• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 1997

In order to establish a optimum level and proper method of fly ash application for soybean cultivation, the successive three years experiment was conducted in the field applied with four application levels of fly ash, 0, 30, 60, 90 MT/ha during the 1991 to 1993. Influence of successive application and residue of fly ash in soil on soybean growth and yield was discussed. Fly ash application had a favorable effect on soybean growth, however over application such as 90 MT/ha caused to turn the color into the brown of young leaf edge and eventually to have necrosis on the leaf. This symptom was prominent under the application of bituminous coal fly ash. In the 1st year cultivation of soybean, the highest yield was obtained at application level of 30 MT/ha. In the 2nd year, application of anthracite fly ash showed the highest yield at 60 MT/ha for successive application and at 90 MT/ha for the 1st year application followed by the 2nd year residue. Application of bituminous coal fly ash showed the highest yield at 60 MT/ha for the both successive application and residue. In the 3rd year, successive application of the both fly ash was given the highest yield at 30 MT/ha, respectively indicating the decrease of yield with increasing level of application. In case of residue plot, the highest yield by the application of anthracite fly ash was made at 90 MT/ha for the 1st year application followed by 2 years residue and at 60 MT/ha for the 1st and 2nd year application followed by the 3rd year residue. But in the residue plot of bituminous coal fly ash, yield was highest at 30 MT/ha showing the decrease of yield with increasing level of residue. Enhancement in growth and yield of soybean by application of fly ash was due to the fact that fly ash contained some plant nutrients such as phosphorus, silicon, and boron etc. and reformed soil pH that caused to increase availability of nutrients in soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.125-133
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• 2007

Through open-sky policy, USA and European selected market principle of multiuser. However, in Asian case, major airlines monopolize airports. It is purpose that analyzes fare competition of Asian Hub Airport and the position of Incheon airport in Asia. Passengers required longer time and distance to go to the destination because direct flights decreases. But passengers increased in airport every year. Because of routes that decrease, airlines provide more services of flights. So airlines prefer to Hub Airports. As a result, both passengers and airlines are profitable by various routs and the increased frequency. On the assumption that distance and fare are related, the final formula is as following that defined the air fare from hub(H) to destination(Z) by logarithm. Analysis showed that log Rdist is not 1 but 0.08. As distance increases, fare doesn't increase. If distance from hub to destination airports is longer, Log dist_HZ is negative. It is that fare decreases from origin to destination via hub or that fare increases from hub to destination. HHI_HZ and HHI_AZ are negative. It means that if the degree of monopolization of hub and origin airports is lager, fare decreases from origin to destination via hub. Or fare increases from hub to destination. And it compares the Incheon airport with the other Asian hub airports and it examines the competitive fare by market division. As compared with the Incheon airport, Singapore, Beijing and Narita airports are higher fares. They compete with the other ones by Asian hub airports. But Hong Kong and Taipei airports must have more passengers through fare competition yet.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 1989

Observations were made on the differences in cell-mediated immune responses in the mice infected with strongly pathogenic Naegleria fewleyi ITMAP 359, weakly pathogenic Naegzeria jadini 0400, or non.pathogenic Naegleria gruberi EGB, respectively. Variations in cell-mediated responses and changes in antibody titers according to the duration after infection wore noted. Infections were done by dropping $5{\;}{\mu}l$ saline suspension containing $10{\times}10^4$ trophozoites cultured Bxenically in the CGVS medium into the right nasal cavity of ICR mice aging about 6~7 weeks, under the anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of'secobarbital. Following infection, delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) iesponses in the footpad and blastogenic responses of the mouse spleen cells using [$^3H$]-thymidine were observed on the day 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 after infection. For the preparation of amoeba Iysates, each of cultured trophosoites were homogenized with an ultrasonicator, and centrifugated at 20,000 g. The supernatants of amoeba Iysates were used as the mitogen'and antigen for ELISA. Confanavalin A(Con. A) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS) were also used as mitogens in the blastogenic response. 1. The mice infected with N, fowleri showed the mortality rate of 75.7%. The rate was 6.2% for the N. jadini infected group, while no dead mouse was observed for N. gruberi infections. 2. In regard to DTH responses in the H. fewleri infected mice, the level increased in com- parison to the control group but declined after 7 days. An increase was also noted for the JV. jadini group after 1 day, but gradual decreases were observed through the infection period. In addition, no difference was noted between the N. gruberi infected and control groups. 3. Concerning the blastogenic response of the splenocytes, it increased after 10 days in the experimental group of N, fcwleri infection, but the differences ware not statistically significant compared with control group. It was evident that N. jadini group was not different from control group either, while there was a tendency of decrease in SV. gruberi infected group. In regard to the blastogenic response of the splenocytes by LPS, it was found that the N. fowlgri, N. jadini and N. gruberi infected groups had no differences from the control group. 4. The serum antibody titer of N. fcwleri and N. jadini infected mice increased from the day 7 and 14 after infection respectively, while the N. gruberi infected mice showed no increase. In summary of the results, it was observed that there were differences in the cell-mediated immune responses and serum antibody titers in the mice infected with strongly pathogenic JV. fowleri, weakly pathogenic N. jadini, or non.pathogenic N. gruberi, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.174-189
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• 1983

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the herbicidal characteristics of pyrazolate [4-(2,4-dichloro benzoyl)-1,3-dimethylpyrazol-5-yl-p-toluene-sulphonate] in greenhouse and lowland rice field. Pyrazolate controlled effectively most of annual weeds and such perennial weeds as Sagittaria pygmaea MIQ., Potamogeton distinctus A. BENN, Sagittaria trifolia L., Cyperus serotinus ROTTB, and Scirpus hotarui OHWI., whereas Eleocharis kuroguwai OHWI. was tolerent to pyrazolate. Although pyrazolate was applied at 2 to 10 days after transplanting, there was no difference in weed control The weeding effect was not influenced by percolation, depth of water and soil type. No difference in crop injury of rice was found with various levels of seedling age, transplanting depth, percolation, depth of water, soil type and time of application. When combined with butachlor, the mixture gave the same effect on rice phytotoxicity and weed control as pyrazolate alone did. Pyrazolate moved 1 to 2cm downward in lowland soil regardless of soil type and percolation. The herbicidal activity of pyrazolate persisted in soil for 60 to 90 days, depending on soil type, percolation and presence of soil microorganism.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of fermented sausages containing probiotic starter cultures (LK-30 plus, Lactobacillus plantarum 155 and 167, and Pediococcus damnosus L12) with reduced fat levels, and to determine the optimum condition for the manufacture of these products. Although low-fat fermented sausages were reduced fat content at the amount of 90% and the ripening time by 1-2 weeks, as compared to regular-fat counterpart, they became harder and had many winkles outside due to the extreme drying. In addition, fat level in fermented sausages affected the composition and shear force values. During ripening, pH, lightness and yellowness values tended to decrease, however, microbial counts of inoculated lactic acid bacteria were increased up to $10^8-10^9cfu/g$ within 3 days and remained constant thereafter. Low-fat fermented sausages had higher microbial counts than regular-fat ones. Although the inoculated probiotic starter cultures alone had the functional properties, such as cholesterol reduction, anti-high blood pressure and antimicrobial activity, they did not have distinctive characteristics in the fermented sausages. Based on these results, the low-fat fermented sausages were successfully manufactured, but a little bit increased fat level and improved functional properties in the fermented sausages would be required to have better quality as compared to regular-fat counterparts.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 1985

The studies were carried out to obtain the basic data for maximizing the protoplast yields from the mycelia of P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju. Some factors affecting the regeneration of the protoplast of both species and the productivity of their reversion were also examined. The maximum yields of protoplasts were obtained from four days cultured mycelia of both species on cellophan membrane placed on the surface of PSA or MCM media in a petri dish. The optimal concentration of lytic enzyme Novozym 234 for protoplast releasing was 5 mg per ml of 0.5 M phosphate buffer solution with 0.6 M sucrose or 0.6 M $MgSO_4$ at pH 6.0. The greatest number of protoplasts was released 3 hours after incubation of the mycelia of P. ostreatus and after 4 hours for the P. sajor-caju in the lytic enzyme solution. Among the osmotic stabilizer solutions tested 0.6 M sucrose and 0.6 M KCl showed the best regeneration rates of the protoplasts of both species. When 0.75 % agar solution was over-layed on the regeneration media immediately after inoculation of the protoplast the regeneration rates were greatly enhanced. The ampicillin added to the agar solution prevented bacteria from infection. The reverted isolates produced the sporophores and basidial spores just like their parents without any mutations when they were cultivated in a broad mouth bottle with sawdust substrates.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of embryo sources such as in vivo vs. in vitro produced blastocyst, and culture systems on the membrane permeability and viability of bovine blastocyst following GMP vitrification. To produce in vivo embryos, six cows were superovulated by administration of follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$(PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$). in vitro embryos were produced by two different culture systems, oviduct co-culture (OCS) and defined culture system (HECM-6; DCS). Ovaries were picked up at a local slaughterhouse and transported to laboratory in 3$0^{\circ}C$ saline within 2 h. Ovaries were washed with same saline three times and then placed in saline on warm plate adjusted at 3$0^{\circ}C$ during aspiration. The blastocysts produced were assigned for membrane permeability and viability following GMP vitrification. The membrane permeability of blastocysts was checked in 0.5 M sucrose solution on warm plate at 35$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 5 and 7 min, respectively. Then the diameters (width and length) of embryo cytoplasms were measured by a eyepiece meter, and they were converted to their volume by 4/3 $\pi$ $r^3$. The blastocysts were cryopreserved by GMP vitrification method, where they were sequentially placed into vitrification solution before being loaded into GMP vessels and immersed into L$N_2$ within 20 to 25 sec. Post-thaw blastocysts were serially washed in 0.25 and 0.15 M sucrose in HM and TCM-199 for 5 min each, and then cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FCS for 24 or 48 h. The volume change of in vivo blastocyst at 0, 2, 5 and 7 min (100, 37.1, 34.3 and 31.6%) was significantly more shrunk than those of in vitro blastocysts derived from OCS (100, 59.8, 48.9, 47.9%) and DCS (100, 57.2, 47.3 and 46.9%) (P＜0.05). The viability of post-thaw blastocyst derived from in vivo (93.6%) was also significantly different from those in OCS and DCS (81.9 and 83.6%; P＜0.05). In the present culture system, the morphology of embryos produced in vitro was similar to that of in vivo embryos, but the quality in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability showed a big difference from their sources as in vivo or in vitro derived from OCS and DCS. The results indicated that the quality of in vivo embryos in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability was better than those of in vitro embryos derived from OCS or DCS.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.593-602
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• 2004

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of supplemental complex probiotics on performances, physio-chemica1 properties of meat and inetestinal microflora in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty broiler chickens, one days old with mixed sexes were fed one of four diets containing 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% complex probiotics for 7 weeks. There were four replicates with thirty chicks per pen. Diet contained ME 3,100, 3,l00kcal/kg, and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starting and finishing period, respectively. Body Weight gain of chicks fed the complex probiotics tended to increase from the frist week and all complex probiotics higher than control from the 4th week. Chickens fed the diets containing 0.2% probiotics had higher(P<0.05) than those fed the other levels from the 4th week to 5th week. Feed conversion also improved significantly(P<0.05) in the supplemental 0.2% probiotics from the 4th week to 5th week. In physio-chemica1 properties of meat, carcass rate increased significantly(P<0.05) in the supplemental 0.4% probiotics compared to that of control at 7 weeks overall means and abdominal fat pad rate increased significantly(P< 0.05) in the supplemental 0.2% probiotics compared to that of control. Cooking loss decreased significantly(P<0.05) in the supplemental all probiotics. But shear force increased significantly(P<0.05) in the supplemental 0.4% probiotics. The number of ileum and cecum Lactobacillus spp. tended to increase in the supplemental complex probiotics at 7 week of age, but was not significantly different. As the result, supplemental complex probiotics increased performance and physio-chemica1 properties of meat and the number of intestinal Lactobacillus of broiler chicks.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.537-546
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• 2004

Adiponectin is adipocyte complement-related protein which is highly specialized to play important roles in metabolic and honnonal processes. This protein, called GBP-28, AdipoQ, and Acrp30, is encoded by the adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 (APM1) which locates on human chromosome 3q27 and mouse chromosome 16. In order to determine chromosomal localization of the porcine APM1, we carried out PCR analysis using somatic cell hybrid panel as well as porcine whole genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel. The result showed that the porcine APM1 located on chromosome 13q41 or 13q46-49. These locations were further investigated with the two point analysis of RH panel, revealed the most significant linked marker (LOD score 20.29) being SIAT1 (8 cRs away), where the fat-related QTL located. From the SSCP analysis of APM1 using 8 pig breeds, two distinct SSCP types were detected from K~ native and Korean wild pigs. The determined sequences in Korean native and Korean wild pigs showed that two nucleotide positions (T672C and C705G) were substituted. The primary sequence of the porcine APM1 has 79 to 87% identity with those of human, mouse, and bovine APM1. The domain structures of the porcine APM1 such as signal sequence, hypervariable region, collagenous region. and globular domain are also similar to those of mammalian genes.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 1995

Changes of physicochemical properties of citron juice prepared by two different extraction methods, rotary-crushing and belt-pressing method, were investigated during the storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and $-20^{\circ}C$. Temperature drop of citron juice extracted by belt-pressing method was faster than that of citron juice prepared by rotary-crushing method and its freezing point was $0.8{\sim}0.9^{\circ}C$. During the storage, pH of stored citron juice with rotary-crushing method was increased up to 3.5 after 6 months storage while that of citron juice extracted by belt-pressing method was not changed significantly during the same storage time. Acidity of rotary-crushed citron juice was reduced a little more than that of belt-pressed citron juice during the storage. However, changes of soluble solid content were influenced largely by the storage temperature than by the extraction method. Contents of formol nitrogen and vitamin C were reduced remarkably in all of stored citron juice and $92{\sim}82%$ of farmol nitrogen and $72{\sim}43%$ of vitamin C were remained after 6 months of storage. Among the changes of color value, L values were reduced in the whole stored citron juice and a and b value had a different change pattern respectively according to the extraction and storage temperature. Changes in the content of both amino acid and fatty acid compositions was also observed after same storage period. Especially, in the case of change of fatty acid composition, content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid were reduced after 6 months storage, while those of palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid were increased.