• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

MODIS LAI product has been one of key variable for analyzing the quantitative aspects of terrestrial ecology at global scale. This study was designed to validate MODIS global LAI product for regional application. To examine the quality of MODIS LAI data, we developed a reference LAI surface that was derived by relating the ground LAI measurements to Landsat ETM+ reflectance. The study area, the Kwangneung Experiment Forest in Korea, covers mixed deciduous and coniferous species of temperate forest. Ground measurements of LAI were conducted at 30 sample plots by using a photo-optical instrument during the growing season of 2002. Ground measured LAI data were then related to the ETM+ reflectance to produce a continuous map of LAI surface over the study area. From the comparison between the MODIS LAI and the reference LAI, it was found that the MODIS LAI values were slightly higher at the forestland. Considering the limitations of producing the reference LAI surface and the uncertainty of the input variable for the MODIS LAI algorithm, such small discrepancy mal not be significant.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2004년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2004
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• pp.166-169
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• 2004

NDVI has been used to estimate several ecological variables including leaf area index (LAI). Global MODIS LAI data are partially produced by empirical model that is based on the assumption of high correlation between NDVI and LAI. This study attempts to evaluate the MODIS empirical model by comparing with the result obtained from field LAI measurement and Landsat ETM+ reflectance. MODIS LAI product and ancillary data were analyzed over a small forest watershed near the Seoul metropolitan area. The relationship between NDVI of ETM+ and field measured LAI did not correspond to MODIS LAI estimation. Since the study area is mostly covered by very dense and fully closed forest, the correlation between NDVI and LAI might not be high. Although MODIS LAI product has great potential for global environment studies, it needs to be cautious to use them in regional and local area in particular for the forest of dense canopy situation.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2008년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.805-809
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• 2008

Measurement of leaf area index (LAI) is useful for understanding rice growth, water use, and canopy light interception. The top nitrogen content(TNC) per unit area is an important quantitative index of the condition of nitrogen nutrition in rice production. The rapid and simple method of estimation of TNC, with the use of the existing nondestructive analyzing instruments chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 and plant canopy analyzer (PCA) LAI-2000, was scrutinized. Destructive measurement is time consuming and labor intensive. Our objective was to evaluate sampling procedures using the Li-Cor LI-1800, LAI 2000 plant canopy analyzer (PCA) for nondestructive estimation of rice LAI, and SPAD-502 on the Northern Plains of Cheongju. The LAI estimated by PCA tended to underestimate the LAI determined by actual measurement by about 20%. The estimation of LAI by PCA was judged to have a sufficient accuracy as a practical technique. A high positive correlation was obtained between the values of the SPAD reading and LAI. NDVI and LAI also showed a very high correlation. The values of the SPAD reading and LAI, and NDVI gave a high positive correlation. These results indicated that the method described in this study was effective as a simple and rapid method for the estimation of rice growth.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2006

Although there have been several attempts to estimate forest LAI using optical remote sensor data, there are still not enough evidences whether the NDVI is effective to estimate forest LAI, particularly in fully closed canopy situation. In this study, we have conducted a simple correlation analysis between LAI and spectral reflectance at two different settings: 1) laboratory spectral measurements on the multiple-layers of leaf samples and 2) Landsat ETM+ reflectance in the close canopy forest stands with fieldmeasured LAI. In both cases, the correlation coefficients between LAI and spectral reflectance were higher in short-wave infrared (SWIR) and visible wavelength regions. Although the near-IR reflectance showed positive correlations with LAI, the correlations strength is weaker than in SWIR and visible region. The higher correlations were found with the spectral reflectance data measured on the simulated vegetation samples than with the ETM+ reflectance on the actual forests. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the forest.LAI and NDVI, in particular when the LAI values were larger than three. The SWIR reflectance may be important factor to improve the potential of optical remote sensor data to estimate forest LAI in close canopy situation.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.158-174
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• 2018

엽면적지수(LAI: Leaf Area Index)는 식생의 광합성, 증발산, 지표면과 대기사이의 에너지 교환 등을 설명하는 주요 인자로서, 정확하고 활용성 높은 LAI 추정 기법에 대한 연구들이 진행되었다. 본 연구에서는 UAV를 이용한 LAI 추정 방법을 모색하기 위하여 현장 실측된 LAI 자료와 UAV 영상기반의 식생지수, 수고 및 위성영상(Sentinel-2) LAI 간의 관계성을 파악하고 효과적인 UAV LAI 산정방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 그 결과 연구에 활용된 6종의 식생지수 중 Red-edge band를 포함하고 있는 NDRE ($R^2=0.496$), CIRE ($R^2=0.443$)가 LAI 추정에 효과적인 식생지수로 나타났다. 수고(Canopy Height Model) 자료를 식생지수에 적용하였을 때 LAI에 대한 설명력이 향상되었으며, NDVI의 경우에 LAI와의 선형관계에서 발생되는 포화문제(saturation problem)를 보였던 구간(0.85)이 일부 해소됨을 확인하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2002년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.679-684
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• 2002

MODIS LAI has been one of key products for analyzing the quantitative aspects ofterrestrial ecology. This study was designed to validate MODIS LAS product by using the reference LAI map that was derived from both ground measurements and ETM＋ surface reflectance. The study area, the Kwangneung Experiment Forest in Korea, covers mixed species of deciduous and conifers of temperate forest. Throughout the growing season of 2002, we have measured LAS at the 30 sample plots using an optical device. Ground measured LAS data were then correlated to the ETM＋ reflectance to produce a continuous map of LAS over the study area. Preliminary comparison between MODIS LAI and the reference LAI map showed the lower LAI values from the MODIS product.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.371-380
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• 2003

The primary objective of this study is to develop a suitable methodology to generate forest leaf area index (LAI) map at regional and local scales. To build empirical models, we collected the LAI values at 30 sample plots over the forest within the kyongan watershed area by the field measurements using an optical instrument. Landsat-7 ETM＋ multispectral data obtained at the same growing season with the field LAI measurement were used. Three datasets of remote sensing signal were prepared for analyzing the relationship with the field measured LAI value and they include raw DN, atmospherically corrected reflectance, and topographically corrected reflectance. From the correlation analysis and regression model development, we found that the radiometric correction of topographic effects was very critical step to increase the sensitivity of the multispectral reflectance to LAI. In addition, the empirical model to generate forest LAI map should be separately developed for each of coniferous and deciduous forest.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2008

엽면적 지수(LAI)는 지표 환경에 영향을 미치는 광합성, 증발, 그리고 에너지 균형과 같은 생물물리학적 변화 과정에 있어 매우 중요한 인자이며, 여러 가지 생태학적 모델의 입력 자료로서도 필수적이다. 이러한 중요성에 근거하여 더욱 정확하고 유용한 LAI 추정 기법의 개발이 요구되지만, 현실적으로 LAI는 광역적 실측이 어렵기 때문에 대부분 LAI 연구에서는 정규화식생지수(NDVI)와의 단순 관계식을 통해 추정되어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 경안천 유역(561.12 $Km^2$)을 대상으로 MODIS LAI Product의 활용성을 평가하고자 NOAA AVHRR NDVI와의 관계식으로 추정된 LAI와 국립산림과학원의 실측 LAI (2003, 2004)를 MODIS LAI와 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 MODIS LAI는 활엽수림에서는 실측치보다 약 14% 높게, NOAA LAI보다 약 15~30% 높게 추정되었다. 침엽수림에서는 2003년 실측치가 약 5% 높게 추정되었으며, NOAA는 4월을 제외하고 약 7%의 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 일부 지점에서 이루어지는 실측과 MODIS LAI 추출 시 기준자료가 포함하는 공간해상도의 한계 및 토지피복분류의 부정확성 등으로부터 발생한다. 따라서 실측자료에 근거한 MODIS자료의 보정기술을 향상시킴으로써 향후 광역적인 식생정보 제공 및 물수지 모의를 위한 생태학 및 수문학적 모형의 입력자료 등으로의 활용범위가 더욱 확대 가능할 것이다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.1032-1040
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• 2014

The Lai-Massey scheme, proposed by Vaudenay, is a modified structure in the International Data Encryption Algorithm cipher. A family of block ciphers, named FOX, were built on the Lai-Massey scheme. Impossible differential cryptanalysis is a powerful technique used to recover the secret key of block ciphers. This paper studies the impossible differential cryptanalysis of the Lai-Massey scheme with affine orthomorphism for the first time. Firstly, we prove that there always exist 4-round impossible differentials of a Lai-Massey cipher having a bijective F-function. Such 4-round impossible differentials can be used to help find 4-round impossible differentials of FOX64 and FOX128. Moreover, we give some sufficient conditions to characterize the existence of 5-, 6-, and 7-round impossible differentials of Lai-Massey ciphers having a substitution-permutation (SP) F-function, and we observe that if Lai-Massey ciphers having an SP F-function use the same diffusion layer and orthomorphism as a FOX64, then there are indeed 5- and 6-round impossible differentials. These results indicate that both the diffusion layer and orthomorphism should be chosen carefully so as to make the Lai-Massey cipher secure against impossible differential cryptanalysis.

• 생태와환경
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 덕유산 국립공원의 산림지역을 대상으로하여 식생의 구조를 정량화하는 지수로 널리 이용되고 있는 LAI에 대한 지형적인 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 식생의 분포와 구조에 영향을 주는 해발고도, 지형경사, 사면향, 그리고 토양 수분조건을 설명변수로 하고 엽면적지수(LAI, Leaf Area Index)를 반응변수로 하는 회귀분석방법을 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 전체적으로 LAI와 지형요소의 상관관계는 0.5 미만으로 비교적 낮고 지형고도를 제외한 나머지 요소와의 상관성에 대한 통계적 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타난 반면에 상관성 방향성을 보면 주로 고도가 높고 경사가 급하고 토양의 수분상태가 낮은 지역일수록 LAI 값이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 지형특성에 따른 LAI 분포에 대한 영향을 평가하기 위해 지형요소의 조합에 따른 회귀분석 결과 지형고도가 모든 모델에서 통계적으로 유의한 설명변수로 나타났다. 지형고도의 변수만을 고려한 경우보다 경사와 사면향을 추가적으로 고려할 경우 LAI 변화량을 설명하는데 보다 더 잘 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 토양수분조건을 설명하기 위해 본 연구에서 사용한 지형습윤지수(Topographic Wetness Index, TWI)는 LAI 분포와 유의한 관계가 없는 것으로 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다. 본 연구에서 유도된 결과는 위성영상자료를 이용하여 덕유산 국립공원 산림식생 LAI를 추정하는데 있어서 영상자료의 분광 반사율과 지형적 특성을 함께 고려하면 보다 높은 정확도를 갖는 LAI 분포를 예측하는데 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.