• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.579-586
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• 2016

In many countries in order to manage corrosion of water treatment process, it is currently using Langelier index (LI). However, management of the Larson's ratio (LR) to compare corrosion management and LI which can be generated by the water treatment process is required. In this study, in order to ensure data LR, factors associated with the actual corrosion resistance of water treatment plant was measured. Using the measured data, the model equation can be estimated alkalinity, and using the statutory water quality data, LR and alkalinity is estimated. At comparison of the measured value and estimated value of alkalinity, it appeared in $R^2$ = 0.629, using the statutory water quality data and estimated alkalinity model, LR and alkalinity (Whole water treatment plants : 472) is estimated. Concentration of estimated alkalinity is 0.5 mg/L to 107.5 mg/L (average : 23.2 mg/L), and LR is 0.1 to 10 (average : 1.3). At tendency to corrosion of investigated LR, "No metal tendency" (>0.5) is 39 water treatment plants, 8.26 %, and "corrosion metal tendency" is 433 water treatment plants, 91.74%.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the possibility of utilizing an early litter size trait as an indirect selection trait for longevity and to estimate genetic parameters between sow stayability and litter size at different parities using a linear-threshold model for longevity in Thai Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) populations. Methods: The data included litter size at first, second, and third parities (NBA1, NBA2, and NBA3) and sow stayability from first to fourth farrowings (STAY14). The data was obtained from 10,794 LR and 9,475 LW sows. Genetic parameters were estimated using the multiple-trait animal model. A linear-threshold model was used in which NBA1, NBA2, and NBA3 were continuous traits, while STAY14 was considered a binary trait. Results: Heritabilities for litter size were low and ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 for both LR and LW breeds. Similarly, heritabilities for stayability were low for both breeds. Genetic associations between litter size and stayability ranged from 0.43 to 0.65 for LR populations and 0.12 to 0.55 for LW populations. The genetic correlation between NBA1 and STAY14 was moderate and in a favorable direction for both LR and LW breeds (0.65 and 0.55, respectively). Conclusion: A linear-threshold model could be utilized to analyze litter size and sow stayability traits. Furthermore, selection for litter size at first parity, which was the genetic trait correlated with longevity, is possible when one attempts to improve lifetime productivity in Thai swine populations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.246-254
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• 2017

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of most abundant microcystins, and is derived from blue-green algae bloom. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective process when high concentrations of MC-LR are released into a drinking water treatment system from surface water. In particular, UV-based AOPs such as UV, $UV/H_2O_2$, $UV/O_3$ and $UV/TiO_2$ have been studied for the removal of MC-LR. In this study, UV-LED was applied for the degradation of MC-LR because UV lamps have demonstrated some weaknesses, such as frequent replacements; that generate mercury waste and high heat loss. Degradation efficiencies of the MC-LR (initial conc. = $100{\mu}g/L$) were 30% and 95.9% using LED-L (280 nm, $0.024mW/cm^2$) and LED-H (280 nm, $2.18mW/cm^2$), respectively. Aromatic compounds of natural organic matter changed to aliphatic compounds under the LED-H irradiation by LC-OCD analysis. For application to raw water, the Nak-dong River was sampled during summer when blue-green algae were heavy bloom in 2016. The concentration of extracellular and total MC-LR, geosmin and 2-MIB slightly decreased by increasing the LED-L irradiation; however, the removal of MC-LR by UV-LED (${\lambda}=280nm$) was insufficient. Thus, advanced UV-LED technology or the addition of oxidants with UV-LED is required to obtain better degradation efficiency of MC-LR.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.741-748
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• 1994

A new HPLC method for the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins, i.e. microcystin was developed using cyano-type prepacked cartridge while the conventional method was to utilize ODS cartridge. The cartridge was washed with 0.5 M acetic acid, then microcystins RR and LR were eluted from the cartridge with 30% acetonitrile. A better degree of quantitation was observed than with a ODS cartridge. Especially, in the case of microcystin LR a great difference in peak area was observed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1990

To evaluate the degree of traffic noise at the main shopping districts, 30 sites, in Pusan and produce the basic data of traffic noise counterplan, this research was conducted. Noise rating methods utilized were Leq(equivalent continuous sound level), Lr (rating sound level) and TNI (traffic noise index). As the results, all sites passed beyond Korean Environmental Noise Standard 70 dB(A) in Leq and 46.7% sites fell under 'widespread complaints'step, 40.0% 'threat of community' action'step, 13.3% 'vigorous community action'step by Lr ratings, and 30.0% sites were over acceptable TNI criteria of 74. Therefore, traffic noise at Pusan shopping districts was very severe.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6571-6574
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• 2014

Background: Alcohol is well established as a risk factor for cancer development in many organ sites. To assess the reliability and validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C) for detecting alcohol use disorders or risky drinking in Japanese adults the present study was conducted. Materials and Methods: A test-retest method was applied with a 2-week interval with 113 health care employees. The k coefficient, Cronbach's coefficient alpha, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were determined and the validity of the AUDIT-C was analyzed using the data from a nationwide survey on adult alcohol use conducted in 2008 (n=4,123). Results: The reliability of the AUDIT-C score was high (${\kappa}$ coefficient=0.63, Cronbach's alpha=0.98, correlation coefficient=0.95, and ICC=0.95). According to the likelihood ratio and Youden index, appropriate cutoffs for the AUDIT-C were ${\geq}5points$ in men and ${\geq}4$ points in women. The sensitivity and specificity of these cutoffs for identifying ${\geq}8$ points on the AUDIT were 0.88 and 0.80, respectively, for men (positive likelihood ratio [LR+]=4.5) and 0.96 and 0.87, respectively, for women (LR+=7.7). The sensitivity and specificity of the cutoffs for identifying ${\geq}12$ points on the AUDIT were 0.90 and 0.84, respectively, for men (LR+=5.8) and 0.93 and 0.94, respectively, for women (LR+=15.8). The sensitivity and specificity of the cutoffs for identifying ${\geq}16$ points on the AUDIT were 0.93 and 0.80, respectively, for men (LR+=4.7) and 0.92 and 0.98, respectively, for women (LR+=55.6). With higher scores on the AUDIT, the specificity decreased and false-positives increased. The appropriate cutoffs for identifying risky drinking were the same for both genders. Conclusions: The reliability and validity of the AUDIT-C are high, indicating that it is useful for identifying alcohol use disorders or risky drinking among the general population in Japan, a group at high risk of cancer development.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.1 s.343
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

This paper describes the design and the verification of IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN 2.4GHz Physical layer for Ubiquitous Sensor Network(USN). We designed the Carrier Frequency Offset(CFO) compensation satisfied the frequency tolerance of IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN and the adaptive matched filter that re-setting of the threshold for the symbol synchronization of the various USN environment. The multiplications is reduced 1/16 by this method each other at i, q phases and has 0.5dB performance improvement in detection probability. Proposed baseband system is designed with verilog HDL and implemented using FPGA prototype board.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.376-383
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• 2012

Background No consensus has been reached regarding the outcome of management of local recurrence after transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction. This study demonstrated the presentation, management, and outcomes of local recurrence after immediate TRAM breast reconstruction. Methods A comparison was conducted among 1,000 consecutive patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with a pedicled TRAM flap (TRAM group) and 3,183 consecutive patients who underwent only modified radical mastectomy without reconstruction (MRM group) from January 2001 to December 2009. The presentation, treatment, and outcome including aesthetics and overall survival rate were analyzed. Results Local recurrences occurred in 18 (1.8%) patients (TRAM-LR group) who underwent TRAM breast reconstruction and 38 (1.2%) patients (MRM-LR group) who underwent MRM only (P=0.1712). Wide excision was indicated in almost all the local recurrence cases. Skin graft was required in 4 patients in the MRM-LR group, whereas only one patient required a skin graft to preserve the mound shape in the TRAM-LR group. The breast mound was maintained in all 17 patients that survived in the TRAM-LR group even after wide excision. The overall survival rate was 94.4% in the TRAM-LR group and 65.8% in the MRM-LR group (P=0.276). Conclusions Local recurrence after immediate TRAM flap breast reconstruction could be detected without delay and managed effectively by multiple modalities without reducing overall survival rates. Breast mound reconstruction with soft autologous tissue allowed for primary closure in most of the cases. In all of the patients who survived, the contour of their reconstructed breast remained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2014

The marine microalgae Chaetoceros calcitrans was cultured under a fluorescent lamp (CON) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various wavelengths (blue, LB; red, LR; green, LG; white, LW); changes in growth, fucoxanthin, chlorophyll-a, amino acid and fatty acid profiles were investigated. LR-exposed cultures exhibited the highest specific growth rate (SGR) (0.34), whereas LG-exposed cultures showed the lowest SGR (0.26). After cultivation for 10 days, the maximum dry cell weight (g/L) of LR-exposed cultures was significantly higher than that of those exposed to other light conditions (LR${\geq_-}$CON>LB${\geq_-}$LW${\geq_-}$LG). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels were significantly higher in CON-exposed cultures compared to those exposed to LW (P<0.05), with no marked difference compared to those exposed to LB, LR and LG (P>0.05). The fucoxanthin content was highest in LB-exposed cultures ($6.3{\mu}g/mL$), whereas LW showed the lowest ($3.6{\mu}g/mL$; P<0.05). Chlorophyll-a content was highest in cultures exposed to LB compared to other light sources. These results suggest consistent differences in growth and biochemical composition after exposure to light of different wavelengths.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.485-493
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• 2019

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic characteristics of Berkshire (BS), Landrace (LR), and Yorkshire (YS) pig breeds raised in the Great Grandparents pig farms using the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) information. Methods: A total of 25,921 common SNP genotype markers in three pig breeds were used to estimate the expected heterozygosity ($H_E$), polymorphism information content, F-statistics ($F_{ST}$), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and effective population size ($N_e$). Results: The chromosome-wise distribution of $F_{ST}$ in BS, LR, and YS populations were within the range of 0-0.36, and the average $F_{ST}$ value was estimated to be $0.07{\pm}0.06$. This result indicated some level of genetic segregation. An average LD ($r^2$) for the BS, LR, and YS breeds was estimated to be approximately 0.41. This study also found an average $N_e$ of 19.9 (BS), 31.4 (LR), and 34.1 (YS) over the last 5th generations. The effective population size for the BS, LR, and YS breeds decreased at a consistent rate from 50th to 10th generations ago. With a relatively faster $N_e$ decline rate in the past 10th generations, there exists possible evidence for intensive selection practices in pigs in the recent past. Conclusion: To develop customized chips for the genomic selection of various breeds, it is important to select and utilize SNP based on the genetic characteristics of each breed. Since the improvement efficiency of breed pigs increases sharply by the population size, it is important to increase test units for the improvement and it is desirable to establish the pig improvement network system to expand the unit of breed pig improvement through the genetic connection among breed pig farms.