• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 1996

The experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of water stress treatment on growth character of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. The water stress treatment was imposed artificially on seedling, flowering and rhizome enlargement stage of the plant. The decrease ratio of leaf area compare with control decreased to 24.4% by water stress treatment at seedling stage and to 41.6% at rhizome enlargement stage. The reduction rate of chlorophyll content at the end of water stress treatment was 41.2% at the see­dling stage and no difference at the flowering stage. The chlorophyll content of water stress treatment on seedling and flowering stage was recovered to 95% at harvest time. The ratio of rootlet distribution from top soil to l0cm depth showed maximum to 90% at the seedling stage and to 20cm depth showed max­imum to 6.4% at the rhizome enlargement stage. The dry weight of rootlet was decreased to $19.3{\sim}40.3%$ by water stress treatment. Dry weight of aerial part and underground part of the plant decreased in the order of seedling, flowering, rhizome enlargement and control and the dry weight of aerial part decrease more severely than underground part.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1232-1238
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to find the optimum addition amount of astringent persimmon paste to glutinous rice flour in the preparation of Gaminjeolmi (persimmon glutinous rice cake). The moisture contents of Gaminjeolmi with added astringent persimmon paste were 57$\∼$59$ \% $. With increasing addition of astringent persimmon paste, the L- and b-value were decreased. The a-value was the highest at the 8$\%$ level. In the mechanical evaluation of Gaminjeolmi, the hardness was the highest in the 0$\%$ astringent persimmon paste-lnjeolmi but the 0$\%$ level was decomposed after 2 day of storage. The adhesiveness and cohesiveness were the lowest at the 0$\%$ and 16$\%$ levels. The springiness did not differ significantly with the addition of astringent persimmon paste for 2 days of storage. The gumminess was the highest at the 0$\%$ level for 1 day of storage, significantly. In the sensory evaluation of Gaminjeolmi, the acceptance of the softness characteristics was the best at the 8$\%$ level. Addition of astringent persimmon paste improve preservation of Injeolmi and the addition of 8$\%$ of astringent persimmon paste to glutinous rice flour was found to be the best recipe in terms of the sensory qualities of softness and overall acceptability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.625-634
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• 2011

Green tea seed coat (GTSC) was extracted with 100% ethanol for 4 hr and then fractionated with petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EtOAC) and butanol (BuOH). The EtOAC fraction showed the highest level in total phenol contents and the lowest level in nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cell. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory and its mechanisms of GTSC EtOAC fraction in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cell. GTSC EtOAC fraction contained EGC ($1146.48{\pm}11.01\;{\mu}g/g$), tannic acid ($966.99{\pm}32.24\;{\mu}g/g$), EC ($70.88{\pm}4.39\;{\mu}g/g$), gallic acid ($947.61{\pm}1.03\;{\mu}g/g$), caffeic acid ($37.69{\pm}1.46\;{\mu}g/g$), ECG ($35.46{\pm}3.19\;{\mu}g/g$), and EGCG ($15.53{\pm}0.09\;{\mu}g/g$) when analyzed by HPLC. NO production was significantly (p<0.05) suppressed in a dose-dependent manner with an $IC_{50}$ of $80.11\;{\mu}g$/mL. Also prostaglandin $E_2$ level was also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, iNOS protein expression was suppressed in dose-dependent manner but COX-2 gene expression was not affected. Total antioxidant capacity and glutathione (GSH) levels were enhanced more than the LPS-control. Expressions of antioxidative enzymes including catalase, GSH-reductase and Mn-SOD were elevated compared to LPS-control. Nuclear p65 level was decreased in the GTSC EtOAC fraction in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that GTSC EtOAC fraction inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through elevated GSH levels, antioxidative enzymes expressions and suppression of iNOS expression via NF-${\kappa}B$ down-regulation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop a salad dressing using jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller) puree and to evaluate the processing and quality characteristics of the salad dressing containing various amounts (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) of jujube puree. Jujube puree was prepared by crushing peeled, deseeded and steamed fruit flesh. The dressing ingredients (jujube flesh puree, soy sauce, vinegar, oligosaccharide, olive oil, and water) were mixed, homogenized, and packaged in glass bottles. The quality characteristics (color property, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, phenolic compound content, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability) of the dressing were analyzed. The lightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$) of the dressing tended to increase as the amount of the jujube puree increased whereas the hue angle ($h^{\circ}$) decreased. The total titratable acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, phenolic compound content, and antioxidant activity of the dressing increased with the addition of more jujube puree. The sensory acceptability (color, smell, taste, texture, and overall acceptability) were significantly higher in the dressing added with 30% added jujube puree than in the other samples. The results show that jujube flesh puree (approximately 30%) can be utilized as an additive for preparing a dressing with simultaneously high antioxidant activity and acceptability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2017

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson is distributed in China and Korea, and the fruit of C. monnieri is used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat carbuncle and pain in female genitalia. In this study, we examined the anti-proliferation and cell cycle arrest effects of ethanol extracts from C. monnieri (CME) in AGS gastric cancer cells. Our results show that CME suppressed cell proliferation and induced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in AGS cells by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay and LDH assay. Cell morphology was altered by CME in a dose-dependent manner. In order to identify the cell cycle arrest effects of CME, we investigated cell cycle analysis after CME treatment. In our results, CME induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Protein kinase B (Akt) plays a major role in cell survival mechanisms such as growth, division, and metastasis. Akt protein regulates various downstream proteins such as glycogen synthase kinase-$3{\beta}$ (GSK-$3{\beta}$) and tumor protein p53 (p53). Expression levels of p-Akt, p-GSK-$3{\beta}$, p53, p21, cyclin E, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) were determined by Western blot analysis. Protein levels of p-Akt, p-GSK-$3{\beta}$, and cyclin E were reduced while those of p53, p21, and p-CDK2 (T14/Y15) were elevated by CME. Moreover, treatment with CME, LY294002 (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor), BIO (GSK-$3{\beta}$ inhibitor), and Pifithrin-${\alpha}$ (p53 inhibitor) showed that cell cycle arrest effects were mediated through regulation of the Akt/GSK-$3{\beta}$/p53 signaling pathway. These results suggest that CME induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase via the Akt/GSK-$3{\beta}$/p53 signaling pathway in AGS gastric cancer cells.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.936-944
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• 1996

Background: Neutrophils or monocytes separated in vitro by the adherence to plastic surface are known to be activated by surface adherence itself and subsequent experimental data might be altered by surface adherence. Adhesion molecules and gene transcription of the inflammatory mediators are known to be associated in this process. To evaluate whether adhesion molecule and transcriptional activation of the inflammatory substances are also involved in the activation of human alveolar macrophage by the adherence procedure, we designed this experiment. Method : Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in the person whose lung of either side was confirmed to be nonnal by chest cr and alveolar macrophage was harvested. To measure the expression of Interleukin-8(IL-8) mRNA, manganese superoxide dismutase(SOD) mRNA and CD11/CD18 mRNA in human alveolar macrophage of both adherence state and suspension state, Northern blot analysis was done at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24hrs after the adherence to plastic surface and during suspension state. Then, phorbol myristate acetate(pMA) and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine(fMLP) were added respectively in the same experimental condition. Result : 1) Human alveolar macrophages in the adherent state induced IL-8 mRNA and SOD mRNA expression which was maximal at 8 hours after the adherence to plastic surface. But we could not observe the upregulation of CD18 mRNA by surface adherence. 2) PMA induced these mRNA expression both in the adherent cell and the nonadherem cells, but the induction of mRNA expression by fMLP occurred only in the adherent cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that adherence of huamn alveolar macropahge is an important cell-activating event that may play a critical role in the modulation of lung inflammatory respones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.353-366
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• 1992

This study was devised to purify the compound from tuna that have cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines and to observe its immunopotentiating activities. The cytotoxic compound was partially purified 277 fold, from petroleum ehter extract (crude extract) of tuna by silicic acid column chromatography (fraction D) and thin layer chromatography (Spot I). Cytotoxic activity was monitored using human colon cancer cell, HCT-48. The active compound (Spot I) was composed of seven materials which are fatty acids of four kinds ($C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{17:1},\;and\;C_{18:0}$) and unknown three fat materials. The active compound has cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines, that is, murine leukemic lymphocytes (L1210, P388) and human rectal (HRT-18) and colon cancer cells (HCT-48, HT-29). The patterns of size distribution of HCT-48 cells in the medium containing tuna extract were shifted to direction of the small size region. Also, the microscopic shape of HCT-48 cells were shrinked and distracted. The number of plaque forming cell and immunoglobin fraction of serum protein obtained from tuna-treated mice were increased, but natural killer cell activity was not affected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.276-281
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• 2008

Extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers were tested for antioxidant and their inhibitory activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Total contents of phenolics were found as $30.6{\pm}0.14mg/g$ (60% EtOH extract) and $23.2{\pm}0.21mg/g$ (water extract). Electron donation ability (EDA), ABTS [2,2azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical decolorization, Antioxidant protection factor (PF) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were measured for the antioxidative activity of the extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers. The water extract were determined as 97.5% at ethanol extract showed 83.2% and 60% EtOH extract were 89.7% in EDA. The water extract showed higher antioxidant activity than 60% EtOH extract when evaluated by ABTS radical decolorization and antioxidant PF. The TBARS of water extracts and 60% EtOH extracts were shown as $0.29{\times}10^2{\mu}M\;and\;0.28{\times}10^2{\mu}M$, respectively, and were lower than control. ACE inhibitory activity in water extract (67.6% inhibition) was higher than that of 60% EtOH extract (46.7% inhibition) at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Water extracts had higher inhibitory activities on ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase than 60% EtOH extracts. The result suggests that the water extract from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.343-348
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• 2007

To assess the environmental risks of transgenic chili pepper with PepEST gene on non-target organisms before it exposes to the agro-ecosystem environments, we conducted the three sets of green peach aphids (Myzus persicas S.) life table experiment under laboratory conditions (Temp. $25^{\circ}C$, R.H. 50-70%, Photoperiod L16 : D8) in series during 2005-2006. We measured the net reproductive rate ($R_0)^*$, the intrinsic rate of increase ($r_m$), the mean generation time ($T_c$), $fecundity^*$, life span, and reproduction period between non-transgenic chili peppers and transgenic chili peppers, respectively. The life span of green peach aphids from three sets was 31, 27, 25 days, and the period of life span was similar to the general average length of green peach aphids, 25-29 days. Although the first reproduction of transgenic pepper was similar to the non transgenic pepper (P>0.05), the fecundity and the net reproductive rate ($R_o$) by using Jackknife method of transgenic pepper were lower than those of non transgenic pepper (P<0.05). Conclusively, we observed the adverse effect from our results but we should execute further experiments to confirm the results at the fields with the similar way.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.387-394
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• 2017

Temperature-dependent oviposition model and life table parameters of Paromius exiguus (Distant), the causal agent of 'pecky' rice grain were examined at eight constant temperatures (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and $35{\pm}^{\circ}C$) and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Unit functions of the oviposition model were developed and life table parameters were estimated. The longevity of P. exiguus adults decreased with increasing temperature (123.8 days at $17.5^{\circ}C$ and 23.6 days at $32.5^{\circ}C$). Total fecundity was highest at $30^{\circ}C$ (585.2 eggs/female) and lowest at $17.5^{\circ}C$ (21.5 eggs/female). In order to develop a temperature-dependent oviposition model, adult aging-rate, temperature-dependent fecundity, age-specific survival rate, and age-specific cumulative oviposition rate equations were estimated. All unit equations ($r^2=0.92{\sim}0.98$) except for the temperature-dependent fecundity equation ($r^2=0.83{\sim}0.85$), described oviposition characteristics of P. exiguus adequately. Life table parameters of P. exiguus were estimated at various constant temperatures. Net reproduction rate ($R_0$) was highest at $30^{\circ}C$ (118.21). Mean generation time (T) was shortest at $32.5^{\circ}C$ (32.99 days) and doubling time (Dt) was shortest at $30^{\circ}C$ (5.69 days). The highest values of intrinsic rate of increase ($r_m$) and finite rate of increase (${\lambda}$) were 0.122 and 1.129 at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively.