland and lowland. For example. the barley and wheat is usually cultivated in double cropping system. The cooperation among research institutes such as university agribusiness. government and farmers is indispensible. The public information and education on importance and consumption habit of food crops is necessary in Korean society to increase food self-sufficiency through nationwide cooperation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

Purpose: To improve the insufficient mechanized forage harvesting system, an integrated forage harvester that produces midsize round bales was developed. Methods: The harvesting performance of the developed harvester was tested in a forage plantation. The harvesting performance was evaluated by investigating the bale production performance and residue ratios of the harvester at three levels of tractor driving speeds. Results: The bales outputs per hour by driving speed shown by the harvester were 30 bales (6.8 MT) at 2.3 km/h, 36 bales (8.4 MT) at 3.2 km/h, and 44 bales (10.5 MT) at 5.1 km/h in the case of rye-straw. In the case of rice-straw, they were 43 bales (8.8 MT) at 4.3 km/h, 44 bales (9.7 MT) at 5.0 km/h, and 48 bales (10.7 MT) at 6.2 km/h. In the case of Italian ryegrass (IRG), they were 35 bales (10.7 MT) at 7.0 km/h, 37 bales (12.0 MT) at 8.3 km/h, and 38 bales (13.2 MT) at 9.5 km/h. The average ratios of residues to the available quantities were 2.61% in the case of rye-straw, 1.89% in the case of rice-straw, and 1.57% in the case of IRG. When residues smaller than 200 mm, which cannot be collected, were excluded, the residue ratios of all crops were good, as they did not exceed 1.0%. Conclusions: Since the baling and wrapping functions, which had been separately operated, were integrated into the developed harvester, the developed harvester is expected to maximize bale production efficiency and increase labor productivity, thereby increasing farming profitability.

• 전자통신동향분석
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2021

Since the recent COVID-19 pandemic, countries have been strengthening trade protection for their security, and the importance of securing strategic materials, such as food, is drawing attention. In addition to the cultural aspects, the global preference for food produced in Korea is increasing because of the Korean Wave. Thus, the Korean food industry can be developed into a high-value-added export food industry. Currently, Korea has a low self-sufficiency rate for foodstuffs apart from rice. Korea also suffers from problems arising from population decline, aging, rapid climate change, and various animal and plant diseases. It is necessary to develop technologies that can overcome the production structures highly dependent on the outside world of food and foster them into export-type system industries. The global agricultural industry-related technologies are actively being modified via data accumulation, e.g., environmental data, production information, and distribution and consumption information in climate and production facilities, and by actively expanding the introduction of the latest information and communication technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence. However, long-term research and investment should precede the field of living organisms. Compared to other industries, it is necessary to overcome poor production and labor environment investment efficiency in the food industry with respect to the production cost, equipment postmanagement, development tailored to the eye level of field workers, and service models suitable for production facilities of various sizes. This paper discusses the flow of domestic and international technologies that form the core issues of the site centered on the 4th Industrial Revolution in the field of agriculture, livestock, and fisheries. It also explains the environmental awareness production technologies centered on sustainable intelligence platforms that link climate change responses, optimization of energy costs, and mass production for unmanned production, distribution, and consumption using the unstructured data obtained based on detection and growth measurement data.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.27-45
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• 1990

이촌향도형(離村向都型) 인구이동(人口移動) 농촌지역경제(農村地域經濟)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관해 두가지 상반(相反)된 견해(見解)가 있다. 신고전학파적(新古典學派的) 낙관론(樂觀論) 따르면 이농현상(離農現象)은 농촌지역(農村地域)의 소득(所得)이나 후생수준(厚生水準)을 저해(沮害)하지 않는다고 보는 반면 Lipton (1980)은 그 반대의 견해(見解)를 취하고 있다. 본고(本稿)에서는 비교역재(非交易財)(nontraded goods)에 대한 국제무역이론(國濟貿易理論)과 화란병(和蘭病)(Dutch Disease)의 이론(理論)을 원용하여 농촌(農村)에서 도시(都市)로의 인구이동모형을 개발했다. 이 모형은 이농인구이동(離農人口移動)이 농촌지역(農村地域)의 소득(所得)과 후생수준(厚生水準)을 저해(沮害)한다는 점에서는 Lipton의 견해(見解)와 일치하나 소득(所得)을 감소(減少)시키는 요인들은 Lipton의 모형(模型)에서 지적(指摘)된 것들과는 다르다. 본고(本稿)는 이농현상(離農現象)이 농촌소득(農村所得)을 감소(減少)시키는 이유가 농업생산성(農業生産性)의 하락(下落) 때문이 아니라 농촌노동 및 소비인구의 격감으로 인한 농업부문(農業部門)의 이윤감소(利潤減少)와 농촌(農村) 서비스부문(部門)와 쇠퇴(衰退)때문이라고 주장한다. 1966, 1970, 1975, 1980 및 1985년의 한국인구(韓國人口)센서스 통계자료(統計資料)를 이용하여 주요가설(主要假說)들에 대해 실증분석(實證分析)을 한 결과 신고전학파(新古典學派)의 주장(主張)이나 Lipton의 견해(見解)보다 본(本) 연구모형(硏究模型)의 설명력(說明力)이 더 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다.