• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.2355-2359
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• 2013

Vulva cancer is rare among all gynecological cancer worldwide, including Thailand, and mainly affects older women. Persistent high risk type infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the one important factor for developing cancer. In this study, we focused on HPV DNA investigation and type-specific distribution of HPV in 25 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples collected from Thai women with vulva cancer histologically confirmed by the National Cancer Institute, Thailand, during 2003-2011. HPV DNA detection and genotyping were undertaken with polymerase-chain reaction and enzyme-immunoassay using GP5+/bio6+ consensus specific primers and digoxigenin-labeled specific oligoprobes, respectively. Human ${\beta}$-globin genes was used as the internal control. Our results showed that 44% (11/25) of all vulva cancer samples were HPV-positive. All of them are high risk HPV type infection, detected as single (63.64%, 7/11) and/or double infections (4/11, 36.36%). HPV 16 was the most common type identified in vulva cancer, followed by HPV 35, 33, 18 and 58. In conclusion, this study presented that HPV-16 is observed at the highest frequency in this cancer, similar to cervical cancer, with HPV 18 being less frequent. Although the sample size was small and could not represent overall incidence and prevalence in Thai women, these preliminary data for vulva cancer are of interest since they reinforce the necessity for HPV screening or vaccination in Thailand.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2005

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to development a verbal abuse scale for operating room nurses in Korea. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was developed to interview 30 nurses and distributed to 761 nurses who working at 28 general hospital in Korea from september 7 to November 25, 2004. Item analysis and factor analysis were carried out to validate violence predicting scale. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to test reliability of the scale. The data were analyzed by using SPSS/WIN 11.5 program. Result: As a result of the item analysis and factor analysis, 17 items were selected from the total of 30 items, and four factors were labeled as 'self esteem abuse by nurses(7 items)', 'self esteem abuse by physicians(6 items)', 'sexual abuse by physicians(2 items)', 'colleague abuse by physicians(2 items)'. Four factors were explained by 60.8% out of the total variance. The first factor explained 35.456%, second factor explained 12.401% and third factor explained 6.637%. And fourth factor explained 6.304%. Reliability of the factors were tested by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and result was 0.885. Conclusion: The scale was identified to be a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. Therefore, this scale can be effectively utilized for assessment of verbal abuse for operating room nurses by nurses and physicians in Korea.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 음향 이벤트 검출을 위한 심층 신경망에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 특히 약하게 표기된 데이터 및 표기되지 않은 훈련 데이터를 포함하는 약지도 문제에 대하여, 입력 오디오 파형으로부터 이벤트 검출 결과를 얻어내는 종단간 신경망을 구축하는 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 시스템은 1차원 콘볼루션 신경망을 깊게 적층하는 구조를 기반으로 하였으며, 도약 연결 및 게이팅 메커니즘 등의 추가적인 구조를 통해 성능을 개선하였다. 또한 음향 구간 검출 및 후처리를 통하여 성능을 향상시켰으며, 약지도 데이터를 다루기 위하여 평균-교사 모델을 적용하여 학습하는 과정을 도입하였다. 본 연구에서 고안된 시스템을 Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events(DCASE) 2019 Task 4 데이터를 이용하여 평가하였으며, 그 결과 약 54 %의 구간-기반 F₁-score 및 32%의 이벤트-기반 F₁-score를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1844-1854
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• 2017

Trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogen that triggers severe immune responses in hosts. T. vaginalis ${\alpha}$-actinin 2 ($Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2) has been used to diagnose trichomoniasis. $Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 was dissected into three parts; the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal portions of the protein (#1, #2, and #3, respectively). Western blot of these $Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 proteins with pooled patients' sera indicated that #2 and #3, but not #1, reacted with those sera. Immunofluorescence assays of two different forms of T. vaginalis (trophozoites and amoeboid forms), using anti-$Tv{\alpha}$- actinin 2 antibodies, showed localization of $Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 close to the plasma membranes of the amoeboid form. Fractionation experiments indicated the presence of $Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 in cytoplasmic, membrane, and secreted proteins of T. vaginalis. Binding of fluorescence-labeled Trichomonas to vaginal epithelial cells and prostate cells was decreased in the antibody blocking experiment using anti-$Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 antibodies. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with anti-$rTv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 antibodies also resulted in reduction in its cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry, ligand-binding immunoblotting assay, and observation by fluorescence microscopy were used to detect the binding of recombinant $Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 to human epithelial cell lines. Specifically, the truncated N-terminal portion of $Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2, $Tv{\alpha}$-actinin 2 #1, was shown to bind directly to vaginal epithelial cells. These data suggest that ${\alpha}$-actinin 2 is one of the virulence factors responsible for the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis by serving as an adhesin to the host cells.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Hospital Violence Attitude Scale-18 (HVAS-18) for clinical nurses. Methods: The HVAS-18 was developed and validated in 3 steps: Item generation through literature reviews and in-depth interviews, pilot study, and the validity and reliability tests using a test-retest technique. Forty-one items were initially extracted by 8 experts, and 18 items were finally developed by item and factor analysis. The final HVAS-18 was evaluated by 326 clinical nurses from seven general hospitals in three cities. The collected data were analyzed using factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Results: Five discrete factors emerged, which explained 64.0% of the total variance. Each five factor was labeled: Factor 1 (6 items) 'awareness'explained 18.2%; Factor 2 (4 items) 'response' explained 12.9%; Factor 3 (4 items) 'reaction' explained 12.9%; Factor 4 (2 items) 'result-nursing' explained 10.2%; and Factor 5 (2 items) 'result-violence offender' explained 9.6%. The internal consistency, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, was .87, and reliability of the sub-scales ranged from .72 to .83. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that HVAS-18 can be an useful, reliable, and valid instrument for measuring hospital violence attitude of clinical nurses.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.486-495
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a Quality of Life(QOL) scale for breast cancer patients in Korea and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. To achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was developed to interview 10 breast cancer patients and distributed to 155 patients with breast cancer in Korea. For data analysis, SPSS WIN 8.0/PC were used. Item analysis and factor analysis were carried out to test validity of the QOL scale. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and Guttman split half coefficient were used to test reliability of the scale. The results were as follows; As a result of the item analysis, 27 items were selected from the total of 34 items. 6 factors were selected by factor analysis. Six factors were labeled as 'response to cancer diagnosis and treatment', 'family well-being', 'physical concerns', 'psychological well-being', 'spiritual well-being', and 'economic concerns'. Six factors were explained by 72.236% out of the total variance. The first factor explained 20.738% and the second factor explained 16.593%, which were major factors for Korean breast cancer patients. Chronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient of the tool was .9120, and Guttman split-half coefficient was .8148. The scale was identified to be a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. Therefore, this scale can be effectively utilized for assessment of Quality of Life of patients with breast cancer in Korea.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.141-155
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• 1995

The objective of this study was to develop a scale to measure stress in infertile couples and to test its reliability and validity. Prior to item generation, a basic decision was made to conceptualize stress in infertile couples as including two dimensions and four subdimensions. The dimensions were, intrapersonal stress including cognitive and affective stress, and interpersonal stress including marital and social stress. Initially 95 items were generated from the inter-view data of 31 primary or secondary infertile women and from a literature review. These items were analyzed through the Index of Content Validity(CVI) and 69 items were selected which met 70% or more of the CVI. This preliminary Infertility Stress Scale were analyzed for reliability and construct validity. Item analysis and factor analysis were applied for construct validity. Forty items were selected through item analysis. This procedure was based on the inter-item correlation matrix, a corrected average inter-item correlation coefficient(.30~.70), a corrected item to total correlation coefficient (.03 or more) and information about the alpha estimate if this item was dropped from the scale. The result of the initial factor analysis including varimax rotation produced eight factors. Five items deleted because of factor complexity(indiscriminate factor loadings). The secondary factor analysis including varimax rotation produced seven factors that coincided with the conceptual framework posed for the scale developed. The seven factors were labeled as ‘meaning of children’,‘worthiness’,‘tenacious linking’,‘marital satisfaction’,‘sexual satisfaction’,‘familial adjustment’ and ‘social adjustment’. The alpha coefficient relating to internal consistency was .93 for reliability The results of this study suggest that the measurement derived from the Infertility Stress Scale is useful in assessing the stress of infertile couples.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.41-58
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were 1) to segment the market based on purchase frequency of products such as apparel, food, home electronics, life commodity in department store and low-price retailing, 2) to identify differences among segments in belief and attitude toward each store, purchase frequency of apparel items in each store and demographic variables. The data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from 274 married women living in Seoul, Korea and analyzed by factor analysis, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA and x$^2$-test. The results of this study were as follows: First, using cluster analysis on purchase frequency of products in each store, four groups were identified and labeled as department store patronage/ non-purchasers of apparel in low-price retailing(25.2%), purchasers of apparel in department store and low-price retailing(16.8%), low-price retailing patronage(30.3%) and non-purchasers of products in department store and low-price retailing(27.0%). Second, a series of one-way ANOV As revealed significant differences among four segments on beliefs of low-price retailing(four store attributes: price and variety of apparel product, facilities for convenient shopping, promotion, brand-reputation and fashionability of apparel product) and department store(three store attributes: price and variety of apparel product, facilities for convenient shopping and promotion) and attitude toward low-price retailing and department store. Attitude toward each store was yielded using Fishbein's multiattributes model. There were also significant differences among groups in purchase frequency of seven apparel items in low-price retailing and six apparel items in department store, and six demographic and personal variables(age, educational status, type of husband's occupation, monthly income and housing). Finally, the papers discussed manageral implications for each segments as well as theoretical implications.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.357-372
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to 1) segment female adolescent consumers into consumer groups displaying different consumer decision-making styles 2) to determine the consumer characteristics(clothing involvement information search store patronage and demographic variables) that related to each consumer segment and 3) to identify the interrelationship between the consumer characteristics. Decision-making styles were measured by 32 seven-point Likert type scales adapted from Sproles & Kendall and Shim & Kot A total of 78 statements dealing with three aspects of consumer characteristics was adapted from previous research. Data were collected from 567 2nd grade female middle and high school students in Seoul via self-administered questionnaires. and were analysed by frequency factor analysis ANOVA cluster analysis χ2 -test and Duncan's multiple range test. The results of this study were as follows: As a results of cluster analysis and ANOVA on seven factors of desion-making styles(1. brand-consiousness 2. novelty/fashion-consciousness 3. recreational/hedonis-tic orientation, 4. impulsive/carelessness, 5. price-consciousness/value-for-money, 6. perfectionism/high quality orientation 7. habitual/brand-royal consciousness) three consumer groups were identified and labeled as puality-oriented/non-utlitarian shoppers price-oriented shoppers and apathetic shoppers. Quality-oriented/non-utilitarian shoppers showed the highest clothing involvement scores of all aspects the highest consumer knowledge/experience most active ongoing information search and prepurchase information search. They preferred department store and franchise store for apparel shopping and considered service/reliability atmosphere variety of goods as important store attributes, Price-oriented shoppers showed prepurchase information search and planned purchase behavior actively. They preferred factory outlet store specialty stre and considered price very important as store attributes. Apathetic shoppers showed the lowest scores of all aspects of clothing involvement and most passive behavior in information search activities except showing the highest planned purchase. They preferred regional markets.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

An IPA model was used to evaluate customer service encounters at a large food court; also the gaps between importance and performance from were also evaluated from both perspectives. The findings of this study will be applied in order to improve service quality at various large food service operations. A total of 298 customers from a large shopping mall food court completed the study questionnaire, asking them to evaluate the important and performance attributes of service. Seven underlying dimensions were identified and labeled by factor analysis: factor 1 was "safety": factor 2 "time": factor 3 "atmosphere": factor 4 "quality of food": factor 5 "menu attributes": factor 6 "comfort": and the last and seventh factor was "comprehension". As a result of IPA analysis the overall mean scores between the importance attributes and performance attributes showed significant differences by independent t-tests(p<0.001). Quadrant I was classified with unnecessary items including interior design, proper lighting, suitable chairs, and proper room temperature. In quadrant II thirteen variables showed high scores for both importance and performance, such as various menu choices, hygienic food, dishes, chairs, food court, kitchen, and employees; proper ventilation, employee kindness, waiting time to order, and received food; automatic system for ordering-serving. Quadrant III included eight variables identified as low priority, including appearance of food, nutrient content of food, proper portions, new menu, proper music, proper location of cashier, services for children and efficiency of movement. In quadrant IV six variables were included as areas to focus management's efforts, such as food taste, proper food temperature, use of safe food materials, maintenance of food quality, existence of preferred foods, and proper food prices. These results suggest that food court customers have interests that are distinct from restaurant customers and may need to be treated differently. It is anticipated that this data will be useful to the foodservice industry in order to segment customer characteristics by different dinning behaviors.