• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.239-245
• /
• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to verify the accuracy of dose delivery according to the pitch and roll rotational setup error with 6D robotic couch in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for pelvic region in patients. Materials and Methods : Trilogy(Varian, USA) and 6D robotic couch(ProturaTM 1.4, CIVCO, USA) were used to measure and analyze the rotational setup error of 14 patients (157 setup cases) for pelvic region. The total 157 Images(CBCT 78, Radiography 79) were used to calculate the mean value and the incidence of pitch and roll rotational setup error with Microsoft Office Excel 2007. The measured data (3 mm, 3%) at the reference angle ($0^{\circ}$) without couch rotation of pitch and roll direction was compared to the others at different pitch and roll angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $2.5^{\circ}$) to verify the accuracy of dose delivery by using 2D array ionization chamber (I'mRT Matrixx, IBA Dosimetry, Germany) and MultiCube Phantom(IBA Dosimetry, Germany). Result from the data, gamma index was evaluated. Results : The mean values of pitch and roll rotational setup error were $0.9^{\circ}{\pm}0.7$, $0.5^{\circ}{\pm}0.6$. The maximum values of them were $2.8^{\circ}$, $2.0^{\circ}$. All of the minimum values were zero. The mean values of gamma pass rate at four different pitch angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $2.5^{\circ}$) were 97.75%, 96.65%, 94.38% and 90.91%. The mean values of gamma pass rate at four different roll angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $2.5^{\circ}$) were 93.68%, 93.05%, 87.77% and 84.96%. when the same angles ($1^{\circ}$, $1.5^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$) of pitch and roll were applied simultaneously, The mean values of each angle were 94.90%, 92.37% and 87.88%, respectively. Conclusion : As a result of this study, it was able to recognize that the accuracy of dose delivered is lowered gradually as pitch and roll increases. In order to increase the accuracy of delivered dose, therefore, it is recommended to perform IGRT or correct patient's position in the pitch and roll direction, to improve the quality of treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2010

Fomesafen is a selective herbicide, and used to control annual and perennial broad-leaf grass on soybean and fruit fields in USA and China, but not introduced in Korea yet. So, MRL (Maximum Residue Level), and analytical method of fomesafen were not establishment in Korea. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to establish a determination method for fomesafen residue in crops using HPLC-UVD/MS. Fomesafen residue was extracted with acetone from representative samples of five raw products which comprised hulled rice, soybean, apple, green pepper, and Chinese cabbage. The extract was diluted with saline water, and dichloromethane partition was followed to recover fomesafen from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final clean up of the extract. The fomesafen was quantitated by HPLC with UVD, using a Shiseido CAPCELL-PAK UG C18 column. The crops were fortified with fomesafen at 3 levels per crop. Mean recovery ratio were ranged from 87.5% for a 0.4 ppm in hulled rice to 102.5% for a 0.4 ppm in apple. The coefficients of variation were ranged from 0.6% for a 2.0 ppm in hulled rice to 7.7% for a 0.04 ppm in green pepper. Quantitative limit of fomesafen was 0.04 mg/kg in representative 5 crop samples. A LC/MS with selected-ion monitoring was also provided to confirm the suspected residue. Therefore, this analytical method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residue of fomesafen in agricultural commodities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.79-86
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: Chinese cabbage biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including carotenoids and glucosinolates. Environmental stress has a major effect on the growth and yields of vegetables, and can significantly affect nutritionally important phytochemicals. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various light sources on carotenoid and glucosinolate contents in Chinese cabbage. METHODS AND RESULTS: [Experiment I] Set the control (field control, FC) on the ground. Using acrylic sunlight, experiments were set up transparency box (field transparency, FT), red box (field red, FR) and blue box (field blue, FB). [Experiment II] Set the control (chamber control, CC) in the greenhouse. Using plant growth chamber with artificial light, experiments were set up LED red (chamber red, CR), LED blue (chamber blue, CB), LED mixed red+blue (chamber red+blue, CRB) and fluorescent (chamber fluorescent, CF). After plant growth, Chinese cabbage was harvested at 110 days after sowing (DAS). The status of plants growth (leaf length, width, fresh weight etc.) was immediately investigated. Carotenoid and GSL contents were analyzed by HPLC. [Experiment I] Results documented that the ranges of total carotenoid contents were 25.39 ~ 58.80 mg/kg dry wt for lutein, 0.84~ 4.22 mg/kg dry wt for zeaxanthin, and 3.85~18.71 mg/kg dry wt for ${\beta}$-carotene. Lutein was the highest for the content and the largest for the variation as well. [Experiment II] Results documented that the ranges of total carotenoid contents were 24.66~137.96 for lutein, 2.51~20.65 for zeaxanthin, and 8.40~49.80 mg/kg dry wt for ${\beta}$-carotene. The total carotenoid contents of CR (156.62) and CB (115.90) were 1.6~2.3 times larger than the other treatments, and ${\beta}$-carotene content was about twice as high as that of the other treatments on the CR (38.74 mg/kg dry wt.). [Experiment I] Total GSL content was the highest in FT (19.76) that was higher 1.7 times than the lowest treatment ($11.39{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.). [Experiment II] The total content of GSL was highest in CRB (4.19) and lowest in CF ($2.88{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.). In the CRB, total GSL contents ($4.19{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.) was the highest. CONCLUSION: Total and individual carotenoid and GSL contents in Chinese cabbage show significant differences under different light sources. Red and blue lights contribute to significant carotenoids expression and antioxidant activity for nutrition and health benefits. These results concluded that the introduction of varying lights affected the synthesis of important nutrient compounds in Chinese cabbage. It is predicted that the application of good light source enhances the accumulation of functional compounds.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.456-460
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to compare the pattern of mutant variation and to evaluate the characteristics of mutants obtained by gamma irradiation in rose 'Kardinal'. Forty four rooted cuttings of 'Kardinal' were irradiated at 70 Gy gamma-ray dose from a $^{60}Co$ source to induce mutants in 2002. The irradiated plants were planted in field, and observed spotting of petal color mutants from 2002 to 2004. Four different kinds of mutant twigs with each different color flower were obtained from the irradiated 'Kardinal' with red petal. After being identified to be a stable mutant from 2004 to 2008, each mutant line propagated by cutting was hydroponic-cultured to evaluate the characteristics in the greenhouse from 2008 to 2009. Four mutant lines obtained from 'Kardinal' with red petal (Red group, 44A, 45B) include KA1 with light pink petal (Red group, 55B-55D), KA2 with pink petal (Red group, 63A-63B), KA3 with deep pink (Red purple, N57A-N57C), and KA4 with orange red (Red group, 43A-43B). Diameters of each flower in four mutant lines were different from 'Kardinal'. The line KA1 was 9.5 cm wide, and it showed the smallest diameter when compared to other mutants. While the line KA2 was the largest one with 12.5 cm 'Kardinal'. Petal number per flower was also variable among the mutants. The line KA2 had 39.8 petals being the largest number among the mutants, while the line KA1 was the lowest one compared to 35.5 petals of 'Kardinal'. Petal color was measured by using colorimeter. Brightness (L) measured at each petal of four mutants increased more than 'Kardinal'. CIE Lab values, a and b decreased more than 'Kardinal' at the petal color of three mutants except the line KA4. Characteristics of shoot, leaf, etc. from four mutants were also different from the ones of 'Kardinal'. The line KA1 was shortest in shoot, node and peduncle length, and lowest in prickle number. The reverse side of leaves was reddish green color in 'Kardinal' as well as the line KA4, but green color in the line KA1, KA2, and KA3.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to obtain fundamental information on forage sorghum breeding in forage crop field of Livestock Experiment Station at Suwon from 1986 to 1991. The charcterization of sorghum germplasm was performed through 1986 to 1987, and after parental lines were selected from diverse sorghum germplasm on the basis of flowering date, plant height and several morphological characters for forage sorghum Fl hybrids. The range of variation of 50% flowering date and plant height were greater in order of forage sorghum sudangrass and male sterile line of grain sorghum. The average flowering date was earlier in sudangrass and male sterile line of grain sorghum than forage sorghum lines from the tested sorghum germplasms. And the average plant height was tall in order of forage sorghum, sudangrass and male sterile lines of grain sorghum. There were remarkable morphological variations between sudangrass lines and male sterile lines of grain sorghum such as plant color, leaf midrib color, glume color, seed coat color, head compactness and shape, awns, grain covering and 100 seed weight.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.28-41
• /
• 2014

The distinctive physiological effect of dietary fiber in the body were studied according to contents and characteristics of each fiber component. In the present study, the composition of fiber in vegetables was investigated, and the effect of heat treatments on fiber content was studied. Contents of total pectin were 0.89~2.75 g/100 g on dry weight basis, with most contents from 1~2 g/100 g. The hot water soluble pectin (HWSP) content of vegetables ranged from 0.33~0.98 g/100 g, sodium hexametaphosphate soluble pectin (HXSP), from 0.29~0.81 g/100 g and HCl soluble pectin(HCLSP), from 0.30~1.40 g/100 g. HCLSP showed the greatest variation according to the type of vegetables. Every vegetable types showed similar contents of these three pectic fractions. Fiber contents of vegetables ranged from 8.8~23.8% for cellulose, 0.6~10.6% for hemicellulose, 1.0~5.2% for lignin, 10.9~25.4% for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and 11.8~31.9% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on dry weight basis. Especially, peppers showed higher contents of NDF than the other vegetables. It was found that a great portion of NDF, which is total insoluble dietary fiber, was composed of cellulose since cellulose constituted 63% of NDF. Heat treatment reduced total pectin content in all vegetables regardless of the heating methods and the greatest reduction was observed upon boiling. HWSP content increased, whereas HXSP and HCLSP contents decreased. Heat treatment increased the NDF, ADF and cellulose contents, and most changes were due to changes in cellulose content. The values of hemicellulose and lignin showed irregular pattern upon heating. Contents of total dietary fiber (TDF) were 1.20~7.11% on fresh weight basis. Garlic, edible burdock and pepper leaf showed higher contents of TDF than other vegetables. It was found that a great portion of TDF was composed of insoluble dietary fiber.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.10 no.E
• /
• pp.371-386
• /
• 1994

Ecological examinations of the radial growth Patterns of pine trees(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc) growing on Mt. Namsan in central Seoul were made to test a Proposition that the pine trees decline due to the influence of air pollution and acid rain, which was proposed by some researchers in Korea, and the potential effects of current level of air pollutants to the growth of the Pine trees in central Seoul have been speculated. Tree-rings of 40 trees sampled at 3 sites of Mt. Namsan were prepared and examined using a Computer-aided Tree-Ring Measuring System at Kookmin University, Korea. Air Pollutant data collected by the Ministry of Environment( MOE ) and the Forestry Research Institute(FRI) were used to infer the general conditions of the environment. Correlation analysis was applied to the data set of tree growth and the other environmental factors. General information derived from the close examination of the tree-rings and the data on air pollution, drought and the other biological conditions suggested that the growth of the pine trees was severely affected by the occurrence of drought(climatic variation), the prevalence of the pine leaf gall midges(insects), and the suppression by the black locust trees(Robinia pseudo-acacia L.) (competition among trees). While the current condition of air pollution in Seoul cannot be categorized as good, the concentrations of air pollutants are not so high as to cause acute damages to the trees. In addition, while the data of rain acidity showed episodic low PHs of under 4.0, the average of them is far less acidic than those which were observed in either northeastern United States or central Europe, where the decline of trees were not solely attributed to any of the air pollutants. Considering the sequential facts that one of the most important environmental factors that affect the growth of trees is weather condition of the forest that the proposition of the decline of the pine trees was made without careful examination of the growth patterns and past growth history of them as well as the complex influences of many other factors including the weather conditions to the growth of trees, and that no objective explanation has been made on the causal relationships between the current condition of air pollution and the growth of the trees, such a proposition should be evaluated as invalid for the explanation of tree growth on Mt. Namsan in central Seoul, Korea. The author evaluates the factors of air pollution (including acid rain) as the predisposing factors, which may have the Potentials to chronically affect the tree growth at the forest ecosystem on Mt. Namsan for a long period of time. Ecosystem ecological studies should be further carried out to carefully explain both the functional and the structural aspects of the ecosystem processes, which include the biogeochemistry and the long-term changes of soil conditions as well as the growth of the other tree species on the mountain.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.221-224
• /
• 2006

To analyze how the furrow directions made by the azimuth of $90^{\circ}-270^{\circ}(N\;90^{\circ})$, $120^{\circ}-300^{\circ}(N\;120^{\circ})\;and\;0^{\circ}-180^{\circ}(N\;180^{\circ})$ effect on the growth characteristics and yield of 2 and 3-year-old ginseng, both of $N\;90^{\circ}\;and\;N\;180^{\circ}$ compared with$N\;120^{\circ}$ recommended as the standard practices for ginseng cultivation. $N\;90^{\circ}$ showed lower quantum and air temperature during forenoon, while it showed higher quantum and air temperature from 15:00 to 19:00 than that of $N\;120^{\circ}$. $N\;180^{\circ}$ showed high quantum and air temperature due to the distinct increase of sunlight penetrated from 9:00 to 11:00, and which were similar to that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ during afternoon. Stem length and leaf area in $N\;90^{\circ}\;and\;N\;180^{\circ}$, respectively, were decreased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$, and those in $N\;180^{\circ}$ were decreased more distinctly than $N\;90^{\circ}$. Heat injury rate was decreased in $N\;90^{\circ}$, while it was increased distinctly in $N\;180^{\circ}$ that showed high quantum and air temperature, and which showed great variation according to the year. Yield of $N\;180^{\circ}$ was decreased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ in 2004, the year when it was a relatively high air temperature during summer season, but which was increased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ in 2005 showing a rotatively low air temperature.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.372-382
• /
• 1996

In order to elucidate the relationship between the mobility of heavy metals in soil and their uptake by plants, the soil samples collected from the Mangyeong River area were analyzed for the contents and existing forms of the heavy metals and the correlation between the contents of heavy metals in the soil and those in various parts of rice plants therefrom. The soil samples were collectes from ten sites in the paddy fields in 1982 and 1990, respectively, and the analysis on heavy metals including Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb was performed. The results are as follows: Total contents of heavy metals in the samples of 1990 were higher than those of 1982. The extent of increase was that Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb were 3, 29, 59 and 8% in top soil and 8, 50, 91 and 8% in sub-soil, respectively. The order of increasing ratio was Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd and the variation of Cd content by sequentially different extraction was organically bound > dilute acid-extractable=Fe-Mn oxide bound > exchangeable > residual fractions and the content of Cd with organically bound was $46.62{\sim}48.08$ and $41.18{\sim}50.18%$ of total Cd in top and sub-soil, respectively. The ratios of immobile heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, bound within an oxide or silicate matrix of Fe-Mn oxide in top-soil were 21.25, 35.98, 74.18 and 82.12%, respectively, and consequently their mobile ratios of exchangeable, dilute acid-extractable and organically bound were more than 17.88%. Those of mobile Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 78.25, 64.02, 25.82 and 17.88%, respectively. Except for Pb a correlation between the contents of Cd, Zn, and Cu of exchangeable and dilute acid-extractable in top-soil and those in leaf blade, stem and panicle axis was significant, but was not significant in sub-soil.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.246-253
• /
• 2011

This experiment was carried out to examine the residual amount variation of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos in fruit parts of red pepper according to the open field and/or the rain shelter house. It was shown higher residual amounts of agrochemicals in the field than the house condition at two hours (0 day) after chemical application, but it was shown higher residual amounts in the house at 5 days and 10 days. Although the residual amount in the field was higher than in the house at the beginning, the chemicals fast degraded in field condition. Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos remained as time passed in order of receptacle, but the residual amounts of two chemicals in leaf at $5^{th}$ day. Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos were lessened until 10 days after chemical application, and reduction rate were 19.1% and 66.4% in flesh, 45.2% and 62.3% in receptacle, and 41.6% and 72.0% in the stalk, respectively. The reduction rate at 15 days showed 31.1%, 75.3% in flesh, 43.5%, 81.7% in receptacle, and 47.7%, 82.8% in stalk, respectively. Therefore the reduction rate of carbendazim showed receptacle > stalk > flesh, and that of chlorpyrifos showed stalk > receptacle > flesh in order. The calculated half-life of carbendazim showed 29.6 days in flesh, 13.6 days in receptacle, and 16.0 days in stalk, but that of chlorpyrifos showed 8.3 days in flesh, 8.3 days in receptacle, and 6.3 days in stalk. In conclusion, the half-life of carbendazim was longer than that of chlorpyrifos in even part, and especially was longest in flesh part of fruit.