• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.89-109
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop licensed fashion products based on the analysis of Korean professional baseball licensing. This study reviewed the introduction of sports marketing, licensing programs, and analyzed the current status of licensing brands and products in Korean baseball clubs. Based on this analysis, high value added licensed products were developed for Korean professional baseball clubs. The results of this study were as follows. First, all Korean baseball clubs operated offline shopping malls in their home stadiums and posted online shopping mall links on their websites. Moreover, licensed products were developed through agreements with sports and licensing companies, and sales were being done through official shopping malls, open markets, and shopping malls. Various marketing for specific events or targets were not done well. Second, licensed products were mostly fashion products such as clothing and hats. Most of them were unisex wear, but the proportion of fashion products for women was not large. Also, while the licensed products used elements that made the baseball team feel symbolic throughout, they sometimes sold products that did not reveal the identity of the professional baseball team, with an emphasis on motifs that were unrelated to the team. Third, this study selected KIA Tigers and developed 27 kinds of women's licensed fashion products including textile designs. Through this research, it was derived that there is the need for integrated marketing of Korean professional baseball, diversification of consumer-based licensing products, and enhanced entertainment products for the Korean baseball cheering culture.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.406-430
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• 2007

Most pharmaceutical licensing deals are made in the early stage of drug development. While this development process is not unique for complicated technology, a special feature of drug development is that it is highly regulated and a well-defined process. Its statistics in terms of costs and chances of technical success have been researched extensively. This enables relatively detailed calculations as benchmarks for actual deals to be made. Based on such calculations and on the analysis of licensing terms in published agreements, various companies offer quite expensive information, databases, software programs and consultation services to help establish what might be reasonable economic terms in a licensing deal. Over the years, pharmaceutical royalties have been the subject of various articles in journals. Most specific on this subject was the article on determining pharmaceutical royalties. Many other articles are about a more general nature deal with determining reasonable royalty rates, evaluating and underpinning the empirical value and usefulness of the 25% rule. The object of this article is to provide a relatively simple analytical approach based on the major economic terms underlying pharmaceutical licensing deals. The aim is to enhance the understanding of the relations between the major factors involved. Details are disregarded, as generally, where the terms of licensing deals depend on predictions over a considerable length of time, the value of detail is limited. Some specific issues addressed by the approach are the impact on profits of large investments, high risks and long development times characteristic of drug development, the consequent strong impact that the ultimate sales levels and operating margins may have on what might be considered a reasonable royalty rate, and the relationship between upfront payments and milestone payments to be paid during pharmaceutical development and the royalties due once the drug enters the market.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 2009

This study empirically analyzes game engine supplier's licensing strategy connected with supplier's technological regime and technological innovation. The results show that game engine supplier's technological regime is heterogeneously differentiated and it's user friendliness increases. "User Friendliness" of supplier's technological regime enables supplier's efficient technological transfer and increases supporting capability. Technological knowledge factors such as modularity of game engine structure, generic capability, codifiability of tacit game engine knowledge and degree of innovation turn incomplete technological market into efficient technological market by increasing supporting capability and by reducing transaction cost.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.125-135
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• 2013

Since the establishment of the national medical licensing examination board in 1992, the medical licensing examination system has changed enormously and this has had a number of impacts on examination services. All those reforms were aimed at improving the relevance and reliability of the test. Several attempts of the testing system have appeared in the new examination service, and which have also brought about the changes in the medical school curriculum such as introducing integrated courses instead of traditional subjects, using test scores as a reference to the post-graduation selection test. Some examples of changes in the examination system are as follows: 1) choosing three integrated test subjects and outlines of their reference content instead of 15 academic subjects, 2) adjusting the ratio of multiple choice question items to focus more on the problem solving level, 3) introduction of 'one-best answer' single set and 'extended matching type items, 4) item construction based on real clinical cases and real clinical materials. Recently, a clinical skill test system has been introduced to measure examinees' basic clinical skills competencies. Despite continuing efforts, the examination system still has many issues remaining to be solved. These problems include the differential weighting of test items, appropriate threshold for passing, and practicality of pre-testing to stabilize the passing rate and avoid the hazards of newness and undesirably difficult test items.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 2008

As scholarly information environment rapidly changes, library consortia for electronic journal licensing come to require strategies to better address service needs of member institutions as well as to take parts in more progressive initiatives. This study aims to develop a more future-oriented and progressive business model for electronic journal licensing consortia. The model is based on three pillars: strategies for responding to immediate needs; long-term strategies for leading change; and organizational infrastructure.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2019

It is necessary to establish a UAV pilot license and training system because the number of UAV-related accidents has rapidly risen. Most of accidents are caused by the human factors such as the lack of control skill and aviation knowledge. In this paper, we investigate licensing policy of small UAV pilots and examine the level of UAV licensing system and classification criteria based on comparative analysis of national cases such as USA, UK and China. Recently, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Affairs is planning to improve the safety regulation by taking into account the risk level of the licensing system, which has been classified according to the existing weight and commercial purpose. From the comparative analysis, we suggested a improvement policy for UAV licensing system in the view of pilot license segmentation, beyond Visual Line-of-sight flight and high risk UAV for non-commercial.

• Korean journal of medical education
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.347-357
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply alternative standard setting methods for the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE), a criterion-referenced written examination, and to compare them to the conventional cut score used on the KMLE. Methods: The process and results of criterion-referenced standard settings (i.e., the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods) were evaluated. The ratio of passing and failing examinees determined using these alternative standard setting methods was compared to the results of the conventional criteria. Additionally, the external, internal and procedural evaluation of these methods were reviewed. Results: The modified-Angoff method yielded the highest cut score, followed sequentially by the conventional method and the bookmark method. The classification agreement between the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods was 0.720 measured by Cohen's ${\kappa}$ coefficient. The intra-panelist classification consistency of modified-Angoff method was higher than bookmark method. However, the inter-panelist classification consistency was vice versa. The standard setting panelists' survey results showed that the procedures of both methods were satisfactory, but panelists had more confidence in the results of the modified-Angoff method. Conclusion: The modified-Angoff method showed results that were more similar to those of the conventional method. Both new methods showed very high concordance with the conventional method, as well as with each other. The modified-Angoff method was considered feasible for adoption on the KMLE. The standard setting panelists responded positively to the modified-Angoff method in terms of its practical applicability, despite certain advantages of the bookmark method.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1090-1108
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• 2013

Recently national technology commercialization policy using the outcomes of public R&D has been promoting the activities of technology transfer and licensing. Firms also are considering licensing strategies to make great strides and strengthen their future competitiveness. In the licensing deals, objective and reasonable royalty determination is required to be accepted for both negotiation parties. This study analyzed the appropriate royalty range for various types of business and established three royalty influential factors with ten valuation items to explain royalty difference. This study suggested new method to estimate rationally reasonable running royalty rate, combining the appropriate royalty range from classic 25% rule and the result evaluated from royalty influential factors. The adequacy of royalty range from classic 25% rule is confirmed because its range is similar to that of royalty of transfer cases. The final estimate of running royalty can be made from linear function for royalty determination using the results of royalty range and royalty influential factors. This method suggested here is expected to practically useful to determine an appropriate running royalty rate for licensing negotiation.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.372-379
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• 2017

This study was investigated to test whether paternal DNA that was destined for degradation was properly licensed by testing for the presence of mini-chromosome maintenance protein (MCM) 7 and origin recognition complex (ORC) 2 in the paternal pronuclei. ORC2 is one of the first licensing protein to come on and MCM7 is one of the last licensing protein to come on. Zygotes were prepared by injection of control and treated sperm injection (ICSI). To control for DNA breakage, epididymal spermatozoa were treated with DNase I to fragment the DNA, then injected into oocytes. The presence of MCM7 and ORC2 in the pronuclei of mouse zygotes was tested by immunohistochemistry, just before the onset of DNA synthesis, at 5 h after fertilization, and after DNA synthesis began, at 9 h post fertilization. We found that in all cases, both MCM7 and ORC2 were present in both pronuclei at 5 h after sperm injection, just before DNA synthesis began. This indicates that no matter how extensive the DNA damage, recruitment of licensing proteins to the origins of replication was not inhibited. Sperm DNA fragmentation does not prevent licensing of DNA replication origins. Furthermore, the embryo recognizes DNA that is damaged by nucleases. Our data indicate that the one-cell embryo does harbor a mechanism to prevent the replication of severely damaged DNA from spermatozoa, even though the embryos do not undergo classical apoptosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.628-638
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• 2023

Maritime Autonomous Surface ships(MASS) are gradually gaining importance. Until fully autonomous ships are developed, they will likely be controlled by remote operators who are based in a Remote Operations Center. However, there is currently no internationally or domestically established licensing for them. This issue can potentially pose a risk to navigation safety due to operations being handled by unqualified remote operators. We conducted a literature review and proposed criteria for the adoption of a licensing system for remote operators. We have futher offered alternatives to integrate this license into the existing officer licensing system, and analyzed them using Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). Subsequently,, theprimary need to enact legislation for remote operators is observed. The most preferred approach is to include the occupation of a remote operator in the Ship Officer Act, Article 4: Occupational Categories and Class of Licenses. Therefore, it would be logical for the organizational structure of the Remote Operation Center to mirror the traditional Bridge Resource Management. This study will contribute to the efficient training of remote operators and the safe navigation of autonomous ships with a focus on human resource management.