• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this research was to investigate the factors affecting the labor supply of married women. Based on the theoretical review of the process for the labor supply of married women and the review of previous research, the emperical specification was deduced as a function of husband's income, assets, education and age, the number of children and home ownership. The data of this research was collected with questionnaire in 1998. The data consisted of the answers by 200 married women. For the measurement of the emperical specification, Logit, Tobit, and Selection Bias Corrected Regression which modifies selection bias were used. Although several different discussions can made depending on the measurement method, the emperical result of this research showed that the labor supply of married women is explained by husband's income, assets, the level of education and work experience.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.129-156
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• 2008

This paper investigated labor force participation pattern changes of married women from 1980 to 2005. Using the micro samples of Population and Housing Census provided by the Korean National Statistical Office, the following results were obtained. The labor force participation rate of married women has substantially increased from 1980 to 2005, with some significant changes in labor supply pattern worthy of note. The most important finding concerns the highly educated women's and younger cohorts' labor supply patterns. Labor force participation rate rapidly increased among college educated married women and wives of college educated men. This is different from the stylized fact associated with married women's labor in Korea, that is, "More educated, less work." This change is more obvious among recent cohorts born from 1971-1975 and from 1976-1980. In contrast to the spouses who trigger less of an influence on married women's labor, the presence of children still proved to be a critical component.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.73-102
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• 2008

This paper investigates the possibility that children in school limit their mothers' labor supply. The theoretical background for the possibility is that mothers may choose to stay home if their time and monetary inputs on children's quality investment are poor substitutes for each other. The empirical findings suggest that labor supply of highly educated women and those with high household income is relatively suppressed by their children in school.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.37-68
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• 2017

This study analyzes the relationship between household debts and married female's labor supply. For doing this we construct effective interest rate faced by each household using interest paid amount and household financial debt amount. The effective interests rate for the households which have no financial debt are estimated by Heckman Selection model. The estimation results show that the increase in effective interest rate has led to the expansion of married women's the labor market participation. This suggests a possibility that negative scenarios resulting from an increase in interest rate can be partially offset by an increase in household labor supply and a rise in labor income.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.43-52
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• 2018

Purpose - The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of children's age on maternal labor supply in Korea using survival analysis. Specifically, we focus on the career re-interruption of women having children under age 12, which has rarely been studied in the existing literature. Research design, data, and methodology - We use micro data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) surveyed from 1998 to 2016. Instead of using a pre-school child dummy or the number of young children as an explanatory variable, 9 children's age dummies are included to capture the effect of nurturing 0 to 9 years old children. This study estimates the hazard of a woman's exiting the labor market after her first experience of the career interruption, rather than the hazard of the first career interruption itself. A Cox proportional hazard model is applied to numerically capture the impact of children's age on behavioral changes in maternal labor supply. The sample used in this analysis is women between 15 and 54 years old. Most of all, we restrict the sample to women who had at least a child between 0 and 12 years old at the time of quitting their jobs. Results - The Cox proportional hazard model estimates show a strong negative effect of a 0-year-old child on maternal labor supply. Mothers with newborns have a high hazard ratio of labor force exit after the re-entry. The hazard of women with infants is three times higher than those with children aged 10 to 18. Additionally, the results show that not only newborns, but also children in the age of school-entry have a negative impact on their mother's labor supply. Conclusions - The findings reveal that children's ages need to be properly expanded and included when analyzing the effect of children and their ages on married women's labor supply, especially on women's career re-interruption. A large negative effect of 7-year-old children on maternal labor supply found here indicates that supporting mothers with school age children as well as pre-school children is necessary to prevent mothers from leaving the labor market.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.97-124
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• 2001

Co-residence is a type of intergenerational private transfers of resources: money, time and space. Adult daughters and their elderly parents decide to co-reside, depending on their utility levels before and after co-residence that mainly depend on the health status of the elderly. Therefore, co-residence implies positive net benefits to both parties in the sense that, when they co-reside, elderly parents share childcare and adult daughter provide elderly care. In other words, formal (paid) care can be substituted with informal (unpaid) one. Both marriage and giving births are considered as the major obstacles to labor market attachment of women who bear burdens of home production and childcare. Co-residence can be a solution for married women to avoid career interruption by sharing burdens with their elderly parents. However, most previous studies using the U.S. data on intergenerational private transfers focused on elderly care and have concluded that they reduce government expenditures associated with public subsidies to the elderly. This study focuses on adult daughters and it examines effects of co-residence on labor supply of married women in Korea, who face limited formal childcare programs in terms of both quantity and quality. It applies the Tobit model of married women's labor supply to the data from the Second Wave of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey( 1999), in order to investigate effects of co-residence and the work and health status of the co-residing elderly as well as their own health status. Four specifications of the empirical model are tested that each includes co-residence with elderly parents, their gender, or their work and health status. Estimation results show that co-residence, co-residence with female elderly, and co-residence with not-working female elderly have significant positive effects on labor supply of married women while poor health status of co-residing female elderly does not bring about any negative effects. However, co-residence with male elderly, regardless of their work and health status, has no significant effect The results indicate that co-residence is closely related to sharing of home production among female elderly and adult daughters who are married and, through intergenerational private transfers of resources in terms of time, it helps women avoid career interruption.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.319.1-339
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• 1995

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.109-126
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• 1998

We analysed the determinants of part-timer labor demand and supply in Kwangju. The findings of the paper are as follows; First, firms employ part-timer workers in the unskilled or skilled jobs not demanding much training cost. There are two reasons for firms to employ part-time workers: labor cost cut and flexible employment adjustment. Estimated wage differential is 40% not including fringe benefits differential. Second, we find lots of married women to want part-time jobs. The more probably married women choose part-time work, the younger and the less educated they are, and the less kids and the less other income they have.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.59-91
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• 2020

The recent reform of child care policy is to give priority to double-income households in the use of childcare facilities. This study analyzed the effect of the use of childcare facilities on the employment of married women under the on-going reform. Using the data from the 19th and 21st wave of the Korean Labor and Income Study, the marginal treatment effect (MTE) analysis method was used to eliminate the selection bias in which the sub-population targeted for policy is determined according to the priority when childcare demand exceeds supply. The study finds that the employment effect of married women who use childcare facilities does not differ statistically from the employment effect of married women who do not use childcare facilities.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-137
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• 1996

Under-utilization of Korean women's education in the labor market has been observed and pointed out as a waste of valuable human resources. Although education provides women with positive returns when they work, it has been found that Korean women's education is not much related to the likelihood of women's labor force participation. This tendency cannot be explained by micro-economic theory, which says that educated women are more likely to participate in the labor force. Thus, in this analysis, a macro-level explanation is attempted to understand Korean women's economic behaviors in relation to education. Korea's rapid industrialization since 1960 has provided ample job opportunities mostly for less educated women. On the other hand, increasing demand for educated female labor has been moderate. Various restriction against women, especially married women, have prevailed in the Korean labor market. Restrictions against women and the marriage bar tend to be selectively applied to decent white-collar jobs, mostly affecting educated women. Furthermore, there has been no shortage of educated male labor due to its adequate supply. Since Korean women spend most of their adult lives in marriage, married women's low participation in the labor force is a critical factor for the low economic returns to women's education throughout their lifetime. Restriction against married women in the labor market also existed in the past of the United States and the Great Britain. However, along with the expansion of the service sector, married women in great numbers flowed into non-manual jobs. The post-1940 increase of married women in the labor force in those countries can be understood to be a result of a labor shortage for non-manual jobs. Also in Taiwan, which shares many common cultural and economic backgrounds with Korea, the marriage bar has been in decline since the late 1970s, along with an increasing demand for female labor in the service sector. In sum, the changes in the demand structure and the supply of educated male labor force will contribute to the lift of the marrige bar in Korea.