• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.10-16
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• 2009

Characteristics of natural radioactivity were investigated for soils collected from seven sites of different bed rocks distributed in the Keum River area of Korea by the use of a Gamma-ray spectrometry. Specific activity (SA) and SA ratio (SAR) of typical naturally occurring radioactive nuclide such as $^{226}$Ra, $^{228}$Ac and $^{40}$K were determined for the soil samples. The SA values of $^{226}$Ra, $^{228}$Ac and $^{40}$K in 41 soils of 7 sites are 26.7-485 (74.2 ${\pm}$ 72.2), 30.9-157 (90.7 ${\pm}$ 32.7) and 203-1558 (990 ${\pm}$ 203) Bq/kg, respectively. The SA of $^{226}$Ra has very different values by the soils and the sites. Especially the SA of $^{226}$Ra in a soil sample of Ogcheon site is 485 Bq/kg while most SA of 41 soil samples are < 100 Bq/kg. SA of $^{228}$Ac has a little different values with the soils and sites, however the SA of $^{40}$K has almost constant values in all soil samples. The SAR values of $^{26}$Ra/$^{228}$Ac, $^{226}$Ra/$^{40}$K and $^{228}$Ac/$^{40}$K in 41 soils of 7 sites are 0.343-6.11 (0.865 ${\pm}$ 0.883), 0.0258-0.759 (0.0814 ${\pm}$ 0.1l17) and 0.0373-0.178 (0.0945 ${\pm}$ 0.0373), respectively. The SARs of $^{226}$Ra/$^{228}$Ac and $^{226}$Ra/$^{40}$K have very different values by the soils and the sites, however the SAR of $^{228}$Ac/$^{40}$K has a little difference by the soil and sites.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.917-922
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate effects of farm, type of sow Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire, LY; Yorkshire${\times}$ Landrace, YL; Yorkshire${\times}$Yorkshire, YY and multi-cross bred sow, MBS), parity, farrowing year, farrowing season and mating method on reproductive traits such as total number born per litter, number of born alive per litter, number of weaned per litter, number of mummified per litter, number of stillbirth. The Reproductive Records of 3,387 litters from January, 1999 to September, 2002 were obtained from four pig farms managed by Electronic Data Processing(EDP) system. Reproductive performances for two types of F1 Sows(YL and LY) were estimated as 11.34${\pm}$0.266 and 11.57${\pm}$0.263 heads for total number of born per litter, 10.56${\pm}$0.216 and 11.81${\pm}$0.251 heads for number of born alive per litter, and 10.05${\pm}$0.131 and 9.96${\pm}$0.153 heads for number of weaned per litter, respectively. These records are significantly higher(P〈0.05) than those of YY and MBS. However, number of mummified per litter, number of stillborn per litter, number of dead by diarrhea per litter, number of dead by other reasons during lactating period per litter and estrus interval did not show significant difference between types of sows. There were more total number of born per litter and number of weaned per litter in year 2001 than other year. As year passed, number of dead by crush per litter, number of dead by diarrhea per litter and number of dead by other reasons during lactating period per litter reduced from 0.18${\pm}$0.023 to 0.07${\pm}$0.022 head, 0.12${\pm}$0.21 to 0.02${\pm}$0.020 head and 0.43${\pm}$0.041 to 0.22${\pm}$0.040 head, respectively and weaning rate increased from 0.94${\pm}$0.005% to 0.97${\pm}$0.005%. The total number of born per litter and number of born alive per litter were higher(P〈0.05) in the case of mating twice than mating once. The number of weaned per litter, number of mummified per litter and number of stillborn per litter were not significant(P〈0.05) between mating methods. Estrus interval was shorter on the occasion of twice artificial insemination(5.24${\pm}$0.153days) than twice natural mating(6.51${\pm}$0.466days).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.576-587
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• 2010

Background: Effective decellularization and fixation process is critical, in order to use xenogenic valves clinically. In the present study, we decellularized bovine pericardium using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and N-lauroyl sarcosinate, treated with $\alpha$-galactosidase, and then fixed in various manners, to find out the most effective tissue preservation & fixation procedure. Material and Method: Bovine pericardium was decellularized with SDS and N-lauroyl sarcosinate, and treated with $\alpha$-galactosidase. Both groups were fixed differently, by varying glutaraldehyde (GA) or EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-carbodiimide)/N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS) treatment conditions. Thereafter, physical examination, tensile strength test, thermal stability test, cytotoxicity test, pronase test, pronase-ninhydrin test, purpald test, permeability test, compliance test, H&E staining, DNA quantification, and $\alpha$-galactose staining were carried out to each groups. Result: GA fixed groups showed better physical properties and thermal stability than EDC/NHS fixed groups, EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups showed better physical properties and thermal stability than EDC/NHS fixed groups, and showed better thermal stability than GA fixed groups. In pronase test and pronase-ninhydrin test, GA fixed groups and EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups showed stronger crosslinks than EDC/NHS groups. Permeability and compliance tended to increase in EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups, compared to GA fixed groups. But, EDC/NHS-GA dual fixed groups had stronger tensile strength and lower cytotoxicity than GA fixed groups. Conclusion: We have verified that EDC/NHS-GA dual fixation can make effective crosslinks and lower the toxicity of GA fixation. Henceforth, we will verify if EDC/NHS-GA dual fixation can lower calcifications & tissue failure in vivo experiment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2020

Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with the mixed structure of cubic and nanorod were synthesized by precipitation, hydrothermal, sol-gel method, etching process and heat treatment. Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ core-shell (CS) of type Fe₂O₃@TiO₂ composite was fabricated on a 20 nm nanolayer of TiO₂ coated on the surface of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles. Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ yolk-shell (YS) composite was prepared by chemical etching and heat treatment of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ CS nanoparticles. Physical properties of Fe₂O₃, Fe₂O₃@TiO₂ CS and Fe₂O₃@TiO₂ YS nanoparticles were characterized by FE-SEM, HR-TEM and X-ray diffraction. The solar reflectance, commission internationale de l'Elcairage (CIE) color coordinate and heat shield temperatures of Fe₂O₃, CS and YS type Fe₂O₃@TiO₂ pigments filled with poly acrylate (PA) paints were investigated by UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer and homemade heat shield temperature measuring device. The Fe₂O₃@TiO₂ YS red pigment filled PA composite exhibited excellent near infrared light reflecting performance and also reduced the heat shield temperature of 13 ℃ than that of Fe₂O₃ filled counterparts.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.296-305
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• 2018

Spiroxamine, one of fungicides, is used to control powdery mildew in various crops and black yellow sigatoka in bananas. The major strength of spiroxamine is to control powdery mildew in various crops and bananas yellow sigatoka in bananas. The compound has shown a high level of activity, good persistence and crop tolerance. Besides powdery mildew, good control of rust, net blotch and Rhynchosporium diseases been indicated in cereals, together with a complementary activity against Septoria diseases. In 2017, the maximum residue limit (MRL) of spiroxamine established in Korea. According to Ministry of ood and rug afety) regulations, spiroxamine residues defined only parent compound. Thus, a analytical method is needed to estimate the residue level of the parent compound. The objective of this study was to develop and validate analytical method for spiroxamine in representative agricultural commodities. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned with dichloromethane to remove the interfering substances. The analyte were quantified and confirmed liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in positive-ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Matrix matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges ($0.0005{\sim}0.1{\mu}g/mL$) for the analyte in blank extract with coefficient of determination ($r^2$) > 0.99. For validation purposes, recovery studies will be carried out at three different concentration levels (LOQ, 10LOQ, and 50LOQ) performing five replicates at each level. The recoveries 70.6~104.6% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 10%. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges in the Codex guidelines (CAC/GL40, 2003) and MFDS guidelines. proposed analytical method be used as an official analytical method in the Republic of Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.819-826
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• 2018

Orostachys japonicus (OJ) is a medicinal herb with immunoregulatory, anti-aging, anti-oxidative, and many other therapeutic properties. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the anti-cancer property of cultivated OJ. SW480 cell viability was significantly reduced by cumulative exposure to OJ extract. We also observed inhibitory effects of OJ after 72 hr through the growth and migration of SW480 cells using scratch assay. SW480 cells in OJ-free medium began to move into the scratch site at 24 hr; however, cells in medium containing OJ did not migrate into the scratch site until 48 hr. Male C57BL/6 mice (4 weeks old) were orally administered OJ extract for 31 days before injection of SW480 cells. At 7, 14, and 28 days after subcutaneous injection of SW480 cells, tumor weight and volume were analyzed. The body weight of the OJ-treated group was continuously increased during administration of the OJ extract relative to the control group. Injection of SW480 cells caused a reduction in body weight in all groups; however, the OJ-treated group exhibited a significant increase in body weight after 14 days. Tumor weight and volume were lower in the OJ-treated group than in the control group after 28 days. Although these results suggest that OJ suppresses the proliferation and migration of human colon cancer cells, additional studies are required to provide preclinical evidence before launching clinical trials evaluating OJ as an anti-cancer biohealth product.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2004

The aims of this study are 1) to test oocytes and embryos collected from in-vitro to achieving the valuable protocol by culturing, vitrifying and thawing of oocytes/embryos, and 2) to transfer them to recipient, and finally have resulted in pregnancies from recipient females after surgical or nonsurgical transfer. In vitro maturation and fertilization were performed according to Funahashi et al (1994). Glucose-free NCSU 23 supplemented with 5 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.5 mM sodium lactate and 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin for 2 days at $39^{\circ}C$, and 10% fetal bovine serum albumin was added to the culture medium thereafter. Embryos were treated with 7.5 ${\mu}g/ml$ cytochalasin-B for 30 min, centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 13 min and then exposed sequentially to an ethylene glycol(EG) vitrification solution, aspirated into OPS, and plunged/thawed into/from liquid nitrogen. In vivo embryos were surgically collected from three dornors after AI for control group. Forty-nine embryos were washed 3 times in mPBS + 10% FBS, followed treatments : cultured, centrifuged, vitrified, recovered and transferred to recipients as in vitro prepared embryos. Three recipients were transferred individually with 100, 100 frozen embryos derived from abattoir and 34 fresh embryos by surgically, and another three recipients were transferred individually with 150, 150 frozen embryos and 100 fresh embryos by nonsurgically, respectively. all recipient sows exhibited delayed returns to estrus. To our knowledge, theses results suggest that required an improved techniques, more vigorous embryos preparation and substitute to gilt with cleaner uterous condition.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.593-599
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• 1999

In this study, optimal conditions to infect CD34 positive cells containing hematopoietic stem cells obtained from cord blood and bone marrow were found using two different retroviral vectors expressing human growth hormone (hGH) and $\beta$-galactosidase. CD34 positive cells were successfully infected with recombinant retroviruses only when the CD34 positive cells were co-cultured with packaging cells secreting recombinant retroviruses. To find the highest infection efficiency for the gene transfer, CD34 positive cells from cord blood were co-cultured with packaging cells secreting recombinant retroviruses encoding E. coli lacZ gene. The highest infection efficiency was obtained when CD34 positive cells were cultured for 3 days, and then co-culturing was done for another 2 days. When CD34 positive cells from bone marrow were co-cultured with packaging cells secreting recombinant retroviruses encoding hGH gene, the maximum amount of hGH was also secreted at the same conditions found above, i.e. 3 days of culture and 2 days of co-culture. These results show that there are optimal conditions for the gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells regardless of sources of target cells or retroviral vectors used to infect.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.257-262
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• 2008

In this study, the reaction conditions for lipase-catalyzed resolution of racemic naproxen 2,2,2-trilfluoroethyl thioester were optimized, and the effect of surfactants was investigated. Among the organic solvents tested, the isooctane showed the highest conversion (92.19%) in a hydrolytic reaction of (S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester. In addition, the isooctane induced the highest initial reaction rate of (S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester ($V_s=2.34{\times}10^{-2}mM/h$), the highest enantioselectivity (E = 36.12) and the highest specific activity ($V_s/(E_t)=7.80{\times}10^{-4}mmol/h{\cdot}g$) of lipase. Furthermore, reaction conditions such as temperature, concentration of the substrate and enzyme, and agitation speed were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), and the statistical analysis indicated that the optimal conditions were $48.2^{\circ}C$, 3.51 mM, 30.11 mg/mL and 180 rpm, respectively. When the optimal reaction conditions were used, the conversion of (S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester was 96.5%, which is similar to the conversion (94.6%) that was predicted by the model. After optimization of reaction conditions, the initial reaction rate, lipase specific activity and conversion of (S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester increased by approximately 19.54%, 19.12% and 4.05%, respectively. The effect of surfactants such as Triton X-100 and NP-10 was also studied and NP-10 showed the highest conversion (89.43%), final reaction rate of (S)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester ($V_s=1.175{\times}10^{-2}mM/h$) and enantioselectivity (E = 59.24) of lipase.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2006

There is growing concern that dietary soy intake is associated with protection of breast cancer. However, questions persist on the potential adverse effects of the main soy constituent genistein(GS) on female reproductive physiology. In this study, we examined whether prepubertal exposure to GS affected on the onset of puberty and the associated reproductive parameters such as hormone receptor expressions in female rats. GS(100mg/kg/day) was administrated daily from postnatal day 25(PND 25) to the day when the first vaginal opening(VO) was observed, and the animals were sacrificed on the day after VO occurred. Gross anatomy and tissue weight were compared to test the GS's effect on the cell proliferation. Furthermore, histological studies were performed to assess the structural alterations in tissues. Specific radioimmunoassay(RIA) were carried out to measure serum LH levels. To determine the transcriptional changes in progesterone receptors(PR), total RNAs were extracted from ovary and uterus and were applied to semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). As a results, advanced VO was shown in the GS group(PND $31.2{\pm}0.6$) compared to the vehicle group (PND $35.3{\pm}0.7$). GS treatment significantly increased wet weight of ovaries and uteri compared to the vehicle group. Increased serum LH levels were also shown in the GS group. Graafian follicles and corpora lutea(CL) were observed only in the ovaries from GS treated animals. Similarly, hypertrophy of luminal and glandular uterine epithelium were found only in the GS group. Collectively, these effects were probably due to the estrogenic effects of GS. In the semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies, the transcriptional activities of PR in both ovary and uterus from GS-treated group were significantly higher than those from the vehicle group. The present studies demonstrated that acute exposure to GS, at levels comparable to the ranges of human exposure, during the critical period of prepubertal stage activates the reproductive system resulting precocious puberty in immature female rats.