• Title/Summary/Keyword: L-S theory

Search Result 408, Processing Time 0.028 seconds

Sources, Components, Structure, Catalytic Mechanism and Applications: a Critical Review on Nicotinate Dehydrogenase

  • Zhi Chen;Xiangjing Xu;Xin Ju;Lishi Yan;Liangzhi Li;Lin Yang
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    • /
    • v.33 no.6
    • /
    • pp.707-714
    • /
    • 2023
  • Plant-derived insecticide-neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) played a crucial role in the development of agriculture and food industry in recent years. Nevertheless, synthesis of these nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with an effective and greener routing remains challenging especially to the notion raise of "green chemistry" and "atom economy". While bio-catalyzed methods mediated by nicotinate dehydrogenase (NDHase) then provide an alternative. The current review mainly focuses on the introduction of sources, components, structure, catalytic mechanism and applications of NDHase. Specifically, NDHase is known as nicotinic acid hydroxylase and the sources principally derived from phylum Proteobacteria. In addition, NDHase requires the participation of the electron respiratory chain system on the cell membrane. And the most important components of the electron respiratory chain are hydrogen carrier, which is mainly composed of iron-sulfur proteins (Fe-S), flavin dehydrogenase (FAD), molybdenum binding protein and cytochromes. Heterologous expression studies were hampered by the plasmid and host with high efficiency and currently only Pseudomonas entomophila L48 as well as Comamonas testosterone was successfully utilized for the expression of NDHase. Furthermore, it is speculated that the conjugate and inductive effects of the substituent group at position 3 of the substrate pyridine ring exerts a critical role in the hydroxylation reactions at position 6 concerning about the substrate molecular recognition mechanism. Finally, applications of NDHase are addressed in terms of pesticide industry and wastewater treatment. On conclusion, this critical review would not only deepen our understanding of the theory about NDHase, but also provides the guideline for future investigation of NDHase.

Fernand Khnopff's Belgian Symbolism and Nationalism in I Lock My Door upon Myself (페르낭 크노프(Fernand Khnopff)의 작품에 나타난 벨기에 상징주의와 내셔널리즘)

  • Chung, Y.-Shim
    • The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
    • /
    • no.9
    • /
    • pp.171-193
    • /
    • 2010
  • This paper examines Fernand Khnopff's Symbolism, focusing on the I Lock My Door upon Myself as a manifesto of his artistic credo in style and theme. Its title was originally in English, originating from the poem "Who Shall Deliver Me?" by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's sister Christina Rossetti. I use the term "Social Symbolism" which combines a nationalist perspective with traditional French Symbolism, in order to explain how the image of Bruges is represented in his oeuvre. Symbolism calls for psychological introspection evoking death, love, silence, and solitude and recluse from realty in pursuit of the Unknown and the Ideal. Although Khnopff shared this idea, he departed from symbolist tradition by incorporating a political milieu in his paintings. First, I discuss Khnopff's early stage in the formation of his artistic concept, including his family background as well as his early opportunity to visit the Exposition Universelle in Paris where he formed his early interests in aesthetics, philosophy, literature, mythology and Egyptian art. His early works, La Painture, la Musique, la Poesie(1880-1881), Le Crise(1881), and En ecoutant Schuman(1883) reveal his favorite subjects which were quite prevalent in the symbolist traditions of both Belgium and France. By looking at Khnopff's paintings, I endeavor to situate his Symbolism in the context of the development of Belgian modernity and cultural nationalism. Second, my analysis of Khnopff creates a new overview of Symbolism in Europe, especially in Belgium. In the absence of socio-political integration, the Symbolist painter adds nostalgic meaning to the landscape of Bruges. The scene of Bruges illuminates the social atmosphere in Belgium at that time. Since Belgium became an independent country, it tried to differentiate its own cultural and national identity from France. There was a powerful social movement for Belgium to claim its own identity, language, and culture. Bruges was, for Symbolists, the epitome of Belgium's past glory. This encouraged the formation of Belgian nationalism centering on Brussels, as I demonstrate in Khnopff's Bruges-la-Morte(1892). The relationship between Symbolist artist and writers is crucial for understanding this development. Khnopff, for instance, illustrated or provided frontispieces for many Symbolist writers such as Rodenbach, Peladan, Spencer and Le Roy. Khnopff did not objectify the exact meaning, but rather provided his own subjective interpretation. In this respect, I Lock My Door, inspired by Rossetti, started from the same motif, but Khnopff seeked escape into silence and death while Rossetti searched for Christian salvation. Finally my paper deals with the social context in which Khnopff worked. He was a founding member of Les XX in 1883 and later La Libre Esthethetique he also participated in the exhibition of le Salon de la Rose + Croix. Les XX was not a particular school of art and did not have a uniform manifesto, but its exhibitions focused on decorative arts by encompassing art for all people via common, everyday objects. The Periodical, L'art moderne was founded to support this ideal by Edmond Picard and Maux. Les XX declared art as independent art, detached from all official connections. Khnopff designed the 1890 catalogue cover of Les XX and the 1891 cover. These designs show decorative element of Art Nouveau in an early example of "modern poster." Les XX pursued all art including graphic arts, prints, placard, posters and book illustrations and design. These forms of art were l'art social and this movement was formed by the social atmosphere in Belgium in terms of social reforms and strikes by working class. Khnopff designed the book cover for la Maison du Peuple. The artist, however, did not share the ideal egalitarianism of the working class to a certain degree, while he was working in his villa he designed under the ideal motto, "on n'a pas que," he expressed the nihilistic emotions toward society by the theme of interiority such as solitude, silence, narcissism, introspection, and introversion. In the middle of his Symbolism, we find the "cultural nostalgia" or longing that the artist develops in the I Lock My Door upon Myself. Khnopff's longing toward the lost city of "Bruges" form the crux of his "Social Symbolism."

  • PDF

A Study on the Theory of $\frac {1}{f}$ Noise in Electronic Devies (전자소자에서의 $\frac {1}{f}$잡음에 관한 연구)

  • 송명호
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
    • /
    • v.3 no.1
    • /
    • pp.18-25
    • /
    • 1978
  • The 1/f noise spectrum of short-circuited output drain current due to the Shockley-Read-Hal] recombination centers with a single lifetime in homogeneous nondegenerate MOS-field effcte transtors with n-type channel is calculated under the assumptions that the quasi-Fermi level for the carriers in each energy band can not be defined if we include the fluctuation for time varying quantities. and so 1/f noise is a majority carrier effect. Under these assumptions the derived 1/f noise in this paper show some essential features of the 1/f noise in MOS-field effect transistors. That is, it has no lowfrequency plateau and is proportionnal to the channel cross area A and to the driain bias voltage Vd and inversely proportional to the channel length L3 in MOS field effect transistors. This model can explain the discrepancy between the transition frequency of the noise spectrum from 1/f- response to 1/f2 and the frequency corresponding to the relaxation time related to the surface centers in p-n junction diodes. In this paper the results show that the functional form of noise spectrum is greatly influenced by the functional forms of the electron capture probability cn (E) and the relaxation time r (E) for scattering and the case of lattice scattering show to be responsible for the 4 noise in MOS fold effect transistors. So we canconclude that the source of 1/f noise is due to lattice scattering.

  • PDF

Analysis on the Use Behavioral Patterns and Use Fluctuation over the Tong-Ch′on Amusement Park (동촌유원지의 이용실태 및 변동분석)

  • 김용수;임원현
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
    • /
    • v.15 no.1
    • /
    • pp.17-37
    • /
    • 1987
  • The purpose of this study is to establish more rational and practical planning theory for amusement park. It analyze and consider the fluctuation of people who come and use the Tong-Ch'on amusement park. The results drawn from this reserch work are as follows; 1. The main visitors of the Tong-Ch'on amusement park are students in their twenties and thirties, and people whose incomes are below 300,000 Won a month. The purpose of visit is for a rest rather than for amusement and user prefer summer, while the user is so rare in wintertime. Those phenomena observed are somewhat different from the real purpose of a amusement park which is on purpose to make profits by offering entertainments to the users. So planner should pay attention to the three points. They are varieties, seasonable diversification and fantastic character of facilties, in the amusement park. 2. The access time of the Tong-Ch'on amusement park was 41 minutes, the use frequency was 4 times a year and resident time was 164 minutes. The relationship of the three factors are as follows; log Y(F) =1.7832-0.0277(A.T) R$^2$=0.75 Y(R. F)=31.8885+3.3217(A.T) R$^2$=0.53 Y(R. T)=224.8959-87.8309 1og(F) R$^2$=0.38 F;Use frequency(time/year) A.T;Access Time(minute) R.T;Resident Time(minute) 3. In the choice of space, there were much differences according to tole user's age, job, degree of education, companion type and purpose of use. 4. There are considerable correlation between use fluctuation and some factors. The factors are season(summer, winter) as a time, temperature, cloud amount, duration of sunshine, weather(rainy-day) as a climate and a day of the week(weekday, holiday) as a social system. The important variables are temperature, cloud amount, duration of sunshine and a day of the week(weekday, holiday) to estimate the user of amusementpark. 5. 1 can reduce the following two types of regression models. 1) log$\sub$e/ Y1 = 6.9114 + 0.l135 TEM + 0.00002 SUN -0.4068W1 + 0.4316 W3 (R$^2$= 0.94) 2) log$\sub$e/ Y2 = 7.2069 + 0.l177 TEM - 0.0990 CLO + 0.4880 W3 (R$^2$=0.95) Y; Number of User TEM; Temperature CLO; Amount of cloud SUN; Duration of Sunshine W1; Weekday W3; Holiday Those model is in order to estimate the user for management of Tong-Ch'on amusement park and use on the computation of facility sloe for reconstruction. Besides the amusement park, city park and outdoor recreation area could estimate of user through this method. But, I am not sure about the regression models because I did not apply the regression models to the other amusement park, city Park or outdoor recreation area. Therefore, I think that this problem needs to be studied on in the future.

  • PDF

Evaluation of Forest Recreation Functions through Quantification Method II (수량화II류를 이용한 산림휴양기능의 평가)

  • Kim, Hyun-Sik
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
    • /
    • v.97 no.4
    • /
    • pp.437-444
    • /
    • 2008
  • This study has intended to evaluate the forest recreation functions to seek methods to designate the recreational areas inside a recreation forest. This study has Mt. Chung-ok in Korea as a study area to which Quantification method II as a valuation measure was applied. This study also has chosen a degree of recreational utility as an external criterion and six factors including Forest type, Forest age, Slope, Riparian area, Road, and Facility for the 173 stands in this area. As a result, absolute discriminated success rate was obtained, so that the first and second estimated correlation ratios were 82% and 74%, respectively. Road and Slope had great influences on the potential power of recreational functions. In the category, recreational function was more influenced by the existence of road and the lower degree of slope. Also, this study has drawn an evaluation map, which displayed the potential power of recreational functions by classifying three discrimination points such as H(High), M(Medium), and L(Low) through calculating the degree of recreational utility of the recreation forest for the stands by applying an estimation formula of recreational function in the stands. This study seems to be worthwhile in terms of actual, experimental, and intuitive interpretation for the degree of recreational utility calculated by using Quantification method theory.

A study on the special signs In Shanghaibochujian-ZhouYi (상해박초간(上海博楚簡) 『주역(周易)』의 부호와 그 의미)

  • Won, Yong Joon
    • The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
    • /
    • no.30
    • /
    • pp.161-190
    • /
    • 2010
  • In Shanghaibochujian-ZhouYi, there are a few special signs in red and black that had never been found in previous ZhouYi texts. Pu Mao Zuo (?茅左), who first sorted out Shanghaibochujian-ZhouYi, classified the signs into six types and explained them in terms of Yin-Yang theory. On the other hand, Li Shang Xin (李尙信) classified the signs into seven types and argued that these signs show that the order of the hexagrams(卦序) in Shanghaibochujian-ZhouYi is completely identical with that of the current version of ZhouYi. Edward L. Shaughnessy also conjectured that the order of the hexagrams(卦序) of Shanghaibochujian-ZhouYi is identical with that of the current version of Zhouyi after his material analysis of the Bamboo slips(竹簡) substance. Kondo Hiroyuki (近藤浩之) is based his interpretation of the order of the hexagrams(卦序) on his own classification of the signs which identified nine types. All these opinions contain some problems and given that the number of the Bamboo slips(竹簡) are very limited, we have to be very careful when we draw a conclusion. Shanghaibochujian-ZhouYi's signs can be possible when we suppose a 64-hexagrams(64卦) system instead of the 8-trigrams(8卦) system, which demands a reexamination of the common view that the 8-trigrams system preceded the 64-hexagrams system.

A Theoretical Study to Formulate the Direction of Integrated Science Education (통합과학교육의 방향 설정을 위한 이론적 고찰)

  • Son, Yeon-A;Lee, Hack-Dong
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
    • /
    • v.19 no.1
    • /
    • pp.41-61
    • /
    • 1999
  • In this study I defined the direction Integrated Science Education(ISE) should take. So that I groped for the direction ISE should take in the inherent nature of science and education, analyzing their respective validity from philosophical and psychological angles. Based upon these researches, I formulated the three directions for ISE to take; knowledge-centered, social problem-centered, and individual interest-centered. The results of this thesis may be summed up as follows: 1. The knowledge-centered ISE that thinks the inherent nature of science is in the scientific knowledge is based upon Hirst's integrated logic which is built on discipline-centered educational viewpoint. Now, the focus of interdisciplinary integration consists in clarifying the meanings of knowledge and the logical relations between one knowledge and another according to the respective form of exploration. The knowledge-centered ISE, therefore, was analyzed to find its justification in the educational philosophy of idealism, realism, neo-scholasticism; in the educational theories of essentialism, behaviorism, perennial ism; in the scientific philosophy of empiricism. positivism; in the educational psychology of developmental psychology and constructivism. 2. The social problem-centered ISE that thinks the inherent nature of science is the process of social concord is based upon Dewey's integrated logic which is built on experience-centered educational viewpoint. Now, the focus of interdisciplinary integration consists in the methodological aspect facilitating the process of experience. The social problem-centered ISE, therefore, was analyzed to find its theoretical justification in the educational philosophy of pragmatism; in the educational theory of progressivism; in the scientific philosophy of relativism and rationalism; and in the educational psychology of developmental psychology and constructivism. 3. The individual interest-centered ISE is based upon Patterson's integrated logic which is built on human-centered educational viewpoint. The focus of education here is self-realization. Therefore, rather than provide in learning conditions from outside, one is made to choose them oneself and the process of satisfying one's motive is emphasized. The individual interest-centered ISE, therefore, was analyzed to find its theoretical justification in the educational philosophy of existentialism; in the educational theory of humanism; in the scientific philosophy of relativism; and in Gestalt psychology.

  • PDF

Evaluation and Prediction of Failure Hazard Area by the Characteristics of Forest Watershed (산림유역 특성에 의한 붕괴 위험지역의 평가 및 예지)

  • Jeong, Won-Ok;Ma, Ho-Seop
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
    • /
    • v.20 no.4
    • /
    • pp.415-424
    • /
    • 2006
  • This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics of forest watershed factors by using the quantification theory(I) for evaluation and prediction of the failure hazard area. Present $sediment(m^3/yr/ha)$ of erosion control dams were investigated in 95 sites of erosion control dam constructed during 1986 to 1999 in Gyeongnam province. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; General condition of class I(Very hazard area) were as follow; Igneous rock in parent rock, coniferous in forest type, below 20year in stand age, below 30cm in soil depth, SCL in soil texture, $31{\sim}40%$ in gravel contents, $S{\sim}E$ in aspect, $2,501{\sim}3,600m$ in length of main stream, $26{\sim}30$ in number of total streams, $6,601{\sim}10,000m$ in length of total streams, over 3 in stream order, over 16 in number of first streams order and over $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. General condition of class IIl(hazard area) were as follow; Metamorphic rock in parent rock, hardwood in forest type, over $21{\sim}24year$ in stand age, $31{\sim}40cm$ in soil depth, SiCL or SCL in soil texture, $11{\sim}20%$ in gravel contents, $S{\sim}W$ in aspect, $1,501{\sim}2,600m$ in length of main stream, $6{\sim}10$ in number of total streams, $3,501{\sim}5,500m$ in length of total streams, 2 in stream order, $6{\sim}10$ in number of first streams order and over $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. General condition of class III(Un hazard area) were as follow; Sedimentary rock in parent rock, mixed in forest type, over 25year in stand age, $41{\sim}50cm$ in soil depth, SiCL in soil texture, below 10% in gravel contents, $N{\sim}W$ in aspect, below 500m in length of main stream, below 5 in number of total streams, below 1,000m in length of total treams, below 1 in stream order, below 2 in number of first streams order and below $25^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. The prediction method of suitable for failure hazard area divided into class I, II, and III for the convenience of use. The score of class I evaluated as a very hazard area was over 4.8052. A score of class II was 4.8051 to 2.5602, it was evaluated as a hazard area, and class III was below 2.5601, it was evaluated as a un hazard area.

A Study on pluralistic Reformation for Education of Telecommunication -for Establishment of Individual System for Comm. Education- (통신교육의 계열화와 계층화 -고유한 교역의 형성을 위하여-)

  • 조정현
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
    • /
    • v.3 no.1
    • /
    • pp.28-30
    • /
    • 1978
  • Communication actions as a social band or Human community stick (fast) to human being ceaselessly w without stopping everywhere. All of comm. actions can be kept up and developed by the education of its own. Comm. actions have to include a character of social process, and so for it the social science should t to be some essential part of it. Therefore, Comm. education have to be schemed for achieving with a point of view of synthetical s science including technical and social factor. However, recentry Comm. education be suffered to lose of itowns essential attribute and individual i independence becausing to reduce social weight recklessly in their education It is a prindiple that Comm. science is an integrate science being composed of human, social and t technical subdepartments and so comm. education have to obey for Comm. constuctional theory, i international and social claim. Originally in Korea a educational idea and genealogy forming by the comm. scientific theory has I inherited on orthodoxy. But in 1961, communication college that is only the orthodox model of Comm. education, was f forced to close by some reckless policy and then the national administration for the Comm. education h have been weakened, and so recently it’s education became to degenerate as out of genealogy or n nonsystem alike some scattering Family. On the other side, today comm. science make to it’s modern scientific factor and to keep its l integrate level, therefore, all of educational provisions and administration for the telecomm. should t to be supplement to be fit for their plural chatacters. Comm. education have to occupy an individual educational system through the comm. theory, and t then it can be coexisted with neighbour scientific field equally and can include, connect coordinate o or effect its inference in each subfactor organically. Finally, educational system for telecommunication should to be requested as preeedence that i independent field including pluralism must be formed and sufficient autonomy be guarenteed, and s so Comm. education must be to restored its orthodox genealogy and be recovered individual system a and seIfrestraint field, and then it can be accomplished its own duty for nation and society.

  • PDF

Effect of Leaf Aqueous Extracts from Some Gymnosperm Plant on the Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Transplant of Hibiscus syriacus Varieties (수종 나자식물의 잎 수용 추출액이 무궁화의 품종별 종자발아와 유식물 및 초기생장에 미치는 영향)

  • 배병호;김용옥
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
    • /
    • v.26 no.1
    • /
    • pp.39-47
    • /
    • 2003
  • The leaf aqueous extracts from five gymnosperms plant were investigated for allelopathy with five Hibiscus syriacus varieties. The leaf aqueous extract of Pinus rigida had the highest total phenolic compound of 2.21mg/L, whereas the soil under Pinus koraiensis canopy had the highest total phenolic compound of 1.38mg/L. Fourteen phenolic compounds were isolated from five gymnosperm plants by HPLC. Among them, phenolic compounds were the highest in P. rigida (320.56 g/mg) with the primary compound 5-sulfosalicylic acid (312.55 g/mg). The correlation between leaf total phenolic compound and pH was not significant, while the total phenolic compound of the leaf extract changed soil pH. The relative seed germination of H. syriacus varieties showed 25% was threshold concentration. The germination rates of varieties were similar to the control group or showed slight stimulation to treatment of P. koraiensis extract. H. syriacus Cambanha was similar to the control group or showed stimulation in all treated groups. H. syriacus Seohohyang showed stimulation in both root and shoot growth compared to the control group. In other varieties except Seohohyang, shoot growth was similar to the control group, while root growth was stimulated in all treated groups. The extracts of tested gymnosperms showed significantly more stimulation to transplanted Seohohyang seedlings, whereas others were similar to control or inhibited in the greenhouse. The dry weight of Seohohyang was greater in all treated groups than the control group, while other varieties were inhibited. All gymnosperm extracts stimulated the chlorophyll contents of Seohohyang and H. syriacus Koyoro but other varieties were not significantly affected. Accordingly, it is suggested that Seohohyang seems the most desirable when planted within these five gymnosperms.