• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.116-121
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• 2020

With the recent development of the 4th Industrial Revolution, efforts have been made to carry out communication in a smart factory, farm, etc. at low cost and reliably. Methods for utilizing empty frequencies using TVWS(TV White Space) have been studied which can be used locally within 30 km. However, there have not been many studies on Path-Loss model considering Korean environment. In this paper, the Path-Loss model is divided into LOS (Line Of Sight) and NLOS (None LOS). In case of LOS model, we checked the difference between Free space model, Friis model, 2-ray model and Hata model with measured data. In the case of NLOS model, we checked the difference between Lee Model, ITU-R526-3 Model with measured data. In order to overcome the difference in Korean environment, we derived a model that can be applied in LOS and NLOS and prove its usefulness through performance evaluation through simulation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.503-510
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• 2021

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) incorporates aesthetic and craniofacial surgical principles and techniques to feminize masculine facial features and facilitate gender transitioning. A detailed understanding of the defining male and female facial characteristics is essential for success. In this first part of a two-part series, we discuss key aspects of the general preoperative consultation that should be considered when evaluating the prospective facial feminization patient. Assessment of the forehead, orbits, hairline, eyebrows, eyes, and nose and the associated procedures, including scalp advancement, supraorbital rim reduction, setback of the anterior table of the frontal sinus, rhinoplasty, and soft tissue modifications of the upper and midface are discussed. In the second part of this series, bony manipulation of the midface, mandible, and chin, as well as soft tissue modification of the nasolabial complex and chondrolaryngoplasty are discussed. Finally, a review of the literature on patient-reported outcomes in this population following FFS is provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.339-348
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• 2010

The government continues to make efforts to improve effectiveness, integration and connectivity of public transportation systems. But there have been only a few studies about it. This paper addresses the quality evaluation of pedestrian facility service in transfer stations at urban railroad. LOS (Level Of Service) model of urban railroad by facility based on the body ellipse and density recalculated considering the recent Korean body standard and the suggested Pedestrian Moving Equivalent (PME) and Pedestrian Waiting Equivalent (PWE). For LOS model for the ticket booths and ticket vending machines, queuing theory has been applied to determine LOS of Pedestrians. And the importance weights among the pedestrian facilities is obtained by applying AHP analysis. Lastly, this paper shows and discusses the evaluation results of overall LOS of pedestrian facilities of five urban railroad transfer stations in Seoul.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to determine whether the published AMI report card could reduce in-patient mortality, 7-day after discharge mortality, and length of stay (LOS). Methods : Interrupted time-series intervention analysis was used to evaluate the impact of the report card for AMI care quality in November 2005 in terms of risk-adjusted in-patient mortality, risk-adjusted 7-day after discharge mortality, and DRGs case-mix LOS using the claim data of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Results : Public disclosure of AMI care quality decreased risk-adjusted in-patient mortality and DRGs case-mix LOS by 0.00050% per month and 0.042 days per month respectively, however there was no effect on risk-adjusted 7-day after discharge mortality. Patterns of effect of public disclosure on AMI outcomes were a fluctuating pattern on risk-adjusted mortalities and a pulse impact for 1 month on DRGs case-mix LOS. Conclusions : We found the public disclosure of AMI care quality had decreasing effects on risk-adjusted in-patient mortality and DRGs case-mix LOS, but the size of the effect was marginal.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2024

The total number of railroad stations managed in Korea is 322 (including general and wide-area railways), and a considerable number of stations are aging. In terms of the size of the existing railway station and the number of entrances, it has not been possible to secure adequate service capacity, and the demand for station improvement is increasing due to changes in surrounding conditions such as urban development. In the past, railroad stations were focused on the simple function of a connection passage in terms of maintenance or management, but in recent years, railroad stations are also changing to an atmosphere that they should be reborn as a user-centered comfortable, convenient, and safe service provision space. In this study, a case study related to the improvement of the old railway station was conducted to derive an improvement plan that meets the improvement standard of the old station, and the service level evaluation standard was developed. By introducing the concept of service level (LOS) in the development model, station congestion, station movement convenience, and station safety were selected as evaluation indicators. In addition, this development model applied an analytical stratification technique to divide various evaluation elements of each indicator into major and detailed elements and derive the relative importance of the elements by class. Priority for improvement was derived using the ratio of the number of E and F on the LOS for each facility. Based on this study, it is expected to be helpful in using it as an evaluation criterion for improving objective and equitable railway station.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4D
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• pp.533-538
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• 2008

The introduction of KTX (Korea Train Express) has brought an historic change to the overall transit system in Korea. The high-speed railway stations in particular are expanding the scope as public transit centers. However, it is evident that the evaluation on the high-speed railway stations had not been performed successfully thus far. The most important element of the evaluation is the connectivity of the departure point to the arriving stations and also the internal transfer service stations. We developed the service evaluation indicators of transfer facilities in the high-speed railway stations. The indicators are comprised of the level of service (LOS), the propriety of allocation, and the quality of information throughout the facilities in the centers. We examined the 7 stations in Korea that are currently in operation and standardized the methodology of the evaluation process by applying the indicators suggested in this study.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.747-752
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• 2009

In this paper, the MIMO(Multi-Input Multi-Output) channel characteristics for Rx antenna spacing are described in the real environment, which has LOS(Ling of Sight) and NLOS (Won-Line of Sight). We developed $2\times2$ MIMO channel measurement system at 2.3GHz Wibro Band. MIMO antenna evaluation parameters such as received power, channel capacity and spatial correlation are evaluated for standard dipole antenna with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 wavelength spacing at 2-position for LOS and 4-position for NLOS. The spatial correlation is distributed more than 0.9 in most LOS case which might be intricate to operate MIMO communication. MIMO antenna design need to be focused on getting spatial diversity and reducing spatial correlation in LOS case.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2023

A series of studies on the development of autonomous surface ships have been promoted in domestic and foreign countries. One of the main technologies for the development of autonomous ships is path-following control, which is closely related to securing the safety of ships at sea. In this regard, the path-following performance of an autonomous ship should be first evaluated at the design stage. The main aim of this study was to develop a visual and quantitative evaluation method for the path-following control performance of an autonomous ship at the design stage. This evaluation technique was developed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based path-following control model together with a line-of-sight (LOS) guidance algorithm. CFD software was utilized to visualize waves around the ship, performing path-following control for visual evaluation. In addition, a quantitative evaluation was carried out using the difference between the desired and estimated yaw angles, as well as the distance difference between the planned and estimated trajectories. The results demonstrated that the ship experienced large deviations from the planned path near the waypoints while changing its course. It was also found that the fluid phenomena around the ship could be easily identified by visualizing the flow generated by the ship. It is expected that the evaluation method proposed in this study will contribute to the visual and quantitative evaluation of the path-following performance of autonomous ships at the design stage.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-25
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• 2015

PURPOSES : This paper aims at the implementation of a balanced scorecard that can be widely applied to modern business management for use in the public road management sector. METHODS : This study applied the newly developed LOS-based balanced scorecard system instead of a traditional Key Performance Index (KPI) for better decision making in asset management planning. As an evaluation technique, a" hierarchical alignment and cascading method" is also suggested. Finally, the suggested system has been empirically applied to a regional government. RESULTS : To provide stable and sustainable road services, the balanced scorecard informs the regional government of needed improvements in its asset management plans regarding budget optimization, structural management, the development of inner-business processes, and human resources. CONCLUSIONS : An LOS-based balanced scorecard for managing road services and organizations in a quantitative manner has been successfully developed and tested through a field study. The developed scorecard is a timely topic and a useful analytical tool for coping with the new phases of an aging infrastructure, tighter budgets, and demand for greater public accountability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.187-190
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• 1993

A study was conducted to compare and determine the incidence of ultrastructural alterations in the testes of Philippine carabaos and crossbred buffaloes. Thirteen Philippine carabao bulls and twenty five crossbred male buffaloes were used in this study. Testicular biopsy was used to get tissue samples which were prepared for histologic evaluation using the electron microscopy method. There was no significant difference in Sertoli cell alterations between Philippine carabaos and crossbred buffaloes. However, more crossbred buffaloes (40%) had both Sertoli cell and spermatogenic cell alterations which were significantly higher compared to the 7.7% occurrence in Philippine carabaos. Sertoli cells of crossbred buffaloes exhibited intracavitary structures and exaggerated infoldings of the nuclear envelope (36%), nuclear bleb (16%), and intracytoplasmic vacuolations (16%). Philippine carabaos exhibited few ultrastructural alterations which were mainly intracytoplasmic vacuolations in Sertoli cells (15%).