• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2019

Visible light communication technology is being studied and developed in various ways due to advantages such as high transmission speed, excellent positioning and higher security. However, existing visible light communication systems have difficulties in entering the market because they use special transmitters and receivers. We will overcome the difficulty if we develope a VLC system that uses a conventional LED light as a transmitter and a smartphone camera as a receiver. What matters is that LED lights include a scatter filter to prevent glareness for human eyes, but the existing VLC(Visual Light Communication) method can not be applied. In this paper, we propose a method to encode data with On / Off patterns of LEDs in the lighting with $M{\times}N$ LEDs. We defined parameters like L-off-able and K-seperated to facilitate the recognition of On / Off patterns in the diffused Lights. We conducted experiments using an LED lighting and smart phones to determine the parameter values. Also, the maximum transmission rate of our encoding technique is mathematically presented. Our encoding scheme can be applied to indoor and outdoor positioning applications or settlement of commercial transactions.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.290-298
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• 2011

The ability of benzothiadiazole (BTH) and/or humic acid (HA) used as seed soaking to induce systemic resistance against a pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum was examined in four soybean cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Alone and in combination the inducers were able to protect soybean plants against damping-off and wilt diseases compared with check treatment. These results were confirmed under field conditions in two different locations (Minia and New Valley governorates). The tested treatments significantly reduced damping-off and wilt diseases and increased growth parameters, except the number of branches per plant and also increased seed yield. Application of BTH (0.25 g/L) + HA (4 g/L) was the most potent in this respect. Soybean seed soaking in BTH + HA produced the highest activities of the testes of oxidative enzymes followed by BTH in the four soybean cultivars. HA treatment resulted in the lowest increases of these oxidative enzymes. Similar results were obtained with total phenol but HA increased total phenol more than did BTH in all tested cultivars.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.481-488
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• 2016

Dithiocarbamate fungicides such as maneb and mancozeb are widely used nonsystemic protectant fungicides to control various plant fungal diseases. Dithiocarbamate fungicides should be frequently applied to achieve optimal efficacy of disease control and avoid either decline in effectiveness or wash-off from leaf surface. Dithiocarbamates are of low resistance risk but have the potential to cause human neurological diseases. The objective of this study was to develop a strategy to effectively control plant disease with reduced use of dithiocarbamtes. Southern corn leaf blight was the model pathosystem for the investigation. When corn plants were drench-treated with Bacillus cereus C1L, a rhizobacterium able to induce systemic resistance in corn plants against southern leaf blight, frequency of spraying dithiocarbamate fungicides could be decreased. The treatment of B. cereus C1L was able to protect maize from southern leaf blight while residues of dithiocarbamates on leaf surface were too low to provide sufficient protection. On the other hand, frequent sprays of mancozeb slightly but significantly reduced growth of corn plants under natural conditions. In contrast, application of B. cereus C1L can significantly promote growth of corn plants whether sprayed with mancozeb or not. Our results provide the information that plant disease can be well controlled by rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance in combination with reduced but appropriate application of dithiocarbamate fungicides just before a heavy infection period. An appropriate use of rhizobacteria can enhance plant growth and help plants overcome negative effects caused by dithiocarbamates.

• Mycobiology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.186-194
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• 2023

In July 2021, wilting symptoms were observed in adult and seedling hemp (Cannabis sativa L. cv. Cherry Blossom) plants grown in a greenhouse. As the disease progressed, yellowing and wilting symptoms on the leaves developed, resulting in whole plant death. In seedling plants, typical damping-off symptoms were observed. To identify the pathogen, the roots of diseased plants were sampled, surface sterilized, and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. From the culture, 4 different fungal isolates were recovered and purely cultured. Each fungal isolate showed distinct growth shapes and color development on malt extract agar, oatmeal agar, sabouraud dextrose agar, and PDA media. Microscopic observation and molecular identification using ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequencing identified them as 3 Fusarium spp. and 1 Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Additional sequencing of elongation factor 1-alpha and b-tubulin regions of 3 Fusarium spp. revealed that 2 of them are Fusarium solani, and the other one is Fusarium proliferatum. To examine which isolate can act as a causal agent of wilt disease of hemp, each isolate was tested for their pathogenicity. In the pathogenicity test, F. solani AMCF1 and AMCF2, and F. proliferatum AMCF3, but not T. paradoxa AMCF4, were able to cause wilting disease in hemp seedlings. Therefore, we report that F. solani AMCF1 and AMCF2, and F. proliferatum AMCF3 as causal agents of Fusarium wilt of hemp plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the wilt disease of C. sativa L. caused by Fusarium spp. in Korea.

• ALGAE
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2021

The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Tripos furca causes red tides in the waters of many countries. To understand its population dynamics, mortality due to predation as well as growth rate should be assessed. Prior to the present study, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans, Polykrikos kofoidii, Protoperidinium steinii, and mixotrophic dinoflagellate Fragilidium subglobosum were known to ingest T. furca. However, if other common heterotrophic protists are able to feed on T. furca has not been tested. We explored interactions between T. furca and nine heterotrophic dinoflagellates and one naked ciliate. Furthermore, we investigated the abundance of T. furca and common heterotrophic protists in coastal-offshore waters off Yeosu, southern Korea, on Jul 31, 2020, during its red tide. Among the tested heterotrophic protists, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Aduncodinium glandula, Luciella masanensis, and Pfiesteria piscicida were able to feed on T. furca. However, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense, Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium jinhaense, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Oblea rotunda, Oxyrrhis marina, and the naked ciliate Rimostrombidium sp. were unable to feed on it. However, T. furca did not support the growth of A. glandula, L. masanensis, or P. piscicida. Red tides dominated by T. furca prevailed in the South Sea of Korea from Jun 30 to Sep 5, 2020. The maximum abundance of heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the waters off Yeosu on Jul 31, 2020, was as low as 5.0 cells mL-1, and A. glandula, L. masanensis, and P. piscicida were not detected. Furthermore, the abundances of the known predators F. subglobosum, N. scintillans, P. kofoidii, and Protoperidinium spp. were very low or negligible. Therefore, no or low abundance of effective predators might be partially responsible for the long duration of the T. furca red tides in the South Sea of Korea in 2020.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial effects of Moraxella catarrhalis in otitis media with effusion (OME) by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Bacterial suspensions (10000 CFU/mL) were prepared. The colony forming units (CFU) of Moraxella catarrhalis have been measured after an application of photogem plus 632 nm diode laser irradiation. One ml of the bacterial suspensions have been incubated in the dark for 3h with various concentrations of photogem ($0.625{\sim}5.0_{\mu}g/mL$) and then irradiated with 632 nm diode laser ($15J/cm^2$). After, the PDT Moraxella catarrhalis suspensions ($50{\mu}L$) were inoculated on chocolate agar plate and cultured in the dark at $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ condition for 18h. The colony forming units off the bacteria were measured. Also transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to evaluate the effect of otitis media pathogens by PDT. The nucleus of Moraxella catarrhalis was stained using green fluorescent nucleic acid dye thiazole orange and the fluorescence intensity of the nucleus was measured by flow cytometry. The PDT was effective in killing Moraxella catarrhalis at the photogem dose of $5.0_{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, As assessed by flow cytometry analysis the fluorescence intensity of the nucleus got lower after PDT. TEM result appeared to able to cause damage to the bacterial membranes. On the basis of these findings, bacterial photodynamic therapy with photogem can be considered to be a promising new therapeutic approach for OME.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.292-303
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• 2010

On-chip cache memories play an important role in both performance and energy consumption points of view in resource-constrained embedded systems by filtering many off-chip memory accesses. We propose a 2-level data cache architecture with a low energy-delay product tailored for the embedded systems. The L1 data cache is small and direct-mapped, and employs a write-through policy. In contrast, the L2 data cache is set-associative and adopts a write-back policy. Consequently, the L1 data cache is accessed in one cycle and is able to provide high cache bandwidth while the L2 data cache is effective in reducing global miss rate. To reduce the penalty of high miss rate caused by the small L1 cache and power consumption of address generation, we propose an ECP(Early Cache hit Predictor) scheme. The ECP predicts if the L1 cache has the requested data using both fast address generation and L1 cache hit prediction. To reduce high energy cost of accessing the L2 data cache due to heavy write-through traffic from the write buffer laid between the two cache levels, we propose a one-way write scheme. From our simulation-based experiments using a cycle-accurate simulator and embedded benchmarks, the proposed 2-level data cache architecture shows average 3.6% and 50% improvements in overall system performance and the data cache energy consumption.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2010

Lophatheri Herba is the aerial part of Lophatherum gracile Bronghiart(淡竹葉, Gramineae). 25~75 cm in length. Stem: cylindrical with nodes, empty inside, externally pale yellowish green. Leaf: dehiscent of lanceolate lamina, shrunken and rolled, 5~20 cm long, 10~35 mm wide; surface: pale green ~ yellowish green, parallel-formed with veins of square reticulate, more distinct of appearance on the lower surface. Banbusae Caulis In Taeniam is the stringy strip derived from the stem with the peeled-off epidermis of Phllostachys nigra Munro var. henosis Stapf, and Phllostachys bambusoides Siebold et Zuccarini(竹葉, Gramineae). Irregular in size and shape, thin plane ~ strip-shaped, sometimes powdery, sometimes 1~3 mm thick. Outer surface: pale green ~ yellowish green, sometimes grayish white L. gracile and P. nigra have different origins although they show similar morphologic features. We were able to distinguish between L. gracile and P. nigra which are almost indistinguishable through this study. AFLP(Amplifide Fragment Length Polymorphism) was more suitable for identifying differences between L. gracile and P. nigra in comparison with other genetic analysis using chemical analysis. Therefore. molecular biological methods are believed to be useful for discovering origins of herbal medicines.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 1991

A systematic study was conducted to identify and isolate a serologically pertinent antigen with high specific activity and low cross reactivity from Cysticercus parenchymal antigen. Differential centrifugation of the homogenate yield three particulate and one soluble fractions ; the $480{\times}G$ pellets($CyL_2$), the $7650{\times}G$ pellet($CyL_3$), the $100000{\times}G$ pellet($CyL_4$), and $100000{\times}G$ supernatant($CyL_6$). We compared antigenicity of these antigens to that or cystic fluid antigens($CyF_1$), saline extract of cystic wall($CyL_1$), and n-butanol treated $GyL_4$ antigen ($CyL_6$) based on SDS-PAGE and immunoblot techniques. The data obtained were as follows : 1) The ratio of O.D. value of ELISA against cysticercosis positive pool sera to that of negative pool sera was highest when using $CyF_1$ as antigen. However the ratio was relatively low in case of $CyL_{3.4}$ and $CyL_5$. 2) We have noted in previous paper that most strong antigenic activities are present in 63Kd band with low cross reactivities. An effective serologic reagent must contain components that are recognized by most infected sera. 63Kd band met this criteria and could be considered as a reliable band for the diagnosis of cysticercosis. As far as 63Kd band concern, $CyL_5$ showed most strong activities without disturbance of cross reaction by EITB in spite of low applicability to microplate ELISA. 3) $CyL_5$ could detect the serum antibody of cysticercosis even in very low titers, around cut-off values of microplate ELISA, by immunoblot. It also could detect the cross reactivities of Echinococcus species, which showed high absorbance value in micro plate ELISA and some sparganosis cases. Further purification of this antigen will be able to represents a antigen that can be used in the diagnosis of cysticercosis.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2006

The ${\beta}-glucosidase$ from olive fruit is of particular interest compared to the ones from other sources because it has shown to have high specifity to convert the oleuropein into dialdehydes, which have antibacterial activity and are of high interest for their application in the food and pharmaceutical fields. The enzyme is not yet commercially available and advanced clean and safe technologies for its purification able to maintain the functional stability are foreseen. The purification of this protein from fruit extracts has been already tempted by electrophoresis but either enzyme deactivation or high background with unclear profiles occurred. In this work, fruit extracts obtained from the ripening stage that showed the highest enzyme activity have been processed by diafiltration and ultrafiltration. Asymmetric membranes made of polyamide or polysulphone having 50 and 30 kDa molecular weight cut-off, respectively, were tested for the diafiltration process. Ultrafiltration membranes made of polyethersulfone with 4 kDa molecular weight cut-off were used to concentrate the dia-filtered permeate solutions. The efficiency of the separation processes was evaluated byenzyme activity tests using the hydrolysis of p-D-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc) as reaction model. Qualitative and quantitative electrophoresis were applied to analyze the composition of protein solution before and after the membrane separation; in addition dot blot and western blot analyses were applied to verify the presence of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ in the processed fractions. The overall results showed that the ${\beta}-glucosidase$ functional stability was preserved during the membrane operations and the removal of 20 kDa proteins allowed to increase the specific activity of the enzyme of about 52% compared to the one present in the initial fruit extract.