• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.917-931
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was aimed to determine the optimum low-density lipoprotein : high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL : HDL-C) ratio for predicting coronary heart disease(CHD) in Korean people. Methods: It was analyzed this data of 5,431 adults who had undergone health examinations in a hospital in Gyeonggi-do between January 2006 and December 2007. The covariation of the coronary risk factors such as age, HbA1C, systolic blood pressure(SBP), and waist-to-stature ratio(WSR) were analyzed by using logistic regression analysis. Results: The LDL : HDL-C ratio in the male and female groups was mostly distributed between 1.5 and 4.0. The LDL : HDL-C ratio was the most significant cholesterol-related parameter influencing CHD (male: B = .306, p = .054, female : B = .940, p = .010), followed by LDL-C and total cholesterol. It was observed a sharp increase in the odds ratios for LDL : HDL-C ratios of 2.25 - 2.50(male) and 2.00 - 2.25(female). A significant difference was observed in both male(2.25 : $x^2$ = 2.494, p = .072) and female(2.00 : $x^2$ = 413.742, p = .000) groups. Conclusion: The risk level of CHD was set to 2.25 for males and 2.00 for females. Therefore, the optimum LDL : HDL-C ratio for Koreans should be far lower than that for the people in western countries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2219-2231
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• 2012

This study conducted to investigate incidence rate and association of serum lipid profiles with incidence of ischemic heart disease. Study subjects consisted of 417,642 adults aged 30 years and over, who underwent physical examination and responded to questionnaire from health examination center of 19 university general hospitals. Hazard ratio of risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD) were calculated by Cox's proportional hazard regression model adjusted for ages, BMI and lifestyle (drinking, smoking and exercising). For TC/HDL ratio, hazard ratio of IHD in male increased from 1.21 times to 1.84 times increase with TC/HDL ratio, and that in female also increased from 1.26 times to 1.86 times. For TG/HDL ratio, hazard ratio of IHD in male increased from 1.17 times to 1.49 times increase with TG/HDL ratio, and that in female also increased from 1.42 times to 1.97 times. For LDL/HDL ratio, hazard ratio of IHD in male increased from 1.26 times to 1.82 times increase with LDL/HDL ratio, and that in female also increased from 1.26 times to 1.68 times. In conclusion serum lipid indexes are the significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The higher the concentration of TC, LDL and TG is, the lower the concentration of HDL is, hazard ratio for IHD increased. Ratio of TC/HDL, TG/HDL and LDL/HDL were also verified to be significant risk factors for IHD.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the plasma LDL particle size and blood lipid profile, dietary factors and anthropometric values (body mass index, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio). The subjects were 173 adults aged 23 to 81 years, selected from the Outpatient Clinic and Cardiovascular Department of the Seoul Municipal Hospital. Dietary data were obtained using a 3-day food record and analyzed using Korean and US nutrient databases. The subjects were divided into three groups by LDL particle size : type A (large buoyant LDL, > 25.5 nm, n=96), type I (Intermediate LDL,$25.2\leq-\leq25.5$ nm, n=18), and type B (small dense LDL, < 25.2 nm, n=59) groups. The type B group had higher age, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio (WHR) than the type A and type I groups. Serum concentration of triglyceride, Apo B, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and atherogenic index were significantly higher in the type B group as compared to those in the other two groups. HDL cholesterol level and Apo A-I/Apo B ratio were significantly lower in the type B group than the other two groups. The plasma LDL particle size was highly correlated with triglyceride (r= -0.450), Apo B (r= -0.402) and HDL cholesterol (r= 0.418). However, there was no correlation between plasma LDL particle size and dietary intakes. This study showed that small dense LDL was an important biochemical risk factor that was associated with other risk factors.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.379-387
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• 1998

Magnesium(Mg) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and Mg deficiency but Ca sufficiency Increases serum cholesterol and triglyceride. The relationships of serum Mg, Ca, Ca/Mg ratio with lipids was examined in 79 female college students in Choong-Nam area. Subjects were divided into underweight, normal and overweight groups according to their BMI. The average age, body weight, height and BMI were 21.9yr, 55.9kg, 158.5cm and 22.62kg/$m^2$ respectively. Height was not different between groups. Serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the underweight group than other groups. BMI had positive correlations with LDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index (AI) and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio(LPH), and negative correlations with HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio. Serum minerals (serum Mg, Ca, Ca/Mg ratio) and serum lipid concentrations were not significantly different between groups. However, there was a tendency of increasing serum Mg level with increasing serum HDL-cholestrol, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio and decreasing serum LDL-cholesterol, LPH, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio(TPH) and AI. And there was a tendency of increasing serum Ca level with increasing serum HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio and decreasing serum triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, LPH, TPH and AI. And there was a tendency of increasing serum Ca /Mg ratio level with decreasing triglyceride, serum LDL-cholesterol and TPH. This study was limited within serum levels of minerals (serum Mg, Ca and Ca/Mg ratio), serum lipids concerned with CHD, therefore I hope there will be wider efforts to consider about the dietary levels of minerals for presentation of the connection between dietary Mg, Ca and serum lipids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 1984

Twenty three healty women on self - selected diet were given 800IU of tocopherol daily for 4 weeks. The levels of tocopherol in plasma and red blood cells( RBC ) and total choles terol, TG, HDL- chol, HDL subfractions and lipoprotein pattern in serum were determined pre-and postregimen at 2 and 4 weeks. No significant change was noted in VLDL, LDL, HDL fraction and LDL/HDL ratio separated by electrophoresis, even though HDL fraction was decreased at 2 wk but slightly increased at 4 wk. There were also no significant changes in the relative amount of HDL-chol and VLDL-chol when cholesterol content of each lipoprotein fraction was assayed. A transient increase in LDL-chol was observed at 2 wk but returned to the pretreatment level. Plasma and RBC tocopherol levels were significantly ( p ^lt;0.05 ) increased and decreased respectively, at both 2 and 4 wk, and LDL-chol was positively correlated to plasma tocopherol level ( p<0.05 ) but not to RBC tocopherol. However HDL-chol fractionated by heparin-Mn was increased at 2 and 4 wk by a significant increase in $HDL_{2}$-chol but no change in $HDL_{3}$-chol, which resulted in a significant reduction of $HDL_{3}$/HDL ratio and increase of $HDL_{2}/HDL$ and $HDL_{2}/HDL_{3}$ ratios. HDL- chol was negatively correlated to the levels of LDL-chol ( p<0.05), VLDL-chol (p<0.01), and T-chol/HDL ratio ( p<0.01 ). Serum TG was significantly decreased ( p <0.05 ) but total cholesterol was decreased only at 4 weeks.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.127-139
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• 2019

Purpose : The lipid profile is a major predictive index for cardiovascular disease, but there have only been a few studies conducted on the relationship between lipid ratio and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Korean population. To address this research gap, we investigated the association between three lipid ratios and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Korean adults. Methods : This study used data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2016. Lipid ratios included triglyceride (TG)/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total cholesterol (TC)/HDL, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)/HDL. Cardiovascular risk factors included in this research were: systolic blood pressure $(SBP){\geq}140$, diastolic blood pressure $(DBP){\geq}90$, fasting blood sugar $(FBS){\geq}126$, $HbA1c{\geq}6.5$, body mass index $(BMI){\geq}25$, waist circumference (WC) $men{\geq}90$, $women{\geq}85$, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). A complex samples logistic regression test was performed to analyze the association between lipid ratios and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Results : 1) TG/HDL ratio had statistically significant relationships with DBP, FBS, HbA1c, BMI, WC and MetS. 2) TC/HDL ratio was correlated to SBP, DBP, FBS, BMI, WC, and MetS. 3) LDL/HDL ratio had association with BMI, WC, and MetS. Conclusion : We identified significant association between lipid ratios and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The three lipid ratios were particularly strongly associated with BMI, WC, and MetS.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations among the anthropometry, serum lipid levels and nutrient intake in Korean female university students. The subjects were 119 female students at a university located in Incheon. This study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric data were measured and blood lipid levels were analyzed. Nutrient intake collected from 3 day-recalls was analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. The data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 program. Average age, height and weight of the subjects were 20.9 years, 160.1cm and 54.3kg, respectively. Average serum TG (triglyceride), total cholesterol, HDL-C (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol) and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) levels of the subjects were 69.47mg/dl, 146.85 mg/dl, 50.49mg/dl and 82.52mg/dl, respectively. Average AI (atherogenic index) of the subjects was 2.03, which was in the normal range based on risk values. Average intake of most nutrients except protein, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin C and phosphorus were lower than the Korean RDA. Especially calcium and iron intakes of the subjects were under 65% of the Korean RDA. Serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were negatively correlated with DBP (diastolic blood pressure). HDL-C/LDL-C and HDL-C/total cholesterol were positively correlated with height. Age was positively correlated with phosphorus intake. DBP of the subjects was positively correlated with calcium and iron intakes. Serum TG level was positively correlated with total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and AI, while negatively correlated with HDL-C/total cholesterol. Total cholesterol level was positively correlated with HDL-C, LDL-C and AI, while negatively correlated with HDL-C/LDL-C, HDL-C/total cholesterol. HDL-C level was positively correlated with LDL-C, HDL-C/LDL-C and HDL-C/total cholesterol, while negatively correlated with AI. LDL-C level was negatively correlated with HDL-C/LDL-C and HDL-C/total cholesterol, while positively correlated with AI HDL-C/LDL-C ratio was positively correlated with HDL-C/total cholesterol and AI. HDL-C/total cholesterol was negatively correlated with AI. Fat intake was positively correlated with total cholesterol, HDL-C level, and vitamin B$_2$ intake was positively correlated with TG, HDL-C/LDL-C. Therefore, nutrition education is necessary for female university students to promote the lipid profile and to optimize the nutritional status. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 151∼158, 2002)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.422-431
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• 1987

Dietary habits and serum lipid composition of 80 hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) were compared to those of normal subjects. CVD patients were significantly higher in BP, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and low4r in HDL-choelsterol which resulted in the higher ratio of serum chol/HDL-chol than normal. Patients were also lower in the relative amount of HDL fraction by electrophoresis but were higher in LDL fraction and the ratio of LDL/HDL . In Korean, the high levels of serum chol, TG and LDL with low level of HDL as well as high BP could be one of the important causing factors of CVD. However, dietary habits of patients were not significantly different from those of normal . There is a possibility that patients might have controlled their dietary habits after they realized the severeness of disease.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

To determine the effect of Vitex doniana (leaves stem and root bark) ethanolic extracts on lipid profiles of Poloxamer 407 (P407) induced hyperlipidemic and normal rats. Fifty four mixed sex rats weighing 100-200g were divided into nine groups comprising six animals per group. At the end of the 21 day, the animals were sacrificed and blood sample were collected for determination of serum levels of: Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerides (TAG), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c). The studies showed that all induced treated groups significantly (P<0.05) lower serum levels of TC, TAG, LDL-c and significantly (P<0.05) increased HDL-c when compared to the P407 induced hyperlipidemic control. The normal treated groups showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the serum levels of TC, TAG, LDL and HDL when compared to the normal control group. Calculation of atherogenic risk predictor indices of the induced treated groups showed that all the extracts significantly (P<0.05) lowered the LDL-c/HDL-c, log (TAG/HDL-c) and significantly (P<0.05) increased HDL-c/TC ratio when compared to the P407 induced hyperlipidemic control group. The atherogenic risk predictor indices of normal treated groups showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in LDL-c/HDL-c, Log (TAG/HDL-c) and HDL-c/TC ratio when compared to the normal control group. The study demonstrates the phytotherapeutic effect of Vitex doniana (leaves, stem and root bark) ethanolic extract in poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the fasting blood sugar and serum lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C) and obesity indices (BMI, body fat rates, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio). The study sample consists of 1,473 manufacturing workers aged from 30 to 59 years, who underwent a health check-up at a university hospital during the period from Jan. to Dec. 2015. A data analysis was conducted to classify the subjects into the normal and abnormal groups according to their fasting blood sugar levels depending on the average values of the serum lipids and obesity indices. Multiple regression analyzes adjusted for sex and age were conducted for the factors affecting the fasting blood sugar level. As a result, the Serum TC, TG, LDL-C, BMI and waist circumference were found to be significantly higher in the abnormal fasting blood sugar level group than in the normal one, but the HDL-C was significantly lower in the abnormal group than in the normal one The fasting blood sugar level had a significant positive correlation with the TC, TG, LDL-C, BMI and waist circumference. The TC, TG, BMI and body fat were the significant factors affecting the fasting blood sugar. The above results suggest that the fasting blood sugar and serum lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C), obesity indices (BMI, body fat rates, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio) of manufacturing workers are significantly associated with each other.