• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.441-446
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• 2007

HIV-1 coreceptor usage and phenotype mainly determined by V3 loop are associated with the disease progression of AIDS. Predicting HIV-1 coreceptor usage and phenotype facilitates the monitoring of R5-to-X4 switch and treatment decision-making. In this study, we employed random forest to predict HIV-1 biological phenotype, based on 37 random features of V3 loop. In comparison with PSSM method, our RF predictor obtained higher prediction accuracy (95.1% for coreceptor usage and 92.1% for phenotype), especially for non-B non-C HIV-l subtypes (96.6% for coreceptor usage and 95.3% for phenotype). The net charge, polarity of V3 loop and five V3 sites are seven most important features for predicting HIV-1 coreceptor usage or phenotype. Among these features, V3 polarity and four V3 sites (22, 12, 18 and 13) are first reported to have high contribution to HIV-1 biological phenotype prediction.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.36-36
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• 2017

Out of twenty common protein amino acids, there are many kinds of non protein amino acids (NPAAs) that exist as secondary metabolites and exert ecological functions in plants. Mimosine (Mim), one of those NPAAs derived from L. leucocephala acts as an iron chelator and reversely block mammalian cell cycle at G1/S phases. Cysteine (Cys) is decisive for protein and glutathione that acts as an indispensable sulfur grantor for methionine and many other sulfur-containing secondary products. Cys biosynthesis includes consecutive two steps using two enzymes-serine acetyl transferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase (OASTL) and appeared in plant cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria. In the first step, the acetylation of the ${\beta}$-hydroxyl of L-serine by acetyl-CoA in the existence of SAT and finally, OASTL triggers ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-elimination of acetate from OAS and bind $H_2S$ to catalyze the synthesis of Cys. Mimosine synthase, one of the isozymes of the OASTLs, is able to synthesize Mim with 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (3H4P) instead of $H_2S$ for Cys in the last step. Thus, the aim of this study was to clone and characterize the cytosolic (Cy) OASTL gene from L. leucocephala, express the recombinant OASTL in Escherichia coli, purify it, do enzyme kinetic analysis, perform docking dynamics simulation analysis between the receptor and the ligands and compare its performance between Cys and Mim synthesis. Cy-OASTL was obtained through both directional degenerate primers corresponding to conserved amino acid region among plant Cys synthase family and the purified protein was 34.3KDa. After cleaving the GST-tag, Cy-OASTL was observed to form mimosine with 3H4P and OAS. The optimum Cys and Mim reaction pH and temperature were 7.5 and $40^{\circ}C$, and 8.0 and $35^{\circ}C$ respectively. Michaelis constant (Km) values of OAS from Cys were higher than the OAS from Mim. Inter fragment interaction energy (IFIE) of substrate OAS-Cy-OASTL complex model showed that Lys, Thr81, Thr77 and Gln150 demonstrated higher attraction force for Cys but 3H4P-mimosine synthase-OAS intermediate complex showed that Gly230, Tyr227, Ala231, Gly228 and Gly232 might provide higher attraction energy for the Mim. It may be concluded that Cy-OASTL demonstrates a dual role in biosynthesis both Cys and Mim and extending the knowledge on the biochemical regulatory mechanism of mimosine and cysteine.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.436-444
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• 2018

현재 변전소 자동화를 위해서는 국제 표준인 IEC 61850 통신규약이 사용되어지고 있고, 국내에서도 2007년도부터 시험 적용과 연구개발을 통해 2013년부터 신규 건설되는 변전소는 IEC 61850 기반의 디지털변전소로 준공되어 지고 있다. 하지만 기존 변전 설비들(변압기, T/L GIS, D/L GIS 등)은 그대로 사용하면서 기존 RTU 기반의 변전소 운영 시스템을 IEC 61850 기반의 SA 변전소 운영시스템으로 전환한 사례는 거의 없다. 따라서 기존 변전설비의 IEC 61850 도입은 기존 설비 재사용으로 변전소의 지속가능성을 증대시키고 또한 최신 도입되는 타 변전소와의 상호운영성을 개선하고 기존 변전소를 무인화 운전에 적합한 시스템으로 전환할 수 있는 이점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 RTU 기반 변전소 운영시스템을 IEC 61850 기반의 현장정보처리반, 이더넷 스위치반, SA 운영시스템을 이용하여 디지털 변전소화한 사례를 소개하고, 패킷 분석 툴인 IEC 61850 클라이언트 인증 프로그램과 Wireshark를 사용하여 IEC 61850 적합성 및 그 타당성을 실증을 통하여 검증하였다.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2012

Next generation cellular applications and smart phone usage generate very heavy wireless data traffic. It becomes ineluctable for mobile network operators to have multiple core network entities such as Serving Gateway and Packet Data Network Gateway in 4G-LTE to share this high traffic generated. A typical configuration consists of multiple serving gateways behind a load-balancer which would determine which serving gateway would service a end-users'request. Such hardware is expensive, has a rigid policy set, and is a single point of failure. Another perspective of today's increasingly high data traffic is that besides it is being widely accepted that the high bandwidth L TE provides is creating bottlenecks for service providers by the increasing user bandwidth demands without creating any corresponding revenue improvements, a hidden problem that is also passively advancing on the newly emerging 4G-LTE that may need more immediate attention is the network signaling traffic, also known as the control-plane traffic that is generated by the applications developed for smartphones and tablets. With this as starting point, in this paper, we propose a solution, by a new approach considering OpenFlow switch connected to a controller, which gains flexibility in policy, costs less, and has the potential to be more robust to failure with future generations of switches. This also solves the problem of scaling the control-plane traffic that is imperative to preserve revenue and ensure customer satisfaction. Thus, with the proposed architecture with OpenFlow, mobile network operators could manipulate the traffic generated by the control-plane signaling separated from the data-plane, besides also reducing the cost in installing multiple core-network entities.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 디지털 전관방송용 제어기를 구동시키기 위한 직관적인 사용자 인터페이스 소프트웨어의 구현 결과와 오디오믹서 제어 부분에 대한 성능을 확인할 수 있다. 개발된 사용자 인터페이스 소프트웨어는 디지털 하이브리드 믹서의 유지관리 및 제어기능을 제공한다. 통합제어서버에 탑재되어 오디오 믹서인 TAD-168M의 음향상태등을 제어하고 전관방송 통합시스템에 대한 단말기의 상태를 모니터링할 수 있다. 또한, 통합관리까지 가능한 프로그램 소프트웨어로써 향후 지속적인 업그레이드가 가능하다. 개발된 소프트웨어는 이더넷으로 TAD-168M과 연결되고 운영 PC와의 통신을 위해 PC의 랜포트와 TAD-168M의 후면에 위치한 4 포트 스위치에 랜케이블로 연결된다. 기존에 없었던 개발 시스템을 통해 방송시스템에 대한 시스템 관리, 음향제어, 상향방송 제어의 통합제어가 가능하게 되었다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.345-356
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• 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical therapy combined with a virtual reality (VR) game on pain, quality of life (QOL), engagement, and knee function in post-knee-surgery patients. Methods: Twenty-four patients who had undergone knee surgery four weeks or more before the study were recruited. Two withdrew from the study during the four-week experimental period, and a total of 22 patients were included in the final analysis. Routine physical therapy consisting of electrostimulation (10 min.) and therapeutic massage (10 min.) was the base intervention for all groups. The experimental group (n = 10) was additionally exposed to a VR game intervention, while the control group (n = 12) underwent an intervention involving similar motions as the experimental intervention but with no VR. The intervention for the experimental group used the game Rig Fit Adventure on Nintendo switch. Both groups underwent their respective interventions 3 times a week (35 min. per session) for 4 weeks. Pain was assessed using the numeric rating scale (NRS), and QOL was assessed using the EuroQol five-dimensional five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Engagement was assessed using the Korea flow state scale (K-FSS). Finally, knee movement and function were assessed based on knee flexion and extension, range of motion (ROM), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Results: After the four-week physical therapy, both groups showed significant reductions in pain (on the NRS), increased knee ROM (flexion), better WOMAC scores, and increased EQ-5D-5L scores (p < 0.05), with the experimental group showing significantly better improvements in EQ-5D-5L and K-FSS scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that a VR-game-integrated intervention is effective for improving pain, QOL, engagement, and knee function in post-knee surgery patients and that VR-game-integrated interventions could be therapeutic alternatives for patients bedridden for prolonged periods with little motivation for rehabilitation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1991

The B-lymphocyte differentiation from committed B-cell progenitors to antibody-secreting cells was discussed. B-cell progenitors derived from hematopoietic stem cells undergo the rearrangement of immunoglobulin(Ig) gene. The earliest cells as B-cell precursors have cytoplasmic Is(${\mu}$ chain). The entire Is molecule is expressed on the surface after synthesis of L chain. The resting B cells(Go stage) stimulated by binding antigen via Ig-receptors are activated(G$_1$ stage) and followed by proliferation(S stage), coupled with further selection(affinity maturation. class switch). The production of antibody against a particular antigen depends on the activation of B cells with surface Is capable of reacting with that antigen. This process does not occur in isolation but is controlled by helper and suppressor T cells and antigen presenting cells(APC). The mechanism of T cell-dependent B-cell response for production of antibody is largely explained by the cell to cell cooperation and soluble helper factors of T cells. 1) The antigen specific B cells and helper T cells are linked by Is-receptors, leading to the delivery of helper signals to the B cells. 2) Helper T cells recognize the processed antigen-derived peptides with the MHC class II molecules(la antigen) and is stimulated to secrete B-cell proliferation and differentiation factors which activate B cells of different antigenic specificity. The two models are shown currently 1) At low antigen concentration, only the antigen-specific B cell binds antigen and presents antigen-derived peptides with la molecules to helper T cells, which are stimulated to secrete cytokines(IL-4, IL-5, etc.) and 2) At high antigen concentration, antigen-derived peptides are presented by specific B cells, by B cells that endocytose the antigens, as well as by APC Cytokines secreted from helper T cells also lead to the activation of B cells and even bystander B cells in the on- vironmment and differentiate them into antibody-secreting plasma cells.

• 천문학회보
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.125.2-125.2
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• 2011

We are developing medium resolution cross-dispersed silicon grisms in the near IR region ($1.45{\sim}5.2{\mu}m$). The grisms will be installed in MIMIR, a multifunction instrument at the Lowel Observatory, USA. The two devices are designed to cover H and K band and L and M band simultaneously. Our goal is to make grism with R=3000 at 1.2 arcsec slit. The Silicon has high refractive index (n=3.4 at $1.5{\mu}m$) which enhances the resolving power by up to 5 times when compared to conventional material such as BK-7 (n=1.5 at 1.5 ${\mu}m$). The bonded grisms will be installed in a filter wheel for the uses switch from spectroscopic mode to imaging mode easily. Our device is compact and light weighted while it provides a decent resolving power. We produce monolithic grisms using e-beam lithography at the NASA JPL and chemically etching the grooves on the silicon prisms. Moreover, the main-disperser and cross-disperser will be contacted together by direct Si-Si bonding technique and eventually turn into one piece. The bonded pair offers more stability in terms of the layout of the spectrum and removes the Fresnel loss at the intersection of two grisms. We report on the proper wafer bonding steps through this research, and inspected the bonding quality thermally, optically and mechanically.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2012

X-ray용 CMOS 영상 센서의 대조 해상도는 신호처리부 첫 단의 sample-and-hold 회로에서 단일 MOS 스위치를 사용하거나 이를 개선한 bootstrapped clock circuit을 스위치로 사용할 경우에도 높은 신호에서 제한되는 문제를 가지고 있다. Bootstrapped clock circuit을 이용하는 sample-and-hold 회로가 charge injection 현상으로 인해 sample 신호의 왜곡을 일으키기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 계산을 통해 필요로 하는 범위의 L(Inductor)값 구현을 위해 표준 CMOS 공정에서 구현 가능한 micro-inductor를 3차원 구조로 설계하였고, 이를 이용하여 센서의 대조 해상도 혹은 ENOB(Effective number of bit)값이 향상된 sample-and-hold 회로를 제안하였다. 0.35 um CMOS 공정에서 BCC를 이용해 설계된 sample-and-hold 회로에 최적화된 L 값을 갖는 micro-inductor를 추가하여 ENOB가 17.64 bit에서 18.34 bit로 약 0.7 bit의 해상도 상승을 시뮬레이션으로 검증하였다. 제안된 micro-inductor 방법은 고해상도를 필요로 하는 mammography의 경우 환자가 받는 방사선량을 줄이는 효과가 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1564-1568
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• 2005

The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of n-alkanes to estimate DM intake and digestibility by beef cattle. Six steers were blocked (3 blocks, 2 animals/block) according to the body weight (279${\pm}$19 kg) and randomly allotted within blocks to two diets (3 steers/diet). A second trial was conducted with the same animals (321${\pm}$18 kg) after 36 days (d), using a switch back design. The diets consisted of two types of chopped sun-cured hay, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) hay, or fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and alfalfa mixture, which were fed in equal amounts to steers. Animals were dosed with $C_{32}$ and $C_{36}$ alkanes, employing an intra-ruminal controlled-release device at the beginning of each trial. Hay intake per animal was measured from d 6 to 12 and sub samples were taken for chemical analysis. Rectal samples of feces were taken from each animal once/daily from d 8 to 14, freeze dried, and ground prior to alkane analysis. Alkanes were extracted from ground hay and feces. Feed intake was calculated from the dose rate of $C_{32}$ alkane and, the herbage and fecal concentrations of adjacent odd ($C_{33}$ or $C_{31}$) and even ($C_{32}$) chain length alkanes. Crude Protein, NDF, ADF, ash concentrations and In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were 17.7, 42.2, 28.4, 7.9 and 71.7 for alfalfa, and 12.4, 56.5, 30.4, 6.9 and 69.1% for fescue/alfalfa mixture, respectively. For both diets, intake estimated from $C_{33}$:$C_{32}$ ratio was not different from the measured intake, but intake estimated from $C_{31}$:$C_{32}$ ratio was lower (p<0.05), than the measured intake for both diets. The average estimated forage intake from $C_{33}$:$C_{32}$ ratio was 4.86 and 0.69% below than the measured intake for alfalfa and, fescue/alfalfa mixed diets, respectively. The respective estimates with $C_{31}$:$C_{32}$ ratio were 9.59 and 11.33% below than the measured intake. According to these results, alkane $C_{33}$:$C_{32}$ ratio is better than alkane $C_{31}$:$C_{32}$ ratio for the estimation of intake by beef steers.