• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.63-72
• /
• 1990

In this study, an optimization design of reinforced concrete structures is performed by using the structural optimization techniques based on the LRFD criteria. The target reliability index is estimated by the optimal reliability index considering the expected cost which is taken as a sum of the structural cost and the expected costs due to failure of the structure. The load and resistance factors calculated by using level I reliability theory with the target reliability index are compared for each load combination (D+L, D+L+w). The results of this study show that the resistance factors are ${\phi}_{M}$=0.90, ${\phi}_{V}$==0.70, ${\phi}_{C}$==0.65 and the load factors are 1.20D + 1.70L, 1.07L + 0.07L + 1.10W. The optimization techinques used to this study are S.L.P. The optimization design based on the LRFD criteria is more economical and rational than other criteria.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.113-133
• /
• 1998

The system proposed in this paper prosodically transcribes the intonation patterns, prosodic structures, phrasings, and other prosodic aspects of Korean utterances, on four parallel tiers: a tone tier, an orthographic tier, a break index tier, and a miscellaneous tier. The tone tier employs two phrase accents (L* and H *), three accentual phrase boundary tones (L-, H-, LH-), and four intonational phrase boundary tones (L%,H%,LH%,LHL%) in order to provide a phonological transcription of pitch events associated with accented syllables and phrase boundaries. The break index tier uses five break indices, numbered from 0 to 4, which mark a prosodic grouping of words and its prosodic structure in an utterance. Among the five indices, the break index 3 and the break index 4 align with an accentual phrase boundary tone and an intonational phrase boundary tone, respectively, in the tone tier.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 2003

The swelling index of clayey soil was examined by constant rate of strain(CRS) consolidation test. Four kinds of strain rate were applied during unloading. The strain rates are l/l, l/5, 1/10, l/l 5 of loading. The strain rates during loading are 0.05%/min and 0.03%/min. From the test results using standard consolidometer, the swelling indexes were much similar values in case of 1/5 or 1/10 of the strain rate during loading stage. In the relation between effective stress and excess pore water pressure ratio, it was found that the existence of cross point and the stress level can be separated into two zones according to the swelling index.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2005

objectives : This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bee Venom acupuncture therapy for sprain of L -spine. Methods : A randomized double blinding study of bee venom acupuncture therapy was conducted on sprain of L-spine. We divided sprain of L-spine patient into 2 groups: one group with both acupuncture and saline acupuncture therapy, and another group with both acupuncture and bee venom acupuncture therapy. To estimate the efficacy of treatment that applied for two groups, we used visual analog scale(VAS) and oswestry disability index(ODI). We compared the VAS and ODI score of two groups statistically. Results : 1. As a result of evaluation by using visual analog scale(VAS) and oswestry disability index(ODI), treatment score after 5 days was marked more higher than score before treatment and treatment score after 10 days treatment was more higher than treatment score after 5 days on each groups. 2. After 10 days treatment, acupuncture and bee venom acupuncture therapy group had significant result on visual analog scale(VAS) and oswestry disability index(ODI) compared with acupuncture and saline acupuncture therapy group. Conclusion : Bee Venom acupuncture therapy can be used with acupuncture therapy for highly effective treatment for sprain of L-spine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2014

As delineating market areas of retail businesses has become an interesting topic in marketing field, Lee and Lee recently suggested a noteworthy method, which applied the hydrological analysis of geographical information system (GIS), based on Christaller's central place theory. They used a digital elevation model (DEM) which inverted the kernel density of retail businesses, which was measured by using bandwidths of pre-determined 500, 1000 and 5000 m, respectively. In fact, their method is not a fully data-based approach in that they used pre-determined kernel bandwidths, however, this paper has been planned to improve Lee and Lee's method by using a kind of data-based approach of the L-index that describes clustering level of point feature distribution. The case study is implemented to automobile-related retail businesses in Seoul, Korea with selected Kernel bandwidths, 1211.5, 2120.2 and 7067.2 m from L-index analysis. Subsequently, the kernel density is measured, the density DEM is created by inverting it, and boundaries of market areas are extracted. Following the study, analysis results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the L-index can be a useful tool to complement the Lee and Lee's market area analysis method. At next, the kernel bandwidths, pre-determined by Lee and Lee, cannot be uniformly applied to all kinds of retail businesses. Lastly, the L-index method can be useful for analyzing the space structure of market areas of retail businesses, based on Christaller's central place theory.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.46 no.12
• /
• pp.1207-1211
• /
• 2003

Purpose : This study was performed to observe the relationship of plasma L-arginine level and the severity of disease and pulmonary artery pressure in respiratory distress syndrome of premature infants. Methods : Peripheral blood samples were obtained at 1st, 3rd and 7th day from 21 premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome to analyze the L-arginine concentration. Oxygenation index (OI), an indicator of the severity of the disease, was calculated at the same time of the blood sampling. And pulmonary artery pressure was measured by Doppler echocardiography at each period. Plasma L-arginine level, OI and right ventricular systolic time interval(RVSTI) were analyzed. Results : Plasma L-arginine concentration of the 1st day was lower than 3rd and 7th day. OI and RVSTI were significantly correlated with each other(r=0.772, P<0.01). Plasma L- arginine level was correlated with oxygenation index(r=-0.346, P<0.01) and RVSTI(r=-0.416, P<0.01). Conclusion : Plasma L-arginine level was lowest in the 1st day during the study period. Plasma L-arginine concentration correlated significantly with the severity of respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary artery pressure in premature infants.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.23 no.11
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 2007

Los Angeles abrasion loss test has usally been applied to the quarry for the purpose of aggregate hardness estimation. 324 blocks from 25 sites of Kyeongsang basin samples of sedimentary rock were examined and tested in laboratary. This paper found that L. A. abrasion loss test is a good method to estimate engineering index such as uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, indirect tensile strength, point load strength index, Schmidt hammer rebound value of sedimentary rocks with high correlation factor. Engineers will prefer L. A. abrasion loss test to the other one for design and construction as this method is quick and easy.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.331-344
• /
• 2013

In the present article, we describe specific elements in a motivic cohomology group $H^1_{\mathcal{M}}(Spec\mathbb{Q}({\zeta}_l),\;\mathbb{Z}(2))$ of cyclotomic fields, which generate a subgroup of finite index for an odd prime $l$. As $H^1_{\mathcal{M}}(Spec\mathbb{Q}({\zeta}_l),\;\mathbb{Z}(1))$ is identified with the group of units in the ring of integers in $\mathbb{Q}({\zeta}_l)$ and cyclotomic units generate a subgroup of finite index, these elements play similar roles in the motivic cohomology group.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.279-284
• /
• 1997

Let L/F be a finite separable extension of Henselian valued fields with same residue fields $\overline{L} = \overline{F}$. Let D be an inertially split division algebra over L, and let $^cD$ be the underlying division algebra of the corestriction $cor_{L/F} (D)$ of D. We show that the index $ind(^cD) of ^cD$ divides $[Z(\overline{D}) : Z(\overline {^cD})] \cdot ind(D), where Z(\overline{D})$ is the center of the residue division ring $\overline{D}$.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.7 no.11
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2020

Nifty Bank Index has started trading in futures and options (F&O) segment from 13^th June 2005 in National Stock Exchange. The purpose of the study is to enhance the literature by examining expiration effect on the price volatility and price reversal of Underlying Index in India. Historical data used for the current study primarily comprise of daily close prices of Nifty Bank which is the only equity sectoral index in India which is traded in derivatives market and its Future contract value is derived from the underlying CNX Bank Index during the period 1^st January 2010 till 31^st March 2020. To check stationarity of the data, Augmented Dicky Fuller test was used. The study employed ARMA- EGARCH model for analysing the data. The empirical results revealed that there is no effect on the mean returns of underlying Index and EGARCH (1,1) model furthermore shows there is existence of leverage effect in the Bank Index i.e., negative shocks causes more fluctuations in the Index than positive news of similar magnitude. The outcome of the study specifies that there is no effect on volatility on the underlying sectoral index due to expiration days and also observed no price reversal effect once the expiration days are over.