• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.376-386
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• 2020

Objectives: This study identifies the trend of possible occupational disease and probable occupational disease in lead or cadmium workers. It is also required to check the usefulness of follow-up management in lead or cadmium workers by reviewing the relevance between the results of follow-up management and the trend of possible occupational disease and probable occupational disease. Methods: From 2009 to 2018, the results of the Ministry of Employment and Labor's special health-screening program for hazard agents for workers were used. The correlation between the ratio of possible occupational disease and probable occupational disease of lead or cadmium workers and the ratio of those who observed were and underwent observed follow-up management was analyzed to confirm the usefulness of follow-up management. Results: Over the past decade, the average annual proportion of possible occupational disease and probable occupational disease among lead workers has been on the decline. Among cadmium workers, it has generally shown a trend of increasing and decreasing. After the implementation of follow-up management, possible occupational disease in lead workers showed significant relevance to work prohibitions and restrictions, and probable occupational disease in lead workers showed significant relevance to the work prohibitions and restrictions, on-duty treatment, and boundary lines. However, there was no significant correlation between persons involved in cadmium workers. Conclusion: In this study, more active managements such as work ban and restrictions, on-duty treatment among follow-up management of possible occupational disease and probable occupational disease of lead worker and observers are related to a decrease in the ratio of those who have been diagnosed with possible occupational disease and probable occupational disease.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2007

This study was carried out to compare the muscle activities of the shoulder stabilizers between persons with and without winging scapular during push-up plus exercise (adds the scapular protraction to the general push-up exercise). For this study, eleven males with winging scapular and eleven healthy males were recruited. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and pectoralis major while the subjects performed the push-up plus. Each push-up plus was subdivided into three phases according to the elbow position which was measured using the 3-D motion analysis system: elbow flexion (EF), elbow extension (EE), and shoulder protraction phases (SP). Two-way repeated measure ANOVA (phase ${\times}$ group) were used for statistical analysis. There was significant phase by group interaction only on the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior (p>.05). The EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior was significantly higher in SP than in either EF or EE however, it was not different between winging scapular and normal groups. For both groups, the EMG composition ratio of upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and pectoralis major was significantly different across the phases of push-up plus, but the infraspinatus EMG composition ratio was not. For both groups, in EF and EE phases, the EMG composition ratio of both pectoralis major and serratus anterior were relatively higher than that of other muscles. However, in both groups, the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior became much more predominant than that of the pectoralis major. In addition, infraspinatus activated greater than pectoralis major. These results showed that the push-up plus exercise is effective to selectively strengthen the serratus anterior for both individuals with and without winging scapular, but not equally effective for other shoulder stabilizers.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.66-94
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i. e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable's impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in what factors of the hospital cost determinants.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제37권sup호
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• pp.87-121
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• 2015

한국정부는 FDI 국내 유치를 위해 외국인투자에 특례와 지원을 제공하는 경제특구를 도입하였으나 성과가 미흡하다는 문제의식이 존재한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 실증분석을 통해 노동생산성, 영업이익률, 투자성향, 혁신성향, 고용성향 등의 기업단위 성과가 경제특구에 입주한 외국인투자기업과 국내기업 간에, 그리고 외국인투자기업들 간에 유의한 차이를 나타내고 있는지를 회귀분석과 PSM 분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 본 논문의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노동생산성 및 영업이익률 측면에서 살펴보았을 때 외국인투자기업들이 국내기업들에 비해 효율성 및 수익성에 있어 더 높은 성과를 나타낸다는 가설을 지지할 실증적 증거는 발견할 수 없었다. 둘째, 투자성향에 있어서는 외국인투자지역에 분포한 외국인투자기업들이 국내기업들에 비해 높은 투자성향을 보였다. 셋째, 연구개발투자 측면에 있어 외국인투자기업 전체적으로는 국내기업에 비해 높은 투자성향을 보인 것으로 나타나나 이것이 경제특구정책에 의한 것임을 나타내는 실증적 증거는 존재하지 않는다. 교육훈련투자에 있어서는 비특구 외국인투자기업의 역할이 가장 크며, 특구지역 중에서는 경제자유구역에 위치한 기업들의 교육훈련투자가 국내기업들보다 더 높다는 실증적 증거가 발견되었다. 마지막으로 고용성향에 있어서는 외국인투자기업들의 성과가 더 높았으나 이것이 경제특구정책에 의한 것임을 나타내는 실증적 증거가 존재하지는 않았다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.147-174
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• 2013

지금까지 자영업은 노동시장연구에서 배제되거나, 연구가 수행되더라도 자영업 결정요인을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 그러나 자영업자는 일을 하면서도 빈곤위험에 크게 노출된 집단이다. 그럼에도 자영업자의 경제적 심각성에 주목한 논문은 드물다. 이에 본 연구는 한국복지패널을 통해 자영업자의 취업빈곤실태와 취업빈곤에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 자영업자의 빈곤율이 임금근로자보다 평균 3.2배 높다. 특히, 임시일용직의 빈곤위험이 높지만, 자영자의 빈곤율도 높다. 둘째, 자영업자의 빈곤정도는 임금근로자보다 더 심각하다. 셋째, 자영업자가 취업자 가운데 차지하는 비중은 24%이지만, 빈곤층 가운데 차지하는 비율은 53%에 이른다. 취업빈곤층의 절반이 자영업자로 구성된 것을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 로지스틱 회귀분석결과, 상용직에 비해 임시일용직과 자영자의 빈곤위험이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 임시일용직뿐 아니라, 자영자 역시 주된 정책대상으로 관심을 기울여야 함을 말해준다. 다섯째, 고졸이하 중고령층 자영업자, 그리고 서비스업에 종사하는 중고령 자영업자의 취업 빈곤율이 다른 집단보다 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이들에 대한 정책개입이 시급한 것으로 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 1976

To compare the maternal health status between women in island and land, the study was conducted to adjacent land (kukdong) and island (kyonghodong) areas in Yosoo city during April 1976. The results obtained from 174 interviewee in island and 192 in land areas were the same as follow, 1. General characteristics of both area. Age: Land, group 20-29 year of age was the largest. Island, 30-39 year of age was the largest. Education; Low educated group, less than primary grade (land 88.6%, island 93.1%), was predominant in both area. Occupation of herself; agriculture and labor was the main occupation (land 50%, island 82.2%) in both area. Occupation of husband: labor and fishery was general (81.2%) in land, and agriculture and fishery was general (81.6%) in island. Duration of residence; Land, 25.0% being resided here more than 10 years. Island, 64.3% being resided here more than 10 years. 2. Marriage, Pregnancy, and Present children. Average age at marriage; Land, 20.7 years. Island, 20.9 years. Average frequency of pregnancy; Land, 4.4 times. Island, 4.3 times. Wastage of pregnancies: Land, 236 per 1000 pregnancies. Island, 151 per 1000 pregnancies. Wastage occupied by induced abortion; land, 73.5%. island, 60.5%. Number and sex of present children; Land, 3.3 per family, sex ratio 52.4 to 47.6. Island, 3.6 per family, sex ratio 53.3 to 46.7. 3. Prenatal and postnatal care. Prenatal consutation: Land, 16.1% received by doctor or midwife. Island 9.2% received by doctor or midwife. Complications during last pregnancy; Land, 46.6% complained. Island, 51.1% complained. Return to work within 1 week after delivery; Land, 40.6%. Island, 50.6%. 4. Delivery environment Home delivery; Land, 97.4% Island, 97.3%. Delivery attdended by non medical professions at home; Land, 80.2% Island, 93.7%. Solo home delivery; Land, 13.0%, Island, 12.9%. Delivery attended by layman without taking any disinfective preparations; Land, 48.1%, Island, 49.1%. Material mainly used to cut umbilical cord at home; Land, scissors (97.4%). Island, scissora (98.8%). Cord cutting material used without giving any disinfective preparations; Land, 79.9%, Island, 84.0%. Delivery sheets used at home; Cement bag paper (land 50.0%, island, 31.3%). Vinyl sheets (land,17.5%, island, 27.6%). News paper (land, 3.2%. island, 11.7%). No sheets (land 19.5%. island, 12.9%). etc. Maternal Meal; Seaweed soup with rice was the most general in both area. (land 95.3%, island, 91.4%).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.629-636
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• 1996

득량만의 양식업에 대한 EMERGY분석결과 연안해역에 대한 영속성 에너지원의 EMERGY 유입은 $54.60\times10^{18}sej/yr$, 비영속성 에너지원인 화석연료의 유입은 $1.50\times10^{18}sej/yr$ 그리고 재화와 용역에 의한 유입은 $13.55\times10^{18}sej/yr$이고, 자연환경으로부터의 유입이 전체 에너지원의 $78\%$를 차지하고 있어 환경자원에 대한 의존도가 높은 1차 산업의 구조적 특징을 나타내고 있다. Net EMERGY yield ratio는 4.63으로 자원으로서의 가치가 높음을 나타내고, EMERGY investment ratio는 0.28로 주 경제로부터 유입된 에너지의 약 3.6 배에 해당하는 에너지를 자연환경으로부터 얻고 있음을 알 수 있다. 1994년 득량만의 환경용량은 영속성 에너지원에 근거하여 유입된 EMERGY량이 모두 현재의 EMERGY 생산비대로 생산이 된다면 득량만 전체에서는 어류; 1,140ton/yr, 갑각류; 110ton/yr, 패류; 1,553ton/yr, 해조류; 9,074ton/yr이며 1994년 생산량은 환경용량의 $80\%,\;92\%,\;80\%,\;84\%$를 생산하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고, 면적이 6,617ha(전체면적의 $17.67\%$)인 양식장만을 고려하여 유입된 EMERGY가 전부 패류의 생산에 이용된다면 패류양식장의 생산용량은 1,195ton/yr로 산출되었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.381-387
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• 1999

목적: 직업성 질병은 원인 규명과 함께 병의 진행정도를 정확히 평가하는 것이 중요하여 ILO에서 흉부 X-선 소견을 기준으로 국제표준화를 시행하여 왔으나 사진의 질에 영향을 받을 수 있고, 초기 병변을 발견하기에는 어려움이 많다. 본 연구자들은 Ga-67의 섭취정도를 규폐증의 진행 정도를 나타내는 지표로 이용하기 위하여 폐기능검사 및 흉부 X-선 소견에 의한 임상적 병기 분류와의 상관관계를 보고자하였다. 대상 및 방법: 25명의 규폐증 환자를 대상으로 Ga-67 신티그라피를 분석하였으며 10명의 정상인을 대조군으로 하였다. 검사방법은 Ga-67 citrate, 5 mCi를 정맥 주사한 후 48시간 후 전신 스캔 및 흉부, 복부 스캔 영상을 얻어 후면상에서 간과 폐병변의 최대 섭취 부위의 관심영역을 설정하여 픽셀당 방사능 섭취 정도의 비를 구하여 임상적 병기 분류와의 상관관계를 비교 분석하였다. 결과: L/L Ratio 값은 정상군 0형(n=10): $0.3948{\pm}.0692$0, 1형(n=10): $0.5763{\pm}$0.1837, 2형(n= 11): $0.6849{\pm}0.1459$, 3형(n=4): $0.9913{\pm}0.0712$였으며 흉부 X-선의 분류형과 서로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.618, p<0.05). 그러나 L/L Ratio 값과 폐기능검사 지표와는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 저자들의 연구에 따르면 규폐증의 진행과정을 평가하여 환자의 병기를 결정하는 데 Ga-67 신티그라피의 정량적인 분석이 도움을 주었다. 그러나 폐기능과는 상관관계가 없어 폐기능을 평가하는 지표가 되지 못하였다.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2014

Purpose. For a more efficient hospital management, this study aims to provide basic data so that the hospital management and staff in charge of hospital administration may systematically classify and collect hospital information, by analyzing the ordinary characters of an upper-level general hospital system and its common-type balance sheet, common-type profit and loss statement and financial ratio. Methods. By using information about an upper-level general hospital in C Province, provided by Alio(www.alio.go.kr), a public organization information provision site, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service(www.hira.or.kr) and Ministry of Health and Welfare(www.mw.go.kr), this study analyzed 3 year's data from 2010 to 2012 and provided basic data by analyzing the ordinary characters of an upper-level general hospital system, and its common-type balance sheet, common-type profit and loss statement and financial ratio. Results. After analyzing the ordinary characters, common-type balance sheet, common-type proft and loss statement and financial ration of this general hospital, based on the 2010 to 2012 data, this study came to the following conclusions. Firstly, out of all the 1,069 hospital staff, there were 272 doctors working for 24 medical departments, out of whom the majority was 33 physicians. Most of the nurses were third-class ones, and about 2,000 outpatients and 600 inpatients on average were treated per day. Secondly, as a result of analyzing the common-type balance sheet, this study discovered that intangible assets out of fixed assets accounted for 41%, the majority, out of which usable and profitable donation asset buildings were of great importance, and the liquid assets increased more in 2012 than 2011. In the financial structure, the ratio of liquid liabilities was over 50% out of all the liabilities in 2012, and the ratio of purchase payables was high as well. The ratio of fixed liabilities reached up to 40%, out of which the retirement benefit appropriation fund was quite high. The capital was over 80%, but the surplus was in a deficit state. Compared to the capital, the ratio of total liabilities was about 90%, which indicates the financial structure of this general hospital was vulnerable. Thirdly, as a result of analyzing the common-type profit and loss statement, this study found out that the medical profits from inpatients were higher than profits from outpatients. The material cost was related to the medical quality of this general hospital, and it was as high as 30% out of the total costs and was about 45% of the labor cost. This general hospital showed 10% in the ratio of non-medical profits, and it seemed because of government subsidies. The ratios of medical profits and current net income were gradually changing for the better in 2012, compared to 2011. Lastly, as a result of analyzing the financial ratio, it was found that the liquidity ratio kept decreasing, from 110.7% in 2010 and 102.0% in 2011 to 77.2% in 2012. Besides, it was analyzed that the liquidity ratio and the net working capital ratio greatly decreased, while the quick ratio and the liquid ratio kept decreasing. Conclusions. 1. It is necessary to take the risk management into more consideration, and particularly, it is needed to differentiate and manage the levels of risk in detail. 2. By considering the fact that investments into hospital infrastructures were mostly based on liabilities, it is needed to deal with the scale of losses when evaluating risks. 3. By reflecting the character that investments into hospital infrastructures were based on liabilities, it is necessary to consider the ratio of ordinary profits as well as the ratio of operating profits to sales, and it is also important to consider sales productivity factors, such as the sales amount per a sickbed, by comparing them with other hospitals. As for limitations of this study, there may be some problems in terms of data interpretation because of the lack of information about the number of inpatients and the number of outpatients per year, which are needed for the break-even point analysis. Besides, to suggest a direction for the improvement of hospital management through analyses, non-financial factors should be reflected, such as the trend of economy, medical policies, and politic backgrounds. However, this study only focused on the common-type balance sheet, common-type profit and loss statement and financial ratio, so this study is actually limited to generalizing all the factors by analyzing public data only.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.390-404
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• 2014

본 연구는 수도권을 대상으로 종사자수와 취업자수를 지표로 직장과 주거지의 일치현상을 고찰하고 직주비와 통근통행간의 관계를 탐색한 것이다. 수도권에서는 2005~2010년 사이에 도시의 중심지기능을 수행해 온 도심지역에서 종사자수가 감소하고 인구증가 현상이 둔화되었고, 경기도가 차지하는 비중이 증가하면서 고용과 인구의 교외화현상이 진행되었다. 수도권에서는 종사자수에 비해 취업자수의 증가현상이 두드러지면서 취업자수 초과현상이 심화되었고, 이는 직주비를 감소시키는 요인으로 작용하였다. 특히 경기도에서의 직주불균형이 심화되었다. 사무직, 판매직, 전문직 등에서는 직주불균형이 개선된 지역이 많았지만, 단순노무직과 서비스직에서는 직주불균형이 심화된 지역이 많았다. 직종별로는 업무중심지일수록 더 많은 수의 직종에서 직주불균형이 개선되었다. 직주비가 높은 지역일수록 통근통행의 자족도가 낮게 형성되었으며, 다른 지역에서 유입되는 역외유입통행이 차지하는 비중이 높았다. 종사자수가 취업자수에 비해 월등하게 많았던 주요 고용중심지에서는 직주비와 역외유입통행률이 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다.