• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2015

Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (L-LPS) has shown potency in activating toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in pig fibroblasts (PEFs_NCC1), and causes the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the stimulation by L-LPS was weak eliciting the function of TLR2 sufficiently in pig innate immunity responses during Leptospira infection. In this study, the immune response of pig embryonic fibroblast cell line (PEFs_SV40) was investigated and was found to be the high immune response, thus TLR2 is the predominate receptor of L-LPS in pig cells. Further, we found a strategy using the antibody against L-LPS, to prevent L-LPS interaction with TLR2 in pig cells which could impact on immune activation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2000

The activated immune systems with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) were evaluates by ${\gamma}$- globulin levels in domestic cats. Especially, cats were in a stress condition, which was unfamiliar environmental change. Effect of continuous unfamiliar environmental stressor was a diminution of production of serum total globulin auld ${\gamma}$- globulin on feline infectious peritonitis(FIP) vaccination. The ${\gamma}$-globulin production on FIP vaccination more increased in LPS treated 77ups than non-LPS treated group. Also. the ${\gamma}$-globulin production on FIP vaccination was maintained in LPS treated group under stress condition. These results imply that that the ${\gamma}$-globulin can be produced under a stress condition by mitogen like as LPS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.696-706
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to characterize serum immunoglobulins and lymphocytes subpopulations in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of Holstein calves in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge from Escherichia coli. Fourteen calves received subcutaneous injections of E. coli LPS at 10 weeks of age, and six calves were injected with saline as a control. The concentrations of total serum IgG and the relative amount of LPS-specific IgG in calves challenged with LPS were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to control animals and LPS challenge significantly increased (p<0.05) the percentage of $CD5^+$ and $CD21^+$ T cells in PBMCs. Meanwhile, LPS challenge significantly increased (p<0.05, p<0.01) the percentage of $CD8^+$ and $CD25^+$ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at 7 and 14 Day-post LPS challenge (DPLC), respectively. The composition of $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cells and $CD8^+CD25^+$ T cells from calves challenged with LPS was also higher (p<0.05 and p = 0.562, respectively) than those of control calves at 14 DPLC. In conclusion, LPS challenge not only induces production of IgG with expression of B-cell immune response related cell surface molecules, but also stimulates activation of T-lymphocytes in PBMC. Our results suggest that LPS challenge in calves is a good model to elucidate cellular immune response against Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2018

Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF{\alpha}$) and the angiotensin system are involved in inflammatory diseases and may contribute to acute kidney injury. We investigated the mechanisms by which $TNF{\alpha}$-converting enzyme (TACE) contributes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal inflammation and the effect of TACE inhibitor treatment on LPS-induced cellular injury in human renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells. Mice were treated with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and HK-2 cells were cultured with or without LPS ($10{\mu}g/ml$) in the presence or absence of a type 1 TACE inhibitor ($1{\mu}M$) or type 2 TACE inhibitor ($10{\mu}M$). LPS treatment induced increased serum creatinine, $TNF{\alpha}$, and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and TACE increased, while angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) expression decreased in LPS-induced acute kidney injury and LPS-treated HK-2 cells. LPS induced reactive oxygen species and the down-regulation of ACE2, and these responses were prevented by TACE inhibitors in HK-2 cells. TACE inhibitors increased cell viability in LPS-treated HK-2 cells and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate that LPS activates renin angiotensin system components via the activation of TACE. Furthermore, inhibitors of TACE are potential therapeutic agents for kidney injury.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.132-141
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• 2021

Objective: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria causes poor uterine receptivity by inducing excessive inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface. This study aimed to investigate the detrimental effects of LPS on the attachment and outgrowth of various types of trophoblastic spheroids on endometrial epithelial cells (ECC-1 cells) in an in vitro model of implantation. Methods: Three types of spheroids with JAr, JEG-3, and JAr mixed JEG-3 (JmJ) cells were used to evaluate the effect of LPS on early implantation events. ECC-1 cells were treated with LPS to mimic endometrial infection, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The attachment rates and outgrowth areas were evaluated in the various trophoblastic spheroids and ECC-1 cells treated with LPS. Results: LPS treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (CXCL1, IL-8, and IL-33) and decreased the protein expression of adhesion molecules (ITGβ3 and ITGβ5) in ECC-1 cells. The attachment rates of JAr and JmJ spheroids on ECC-1 cells significantly decreased after treating the ECC-1 cells with 1 and 10 ㎍/mL LPS. In the outgrowth assay, JAr spheroids did not show any outgrowth areas. However, the outgrowth areas of JEG-3 spheroids were similar regardless of LPS treatment. LPS treatment of JmJ spheroids significantly decreased the outgrowth area after 72 hours of coincubation. Conclusion: An in vitro implantation model using novel JmJ spheroids was established, and the inhibitory effects of LPS on ECC-1 endometrial epithelial cells were confirmed in the early implantation process.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.605-613
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of plant flavonoid (quercetin) on immune parameters, growth performance, and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 40 crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) growing pigs; initial body weight (BW) of 26.95 ± 1.26 kg were used in a six-week experimental trial. Pigs were randomly allocated into one of four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the following factors; without LPS challenge and with LPS challenge (day 21) supplemented with or without 0.1% flavonoid according to BW (2 replicate pens per treatment with 2 gilts and 3 barrows per pen). The single-dose LPS (100 ug / kg BW) injection showed trends tended to be increased in interleukin-6 (IL-6) after 2 h and 6 h of challenge compared with unchallenged pigs. However, other measured immune indices (white blood cell, immunoglobulin G, lymphocyte, and tumor necrosis factor), growth performance, and nutrient digestibility were not significantly different between challenged and non-challenged animals. The supplementation of flavonoid significantly increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during day 0-21, tended to increase dry matter and nitrogen digestibility, significantly reduced IL-6, increased Ig-G and WBC concentrations and increased lymphocytes percentage regardless of LPS challenge.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2003

Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Gagamchunggan-tang on anti-inflammation reaction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HepG2 cell. Method : We examined the effects of the Gagamchunggan-tang, a traditional drug for liver inflammation, on the process of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nuclear factor-${\kappa}Bp65(NF-{\kappa}Bp65)$ activation in HepG2 cell. SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, Immunofluorescence staining were studied. Results : Immunoblot analysis showed that the level of nucleic $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$ was rapidly up-regulated and cytosolic inhibitory $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ was down-regulated by LPS challenge. While Gagamchunggan-tang inhibited an increase of $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$ and degradation of $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in HepG2 cell. Besides LPS-induced expression of a group of genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$, inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), are repressed by Gagamchunggan-tang. It may be concluded that Gagamchunggan-tang attenuates the progress of LPS-induced inflammation by reduction of $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$ activation. Conclusion : The Gagamchunggan-tang would be useful as a therapeutic agent for endotoxin-induced liver disease.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2000

An immunogenic, high molecular weight lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-protein complex isolated from a potassium thioncyanate extract of a Pasteurella multocida (P multocida ; strain P-2383, capsular type A and somatic type 3) was characterized. Chemical analysis of the complex by gas chromatography on a capillary column demonstrated that this complex contained most of the chemical constituents characteristic of LPS extracted by the phenol-water methed from the whole bacterium. However, there was proportionately more carbohydrate than fatty acid in the complex in contrast to LPS in which fatty acid seemed to be in excess. When toxicity of the complex was evaluated in 10-day-old chicken embryos, the complex was less toxic ($LD_{50}=12.72{\mu}g$) than the purified LPS ($LD_{50}=0.44{\mu}g$). The $LD_{50}$, of the LPS moiety extracted from the complex was $5.24{\mu}g$. Composition of the complex was analyzed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining and Western immunoblotting. The complex did not migrate through the polyacrylamide gel unless dissociated with SDS. The complex dissociated with SDS contained at least 32 different protein and polysaccharide components: 18 components reacted with an antiserum against the complex. There was no significant compositional variation between the complexes from different strains, but quantitative differences in individual components were noted. When cross-protectivity of the complex was evaluated in mice, this complex provided substantial protection not only against the homologous bacteriun but also against different P multocida strains of the same serotype. LPS-protein complexes isolated by the same method from other strains also induced protection against an challenge with P-2383.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.491-497
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• 2018

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, elicits the secretion of cytokines, such as interferons, that stimulate the host defense system. Previously, we demonstrated that interferons induce interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 1, 3, and 7, which regulate the transcription of Noxa and alter the expression profiles of Bcl-2 family proteins in tumors. However, the immediate consequences of LPS stimulation on Noxa and BH3 expression in tumor cells remain uncharacterized. In this study, we determined that LPS induced Noxa expression in CT26 cells. Furthermore, studies in HCT116 parental and HCT116 p53-deficient cells revealed that LPS-mediated Noxa was independent of p53. Meanwhile, IRF1, 3, and 7 in CT26, HCT116 parental, and HT116 p53-deficient cells were upregulated by LPS stimulation, suggesting that LPS induces the expression of these IRFs in a p53-independent manner. The responsiveness of IRF1, 3, 4, and 7 binding to the Noxa promoter region to LPS indicated that IRF1, 3, and 7 activated Noxa expression, whereas IRF4 repressed Noxa expression. Together, these results suggest that LPS directly affects Noxa expression in tumor cells through IRFs, implicating that it may contribute to LPS-induced tumor regression.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.464-474
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• 2021

대사성질환, 암, 손상, 및 패혈증 등에 의해 유도되는 염증은 산화스트레스를 통해 세포의 미토콘드리아의 기능을 감퇴시켜 신경증과 근육위축증 등을 야기한다. 본 연구에서는 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)에 의해 유도된 미토콘 드리아의 기능감퇴와 근육위측증에 대한 butyrate의 억제효과를 확인하고자 하였다. LPS의 처리는 C2C12세포에서 MAPK의 활성을 통해 미토콘드리아 분열을 촉진하는 DRP1 (Ser616) 인산화와 Atrogin-1의 발현을 증가시켰다. 그러나 butyrate를 처리한 C2C12세포에서는 LPS 처리에 의한 염증 효과가 유의적으로 감소하며, 미토콘드리아 분열을 억제하는 DRP1 (Ser637)의 인산화와 mitofugin2 (Mfn2)의 발현을 증가를 유도하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 butyrate를 처리한 세포에서 대사성질환을 유발하는 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4)의 발현을 억제함이 관찰되었다. 이는 butyrate가 포도당 대사에서 염증에 의해 유도되는 Warburg 효과를 억제하여 산화스트레스를 개선함으로써, JNK의 활성을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과들은 butyrate가 항산화효과를 통해 패혈증과 대사성질환과 같은 염증에 의해 유도되는 미토콘드리아의 기능 감퇴와 이에 따른 근육위축증을 개선할 수 있는 후보물질로 활용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.