• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 아로니아 열매 추출물(AF-H)의 항염증 활성을 조사하기 위하여 LPS 자극에 의해 유도된 RAW 264.7 macrophage의 염증반응에서 AF-H의 염증매개인자 및 염증성 사이토카인 분비 억제활성과 이에 관련된 세포 내 작용기전 해석을 수행하였다. LPS($1{\mu}g/mL$)로 RAW 264.7 세포를 24시간 자극하는 염증모델에서 세포독성을 나타내지 않는 안전한 농도의 AF-H($0{\sim}500{\mu}g/mL$)를 LPS 처리 12시간 전에 처리하여 NO 및 PGE2의 분비 억제활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과 AF-H 처리에 의해 NO와 PGE2의 생성이 처리 농도에 의존하여 유의하게 억제되었으며, 이들 염증매개인자의 생합성 효소인 iNOS 및 COX-2의 세포 내 발현도 현저하게 억제되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 AF-H의 처리에 의해 염증성 사이토카인인 $TNF-{\alpha}$와 IL-6의 분비도 유의하게 억제되는 것으로 확인하였다. 이러한 AF-H에 의한 항염증 활성의 세포 내 기전을 해석하기 위하여 LPS 자극에 의해 유도되는 MAPK와 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 전사인자의 활성화에 대한 억제 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과 AF-H는 MAPK의 인산화에는 별다른 영향을 미치지 않고 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성화($I{\kappa}B$ 인산화)를 효과적으로 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 LPS에 의한 in vivo 패혈증 모델에서 AF-H에 의한 패혈증 억제활성을 측정한 결과 비록 통계학적으로 유의하지는 않으나 AF-H 투여에 의해 생존율과 50% 사망률의 연장 효과가 관찰되었다. 이들 결과를 종합해 보면 아로니아 열매 열수추출물은 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성화 억제를 통해 NO, PGE2, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 IL-6 등의 염증매개인자와 사이토카인의 생성을 억제하는 항염증 활성을 지니는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) is a heavily glycosylated glycoprotein composed of non-covalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. To study the function and signal transduction of tethered recombinant-eCG (rec-eCG), a single chain eCG molecule was constructed, and the rec-eCG protein was prepared. In this study, we constructed 5 mutants (${\Delta}1$, ${\Delta}2$, ${\Delta}3$, ${\Delta}4$, and ${\Delta}5$) of rec-eCG using data about known glycoprotein hormones to analyze the role of specific follicle stimulating homone (FSH)-like activity. Three amino acids of certain specific sites were replaced with alanine. The expression vectors were transfected into CHO cells and subjected to G418 selection for 2~3 weeks. The media were collected and the quantity of secreted tethered rec-eCGs was quantified by ELISA. The LH- and FSH-like activities were assayed in terms of cAMP production by rat LH/CG and rat FSH receptors. Then, the metabolic clearance rate analyzed by the injection of rec-eCG (5 IU) into the tail vein was analyzed. The mutant eCGs (${\Delta}l$, ${\Delta}4$, and ${\Delta}5$) were transcripted, but not translated into proteins. Rec-eCG A2 was secreted in much lower amounts than the wild type. Only the rec-eCG ${\Delta}3$ ($\beta$-subunit: $Gln^{94}-Ile^{95}-Lys^{96}{\rightarrow}Ala^{94}-Ala^{95}-Ala^{96}$) was efficiently secreted. Although activity is low, its LH-like activity was similar to that of tethered $eCG{\beta\alpha}$. However, the FSH-like activity of rec-$eCG{\beta\alpha\Delta}3$ was completely flat. The result of the analysis of the metabolic clearance rate shoed the persistence of the mutant in the blood until 4 hours after the injection. After then, it almost disappeared at 8 hours. Taken together, these data suggest that 94~96 amino acid sequences in eCG $\beta$-subunit appear to be of utmost importance for signal transduction of the FSH receptor.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is closely related with inflammation and development of many diseases. Black soybean seed coat contains high amount of anthocyanins, which are well-known for free radical scavenging activities. This study investigated inflammatory response and action mechanism of black soybean anthocyanins with regard to antioxidant activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: RAW 264.7 cells were treated with anthocyanins extracted from black soybean seed coats in a concentration range of 12.5 to $100{\mu}g/mL$. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and the signaling in the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway were examined. RESULTS: Black soybean anthocyanins significantly decreased LPS-stimulated production of ROS, inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ and interleukin-6, in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity (P < 0.001). Black soybean anthocyanins downregulated the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.001). Moreover, black soybean anthocyanins inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that black soybean anthocyanins exert anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting ROS generation and subsequent MAPKs signaling, thereby inhibiting inflammatory responses.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2009

본 논문은 다양한 환경오염물질 (CO, $SO_2$, NOx 등)을 실시간 측정할 수 있는 NDIR 기반의 광학분석장치를 위한 새로운 잡음제거기를 제안한다. 센싱된 신호는 높은 주파수를 갖는 측정 노이즈 원과 낮은 주파수를 갖는 드리프트성 노이즈 원에 의해 오염된다. 이러한 잡음들은 시간영역 특성을 고려한 전처리 과정과 부밴드 구조에서 부-전력비를 고려한 후처리에 의해 제거 될 수 있다. 제안한 방법에서 전 후처리 잡음제거 과정은 정밀한 측정이 가능하도록 NDIR 기반의 광학분석장비의 하드웨어 구현에 유리하다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제27권11C호
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• pp.1139-1151
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 스위칭 시스템의 대용량화를 위해 시분할 다중합 방식과 멀티 홉 구조를 적용한 새로운 형태의 모듈화된 광 공간 스위치를 제안하였다. 그리고 기존 광 공간 스위치와의 비교를 통해 전력 손실, 사용 소자의 수, 신호대 누화비 등의 성능이 더 우수함을 보였다. 또한, 그 구조에서의 모듈 수, M에 따른 포화 처리율을 해석한 결과, 한 모듈의 입력 포트 수(N)가 매우 클 때, M개의 모듈을 가진 스위칭 시스템의 포화 처리율은 M+l-√($M^2$+1)이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 제안한 스위치에서의 셀 손실율 특성을 시뮬레이션을 통해 알아보았다. 예를 들어, $\rho$=0.9, M=8, N=32일 경우, $10^{-6}$ 이하의 셀 손실율을 얻기 위해서는 입력 버퍼의 저장 유닛의 수가 6개, 출력 버퍼의 저장 유닛의 수가 52개 이상이어야 함을 알 수 있었다.다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.742-749
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• 2016

The cancer chemo-preventive effects of equol have been demonstrated for a wide variety of experimental tumours. In a previous study, we found that equol inhibited proliferation and induced apoptotic death of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells. However, the mechanisms underlying equol-mediated apoptosis have not been well understood. In the present study, the dual AO (acridine orange)/EB (ethidium bromide) fluorescent assay, the comet assay, MTS, western blotting and flow cytometric assays were performed to further investigate the pro-apoptotic effect of equol and its associated mechanisms in MGC-803 cells. The results demonstrated that equol induced an apoptotic nuclear morphology revealed by AO/EB staining, the presence of a comet tail, the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and the depletion of cIAP1, indicating its pro-apoptotic effect. In addition, equol-induced apoptosis involves the mitochondria-dependent cell-death pathway, evidenced by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the cleavage of caspase-9 and the depletion of Bcl-xL and full-length Bid. Moreover, treating MGC-803 cells with equol induced the sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and inhibiting ERK by U0126, a MEK/ERK pathway inhibitor, significantly attenuated the equol-induced cell apoptosis. These results suggest that equol induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells via the sustained activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Therefore, equol may be a novel candidate for the chemoprevention and therapy of gastric cancer.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.82-86
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• 1997

쌀 20%, 엿기름 4%를 가하여 7시간 동안 당화시켜 제조한 식혜는 말토오스 11.01%, 이소말토올리고당 5.31%, 말토트리오스 1.75%, 글루코오스 0.28%를 나타냈다. 알코올침전, Toyopearl HW-40S의 겔 크로마토그래피로 식혜의 이소말토올리고당, 말통스, 말토트리오스를 분리 정제하였다. NMR 분석 결과 말토오스와 말토트리오스는 $\alpha$-1, 4-글루코시드 결합만으로 이루어져Tr, 이소말토올리고당은 $\alpha$-1, 4-글루코시드 결합과 $\alpha$-1, 6-글루코시드 결합이 5:1로 이루어진 것으로 나타났다. 이소말토올리고당은 pullulanase 처리한 결과 말토오스와 말토헥사오스까지의 분포를 나타냈다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2022

Inflammaging in male reproductive organs covers a wide variety of problems, including sexual dysfunction and infertility. In this study, the beneficial effects of cordycepin (COR), isolated from potential medicinal fungi Cordyceps militaris, in aging-associated testicular inflammation and serum biochemical changes in naturally aged rats were investigated. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into young control (YC), aged control (AC), and COR (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) treated aged rat groups. Aging-associated serum biochemical changes and inflammatory parameters were analyzed by biochemical assay kits, Western blotting, and real-time RT-PCR. Results showed a significant (p < 0.05) alteration in the total blood cell count, lipid metabolism, and liver functional parameters in AC group when compared with YC group. However, COR-treated aged rats ameliorated the altered biochemical parameters significantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, respectively). Furthermore, the increase in the expression of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tissue necrosis factor-alpha) in aged rat testis was significant (p < 0.05) when compared with YC group. Treatment with COR at 20 mg/kg to aged rats attenuated the increased expression of inflammatory mediators significantly (p < 0.05). Mechanistic studies revealed that the potential attenuating effects exhibited by COR in aged rats was mediated by regulation of NF-κB activation and MAPKs (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38) signaling. In conclusion, COR restored the altered serum biochemical parameters in aged rats and ameliorated the aging-associated testicular inflammation proving the therapeutic benefits of COR targeting inflammaging-associated male sexual dysfunctions.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.26.1-26.11
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• 2023

Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) inhibits the catalysis of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and the degradation of substance P (SP) and bradykinin (BK). While the possible relationship between ACEi and SP in nociceptive mice was recently suggested, the effect of ACEi on signal transduction in astrocytes remains unclear. Objectives: This study examined whether ACE inhibition with captopril or enalapril modulates the levels of SP and BK in primary cultured astrocytes and whether this change modulates PKC isoforms (PKCα, PKCβI, and PKCε) expression in cultured astrocytes. Methods: Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed to examine the changes in the levels of SP and BK and the expression of the PKC isoforms in primary cultured astrocytes, respectively. Results: The treatment of captopril or enalapril increased the immunoreactivity of SP and BK significantly in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cultured astrocytes. These increases were suppressed by a pretreatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme. In addition, treatment with captopril increased the expression of the PKCβI isoform in cultured astrocytes, while there were no changes in the expression of the PKCα and PKCε isoforms after the captopril treatment. The captopril-induced increased expression of the PKCβI isoform was inhibited by a pretreatment with the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, L-733,060, the BK B1 receptor antagonist, R 715, or the BK B₂ receptor antagonist, HOE 140. Conclusions: These results suggest that ACE inhibition with captopril or enalapril increases the levels of SP and BK in cultured astrocytes and that the activation of SP and BK receptors mediates the captopril-induced increase in the expression of the PKCβI isoform.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.88-89
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• 2013

A variety of influenza A viruses from animal hosts are continuously prevalent throughout the world which cause human epidemics resulting millions of human infections and enormous industrial and economic damages. Thus, early diagnosis of such pathogen is of paramount importance for biomedical examination and public healthcare screening. To approach this issue, here we propose a fully integrated Rotary genetic analysis system, called Rotary Genetic Analyzer, for on-site detection of influenza A viruses with high speed. The Rotary Genetic Analyzer is made up of four parts including a disposable microchip, a servo motor for precise and high rate spinning of the chip, thermal blocks for temperature control, and a miniaturized optical fluorescence detector as shown Fig. 1. A thermal block made from duralumin is integrated with a film heater at the bottom and a resistance temperature detector (RTD) in the middle. For the efficient performance of RT-PCR, three thermal blocks are placed on the Rotary stage and the temperature of each block is corresponded to the thermal cycling, namely $95^{\circ}C$ (denature), $58^{\circ}C$ (annealing), and $72^{\circ}C$ (extension). Rotary RT-PCR was performed to amplify the target gene which was monitored by an optical fluorescent detector above the extension block. A disposable microdevice (10 cm diameter) consists of a solid-phase extraction based sample pretreatment unit, bead chamber, and 4 ${\mu}L$ of the PCR chamber as shown Fig. 2. The microchip is fabricated using a patterned polycarbonate (PC) sheet with 1 mm thickness and a PC film with 130 ${\mu}m$ thickness, which layers are thermally bonded at $138^{\circ}C$ using acetone vapour. Silicatreated microglass beads with 150~212 ${\mu}L$ diameter are introduced into the sample pretreatment chambers and held in place by weir structure for construction of solid-phase extraction system. Fig. 3 shows strobed images of sequential loading of three samples. Three samples were loaded into the reservoir simultaneously (Fig. 3A), then the influenza A H3N2 viral RNA sample was loaded at 5000 RPM for 10 sec (Fig. 3B). Washing buffer was followed at 5000 RPM for 5 min (Fig. 3C), and angular frequency was decreased to 100 RPM for siphon priming of PCR cocktail to the channel as shown in Figure 3D. Finally the PCR cocktail was loaded to the bead chamber at 2000 RPM for 10 sec, and then RPM was increased up to 5000 RPM for 1 min to obtain the as much as PCR cocktail containing the RNA template (Fig. 3E). In this system, the wastes from RNA samples and washing buffer were transported to the waste chamber, which is fully filled to the chamber with precise optimization. Then, the PCR cocktail was able to transport to the PCR chamber. Fig. 3F shows the final image of the sample pretreatment. PCR cocktail containing RNA template is successfully isolated from waste. To detect the influenza A H3N2 virus, the purified RNA with PCR cocktail in the PCR chamber was amplified by using performed the RNA capture on the proposed microdevice. The fluorescence images were described in Figure 4A at the 0, 40 cycles. The fluorescence signal (40 cycle) was drastically increased confirming the influenza A H3N2 virus. The real-time profiles were successfully obtained using the optical fluorescence detector as shown in Figure 4B. The Rotary PCR and off-chip PCR were compared with same amount of influenza A H3N2 virus. The Ct value of Rotary PCR was smaller than the off-chip PCR without contamination. The whole process of the sample pretreatment and RT-PCR could be accomplished in 30 min on the fully integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system. We have demonstrated a fully integrated and portable Rotary Genetic Analyzer for detection of the gene expression of influenza A virus, which has 'Sample-in-answer-out' capability including sample pretreatment, rotary amplification, and optical detection. Target gene amplification was real-time monitored using the integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system.