• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.30 no.5_6
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• pp.461-465
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• 2003

The technique of reduction goal prediction in LR parsing has several applications such as the computation of right context. An LR parser generating the set of pre-determined reduction goals was previously suggested. The set approach is nondeterministic, and so it is inappropriate in some applications. This paper suggests a deterministic technique to give a uniquely predictable reduction symbol.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.110-113
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• 2012

We propose a very-low-complexity lattice-reduction (LR) algorithm for multi-input multi-output detection in time-varying channels. The proposed scheme reduces the complexity by performing LR in a block-wise manner. The proposed scheme takes advantage of the temporal correlation of the channel matrices in a block and its impact on the lattice transformation matrices during the LR process. From this, the proposed scheme can skip a number of redundant LR processes for consecutive channel matrices and performs a single LR in a block. As the Doppler frequency decreases, the complexity reduction efficiency becomes more significant.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

Lattice-reduction (LR) techniques have been developed for signal detection in spatial multiplexing multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems to obtain the largest diversity gain. Thus, an LR-assisted zero-forcing (ZF) receiver can achieve the maximum diversity gain in spatial multiplexing MIMO systems. In this paper, a simplified analysis of the achievable diversity gain is presented by fitting the channel coefficients lattice-reduced by a complex Lenstra-Lenstra-$Lov{\acute{a}}z$ (LLL) algorithm into approximated Gaussian random variables. It will be shown that the maximum diversity gain corresponding to two times the number of receive antennas can be achieved by the LR-based ZF detector. In addition, the approximated bit error rate (BER) expression is also derived. Finally, the analytical BER performance is comparatively studied with the simulated results.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2005

Threaded Tree is the data structure that can express parse stack as well as parse tree with LR parsing table. $Larchev\^{e}que$ makes Threaded Tree and Incremental Parsing with stack. This paper suggests the algorithm consisting of changed threaded tree without stack in order to reduce reparsing node and parsing speed. Also, it suggests incremental parsing algorithm to get rid of the reparsing process in node.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2016

Since most of devices in the IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN are expected to operate on batteries, they must be designed to consume energy in a very conservative way. Two energy conservation algorithms are proposed for the LR-WPAN: DDC (Dynamic Duty Cycle) and DBT (Dynamic Beacon Tracking). The DDC algorithm adjusts duty cycle dynamically depending on channel conditions. The DBT algorithm switches beacon tracking mode on and off adaptively depending on traffic conditions. Combining the two algorithms reduces energy consumption more efficiently for a wide range of input loads, while maintaining frame delivery ratio and average delay at satisfactory levels.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2018

Microcystin-LR, one of algal toxins induced by the eutrophication of a reservoir, is known to be harmful to human by adversely affecting our liver and brain. Hypochlorous acid is very efficient to remove Microcystin-LR in a clear well. The previous researches showed that CT, pH and temperature affected removal rate in batch tests. It was noted that hydrodynamic properties of clear well could also influence its removal rate. A mathematical model was built using an axial dispersion reactor model and software was used to simulate the removal rate. The model consisted of the second order differential equations including dispersion, convection, Microcystin-LR reaction with chlorine. Kinetic constants were obtained through batch tests with chlorine. They were $0.430{\times}10^{-3}L/mg/sec$ and $0.143{\times}10^{-3}L/mg/sec$ for pH 7.0 and 8.1, respectively. The axial dispersion reactor model was shown to be useful for the numerical model through conservative tracer tests. The numerical model successfully estimated the removal rate of Microcyctin-LR in a clear well. Numerical simulations showed that a small dispersion number, low pH and long hydraulic retention time were critical for higher removal rate with same chlorine dosage. This model could be used to optimize the operation of a clear well during an eutrophication season.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.27-42
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of acupuncture and electro-acupuncture at $LR_3$ on intestinal motility in rat. Methods : We made over-activated state of intestinal motility with carbachol and suppressed state of intestinal motility with loperamide in rat and carried out needle retention acupuncture and high frequency electro-acupuncture at $LR_3$ in rat devided into pre-treatment group and post-treatment group. The charcoal travel rate was measured to evaluate the intestinal motility. Results : 1. High frequency electro-acupuncture at $LR_3$ have significant influences on intestinal motility of rat in normal state. 2. Pre-treatment of needle retention acupuncture, high frequency electro-acupuncture significantly decreased intestinal motility in rat which over-activated with carbachol. 3. Post-treatment of high frequency electro-acupuncture significantly increased intestinal motility in rat which suppressed with loperamide. Conclusions : These results suggest that acupuncture and electro-acupuncture at $LR_3$ are effective on intestinal motility in rat.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.9D no.4
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• pp.543-554
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• 2002

GIS (Geographic Information Systems) need faster access and better visualization. For faster access and better visualization in GIS, map generalization and levels of detail are needed. Existing spatial indexing methods do not support map generalization. Also, a few existing spatial indexing methods supporting map generalization do not support ail map generalization operations. We propose a new index structure, i.e. the LR-tree, supporting ail map generalization operations. This paper presents algorithms for the searching and updating the LR-tree and the results of performance evaluation. Our index structure works better than other spatial indexing methods for map generalization.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2004

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the influence of feeding Lactobacillus reuteri culture (LR) on productive performance, intestinal microflora and availability in laying hens. Four hundred and eighty, Isa-Brown layers, 49 weeks of age, were fed diets supplemented with LR at the level of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, and $0.4\%$ of the diets for eight weeks. Egg production and egg weight were measured daily. Feed intake was weighed every two weeks. Egg quality was measured three times at the start, mid-term, and end of the experiment. Intestinal microflora were examined for Lactobacillus spp., E. coli and Salmonella at the end of the experiment. Overall egg production was the highest in $0.2\%$ LR (P<0.05), but that of $0.1\%$ or $0.4\%$ LR treatments did not significantly differ from that of control. Egg weight was significantly higher in LR feeding group than the control (P<0.05). Daily egg mass was significantly higher in $0.2\%$ and $0.4\%$ LR treatments compared to the control and $0.1\%$ LR (P<0.05). The number of jumbo and extra large eggs were increased in LR supplemented groups, especially in $0.1\%$ LR. Feed intake of layers fed LR supplemented diets tended to be lower than the control. However, feed conversion ratio significantly improved in LR supplemented groups (P<0.05). Availability of dry matter and crude protein improved significantly in $0.4\%$ LR treatment (P<0.05). But, those of ether extract and crude ash were not significantly different among treatments. Eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness were not significantly influenced by LR supplementation, and Haugh unit and yolk index were also similar to the control. Total number of Lactobacillus spp. in ileum and cecum fed LR supplemented diets were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in intestinal E. coli and Salmonella in all treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri culture can improve the laying performance, feed efficiency and intestinal Lactobacillus.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.29-46
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• 2004

Objectives and Methods : This study was performed to investigate the effect of electro -acupuncture at four gates(bilateral LR3 and LI4) on brain activity in normal subjects using fMRI. Results and Conclusions : 1. fMRI signal increase by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 was observed in Rt. Middle frontal gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 2. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 were observed in Rt. Superior frontal gyrus, Rt. Middle temporal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 3. fMRI signal increases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. Superior frontal gyrus, Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Inf. Semi-Lunar Lobule(cerebellum), Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 4. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Lt. Precentral gyrus and Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Middle temporal gyrus, Rt. Precuneus, Rt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Rt. Postcentral gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 5. fMRI signal increase by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 and Lt. LI4 in group average as well as more than half of the subjects was not observed. 6. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 and Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. culmen(cerebellum), Lt. Cingulate gyrus와 Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus, Rt. Inferior frontal gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 7. fMRI signal increases by electro-acupuncture at four gates (bilateral LR3 and LI4) were observed in Lt. Middle temporal gyrus and Lt. Postcentral gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 8. fMRI signal decrease by electro-acupuncture at four gates (bilateral LR3 and LI4) were observed in Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Precentral gyrus, Lt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Lt. Middle temporal gyrus, Lt. Frontal sub-gyral and Rt. Tuber(cerebellum) in group average as well as more than half of the subjects.