• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.11-13
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• 2009

As the quantity of goods transported, port industry and inland transport industry have developing still, but almost 80% of inland transport industry consists of ground transport. According to issue "global warming", many regulations and agreements with countries in the world are becoming necessary and it is being fulfilled now. It is sure that Korea will have duty to reduce CO2 emission from 2013. And inland transport have to cut CO2 emission down. Therefore, this paper will address that calculate CO2 emission under route of transportation container at Korea by using O/D analysis. And then, it will predict routes of transportation containers which can reduce CO2 emission.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.301-304
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• 2009

each kind environment connection regulation is solidified worldwide after kyoto protocol recently, and research of revival energy field by necessity extension of source of energy that continuance is possible that follow to high oil price is consisting concentrically. In treatise that see hereupon to apply to wind force development system of revival energy field topography of our country and wind speed investigation analyze and examine wind force energy wish to.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2013

Recently according to increase of enlarged scale ports in conformity with increase in over size vessels and container handling service, pollutants generated from ports are increasing. In advanced countries, reduction in carbon dioxide emission assigned to them has been implemented according to the Climate Change Convention and Kyoto Protocol from 2008 to 2012 in order to lessen carbon dioxide emission. Henceforth increase in discussion on the measure of constructing Green Port and low-carbon port is expected in our nation's field of port as well, it is considered that the effort in reduction with regard to undesirable output which causes environmental problem of analysis target during measuring effectiveness. Therefore, in this study, effectiveness was estimated through directional technology distance function considering undesirable output differently from effectiveness analysis of existing container terminal, and then performed comparative analysis with the result analyzed with BCC output-oriented model. As the result of analysis, in 2007 DMU3 and DMU5, and in 2010 DMU2 and DMU4 appeared to be efficient terminals in BCC output oriented model, and in directional technology distance function model, DMU1, DMU3 in 2007, DMU3, DMU5 in 2008, DMU7 in 2009, and DMU2, DMU5 in 2010 appeared to be efficient terminals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2019.11a
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• pp.21-22
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• 2019

In order to prevent global warming according to fossil fuel use, countries around the world are making efforts through the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Climate Change Convention. In addition, in order to prepare for high oil prices, researches such as the development of various renewable energy are being conducted. At present, the domestic production rate of energy sources in Korea is low at 18.1%, and power plants using forest biomass are being constructed to meet the domestic situation where 63% of the land is a forest. In 2015, the global production of wood pellets, a raw material for wood-based biomass power generation, was 28 million tons, up 7.7% from 2014, and has increased tenfold over the last decade. This is a result of increased demand for biomass. Korea is also increasing every year. However, biomass fly ash, an industrial by-product generated by biomass energy generation, is now being disposed of entirely, and there is little research to utilize it. Therefore, this paper will use biomass fly ash, an industrial by-product, which is currently being discarded due to a lack of separate treatment methods, as an admixture concept to contribute to solving environmental problems, developing new admixtures, improving quality, and seeking recycling plans.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.1225-1231
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• 2006

Recently, as the climate of temperature change has happened worldwide, To solve this problem, Kyoto protocol was taken to regulate global warming on Feb. 2005 and each country is making efforts to prevent global warming. In the automotive industry, R-134a refrigerant is widely used most these days because it has zero ODP(Ozone Depletion Potential). But R-134a GWP(Global Warming Potential) is so high. Therefore, replacement refrigerant desperately is needed as a alternative refrigerant. So, R-l52a is considered as one of the alternative refrigerants due to zero ODP and lower GWP against as required on Europe Committee. In this paper, performance of the air conditioning system between R-134a and R-152a is investigated experimentally. In the bench level, cooling capacity, condensing capacity, COP of automotive air conditioning system are ovaluated by means of air velocity entering the condenser and compressor revolution speed with optimized charge refrigerant quantity. Result of this study, R-152a refrigerant shows the possibility as alternative refrigerant of current R-134a in automotive air conditioning system.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

In this study, GHG inventory on 17 local government between 2005 and 2014 is build up using 'GHG emission estimation guideline (2016. 2) for local government' developed and distributed by KECO. This covers all the sectors should be included in national GHG inventory, which are energy, industrial process, agriculture, AFOLU, and waste. In addition, six GHGs, carbon dioxide, metane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride declared in Kyoto protocol are estimated to reflect utmost precision. Indirect esissions, such as electricity, heat and waste generation are separately estimated as well as direct emissions to help local government to establish substantial and implementable reduction measures of GHGs.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.3-27
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• 2022

Climate change is a man-made disaster that has become a major global concern today. With increasingly visible symptoms of climate change in recent years, it has become evident that climate action can no longer be dismissed as a mere matter of choice, but as a matter of survival for the human being. To address the impending climate change crisis in a collaborative and sustainable manner, the international community has been taking various measures including Kyoto protocol and the Paris Agreement. With respect to the private investor's project investment in line with international agreements on climate change, recently we have seen multiple legal judgments which clearly indicate the subject of judicial responsibility for investment in climate change related projects. However, in order to hold judicial responsibility occurring during the implementation of climate change related projects, a causal relationship between the responsible entities and clear responsibility must be demonstrated, and applicable institutional arrangements need to be arranged. It may be the right time for global community to consider shifting not only to human ethical obligations but also legal obligations. In this regard, concerned governments should consider legislating arbitration laws, regulations, and institutional arrangements in more specific and applicable manner.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.46
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• pp.265-313
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• 2010

Kyoto Protocol is an international convention on concrete performance program for UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which regulate and prevent to global warming and officially came into effect on February 16, 2005. Kyoto flexible mechanisms, the agreed environmental system in March 1997 in the Third Conference of Parties in UNFCCC General Assembly, Emission Trading System(ETS), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and Joint Implementation(JI), are key policies related to environment. In advanced countries, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced average 5.2% level compared to 1990 in total emissions during 2008-2012. World leading carbon market finished the trial on the EU ETS I greenhouse gas emissions trading system, EU ETS II is operated regularly after 2008. World Bank leads to make 'Prototype Carbon Fund(PCF)' in April 2004, which is the world first carbon fund and a representative public carbon fund type, World Bank operate various funds including present PCF. Thus, I would like to propose as follows in relation to this study: First, in the validity analysis of carbon funds, it would be needed to analyze the Emission Reduction Cost Efficiency(ERCE) of carbon. The ERCE is a break-even value which brings the Net Present Value(NPV) to zero. NPV approach is used among projects and it enables potential projects to be compared and evaluated the ERCE on the basis of the net present value of net future cash flows. Therefore, according to results of analysis, carbon funds should be developed and invested. Second, it would be necessary to allow of issuing bonds together with carbon funds, carbon finance etc. Third, carbon funds, it would be reasonable to have a relatively enough maturity in project and as a financial derivatives in the international financial markets, it is needed various types of transactions. Fourth, it would be needed to standardize the carbon emissions trading for more efficiently. Fifth, it would be necessary to establish and invest in various kinds of domestic and overseas global carbon funds, including governments, privates, governments and privates sectors. And it is also needed to establish the medium and long term plans for carbon funds. Sixth, it would be needed to foster the advanced trade mechanisms for carbon funds in the most effective ways. Finally, carbon funds should be used in harmony with international societies to reduce global warming as the social responsible investing funds and it should be contribute to sustainable development. In addition, it would seem that carbon funds should be studied on establishing the contributable standard of sustainable development in the future assignment.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-185
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• 2014

The Kyoto Protocol has extended its life until 2020 by the decision at COP18 in Doha, Qatar in 2012. So has the Kyoto Mechanism of CDM, JI, and ETS. Nonetheless, the sustainability of CDM projects is jeopardized by the recent rule changes in the international emissions trade market such as EU ETS and the price decrease in emission credits. In particular, the domestic CDM projects reducing non-$CO_2$ GHG emissions are being directly affected. This study examines the trend of carbon credit price change in the international market. It also examines how the rule changes in the international emissions trade market have affected domestic non-$CO_2$ CDM projects through which mechanisms. The policy implications drawn from this study is two-fold: it suggests how the government can assist the project developers in utilizing GHG emission reduction technologies and the market in promoting investment environment before the domestic ETS enters into effect in 2015; apart from possible measures within ETS, an additional measures such as bilateral carbon offset system is suggested to help the private sector reduce uncertainty in investment and increase options to choose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

A/R CDM(Afforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism) in Kyoto Mechanism means, either afforestation in the area used for other purposes more than 50 years or reforestation in the area used for other purposes on December 31st in 1989. South Korea has few sites due to the successful forestation in the past, but North Korea has not reforested the deforested lands since the mid-1970's. So these areas need to apply A/R CDM Project for restoration. The purposes of this study are to make a time series analysis in deforested areas and to estimate a feasibility of A/R CDM. To find the site satisfying A/R CDM business definition, land cover classification was applied using satellite images of the mid-1970's with good forestation, late 1980's including A/R CDM base year, and recent 2000's, and the chronological change was analyzed to categorize the possible sites. The North Korean topographical map of 1977 was used to verify land cover classification degree of 1970's, the land cover classification results made by the Ministry of Environment in 2000 were compared to verify the accuracy of 1980's results, and the land cover classification results in 2000's were verified by 2 site visits. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The eligible A/R CDM sites are 605,156ha on the basis of the forestation change analysis in North Korea. Since the mid-1970's, 30.8% of the decreased forestation area of 1,966,306ha was classified into A/R CDM eligible sites. While other countries have the limited eligible sites, which has not been used for forestation since 1989 or which is being scattered, North Korea has large scale sites. Deforested sites are mainly around road and residential area, consequently give better accessibility for forestation than other countries. In conclusion, it is found that North Korea can provide efficient site for applying A/R COM Project to forestation restoring deforested land because of easy accessibility and existence of many possible sites due to artificial deforestation. Also, it is meaningful that the study suggests the application possibility of A/R COM Project to restore deforested land in North Korea and the related basic information through the chronological classification of the mid-1970's with good forestation, the late-1980's including A/R COM base year, and recent 2000's. It is expected that the study contributes to revitalization of A/R CDM Project and related research on North Korea forestation.