• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2003

The study area, Kwangneung Experiment Forest (KEF) is located on the west-central portion of Korean peninsula and belongs to a cool-temperate broadleaved forest Bone. At the old-growth deciduous forest near Soribong-peak (533.1 m) in KEF, we have established a 1 ha permanent plot ($100m{\times}100m$) and a flux tower, and the site was registered as a KLTER(Korean long-term ecological research network) and DK site of KoFlux. In this site, we made a stemmap of trees and analyzed forest stand structure and physical and chemical soil characteristics, and estimated carbon budgets by forest components (tree biomass, soils, litter and so on). Dominant tree species were Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora, and accompanied by Q. aliena, Carpinus cordata, and so on. As a result of a field survey of the plot, density of the trees larger than 2 cm in DBH was 1,473 trees per ha, total biomass 261.2 tons/ha, and basal area $28.0m^2$/ha. Parent rock type is granite gneiss. Soil type is brown forest soil (alfisols in USDA system), and the depth is from 38 to 66 cm. Soil texture is loam or sandy loam, and its pH was f개m 4.2 to 5.0 in the surface layer, and from 4.8 to 5.2 in the subsurface layer. Seasonal changes in LAI were measured by hemispherical photography at the 1.2 m height, and the maximum was 3.65. And the spatial distributions of volumetric soil moisture contents and LAIs of the plot were measured. The carbon pool in living tree biomass including below ground biomass was 136 tons C/ha, and 5.6 tons C/ha is stored in the litter layer, and about 92.0 tons C/ha in the soil to the 30 cm in depth. Totally more than about 233.6 tons C/ha was stored in DK site. These ground survey and monitoring data will give some important parameters and validation data for the forest dynamics models or biogeochemical dynamics models to predict or interpolate spatially the changes in forest ecosystem structure and function.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 2003

Litterfall and litter decomposition represent a major contribution to the carbon and nutrient inputs in a forest ecosystem. We measured litterfall quantity and nutrient dynamics in decomposing litter for two years at the Kwangneung broadleaf natural forest (DK site) in Korea. Litterfall was collected in circular littertraps (collecting area : 0.25 $m^2$) and mass loss rates and nutrient release patterns in decomposing litter were estimated using the litterbag technique employing 30 cm ${\times}$ 30 cm nylon bags with 1.5 mm mesh size. Total annual litterfall was 5,627 kg/ha/yr and leaf litter accounted for 61 % of the litterfall. The leaf litter quantity was highest in Quercus serrata, fallowed by Carpinus laxiflora and C. cordata, etc., which are dominant tree species in the site. Mass loss from decomposing leaf litter was more rapid in C. laxiflora and C. cordata than in Q. serrata litter. About 77% of C. laxiflora and 84% of C. cordata litter disappeared, while about 48% in Q. serrata litter lost over two years. Lower mass loss rates of Q. serrata litter may be attributed to the difference of substrate quality such as lower nutrient concentrations compared with the other litter types. Nutrient concentrations (N, P, Mg) of three litter types except for potassium (K) increased compared with initial nutrient concentrations of litter over the study period. Compared with Q. serrata litter, nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in C. laxiflora and C. cordata litter were released rapidly. The results suggest that litter mass loss and nutrient dynamic processes among tree species vary considerably in the same site conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1976

For the purpose of investigating the distribution and flora of wild mushrooms in Korea, this study was conducted primarily on the genus Amanita. Through survey of Suweon, Kwangneung, Mt. Chiri, Taegwanryung, Yeongdong district and Mt. Hanta, 25 species of Amanita including 3 unrecorded species were discovered and are described in this paper. The author proposes to group 25 Korean species of Amanita into 3 subgenera according to morphological characteristics by the modern taxonomic system, and also designated the 3 unrecorded species of Amanita including one variety in Korean common name.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 1974

The distribution of corticolous lichens had been investigated in the suburb of Seoul in which factories are located densely and Yeosu which located near sea and very few factories are seen in the neighbour. Ten cm point frame was located at random on the trunk of Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Carpinus Tschonoskii from bottom at 0.5m intervals to 8m height of each trees. The occurrence of each species was represented as a percentage of total quadrat frequency and of density. The density of the corticolous lichens was 2.8%, 6.9% and 7.6% at Dongkooneung, Kongneung and Kwangneung apart 15km, 25km and 32km from center of Seoul respectively. In Yeosu district, the occurrence is fairly different from that of Seoul: it is 34.8% and 34.9% at Odongdo and Hoamsan which located within 3km and 5km from the center of Yeosu. The greater frequency of the lichens on the trunk was found at 1~2m height of trees and they were found mostly on the trunk faced south. However, Pertusaria trochophora species occurred more often on the trunk faced east, Graphis scripta on east and north, Parmelia pertusa and Parmelia tinctorum on west side of trunk. Parmelia pertusa increased with increasing height of trees, but Calicium trabinellum and Anzia japonica decreased. Cetraria collata occurred mostly on the middle of above two species. SO2 concentration in the air of Seoul was high enough to eliminate the lichens except Pertusaria trochophora and Graphis scripta.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.385-395
• /
• 1995

Species effects on soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in the top 15 cm of soil were evaluated using the buried-bag incubation method in three coniferous plantations in the Kwangneung Experimental Forest, Kyonggi Province. The plantations were established on a similar soil in 1927, and included Larix decidua, Pinus strobus, and Thuja occidentalis. Ten soil samples within each plantation were taken during an entire growing season (May 2~Oct. 30, 1994). Mean daily nitrogen mineralization rates during 45-day in situ soil incubations were significantly different among species and incubation dates. Growing season nitrogen mineralization also differed significantly among species and ranged from 47.7 mg N/kg soil for Larix decidua to 21.5 ma N/kg soil for Thuja occidentalis. Growing season nitrification differed significantly among species and comprised from 93% to 100% of the total growing season nitrogen mineralized. We speculated that organic matter contents and quality might control nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in these soils.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.4 no.1_2
• /
• pp.38-51
• /
• 1981

The present investigation was estimated the effect of temperature, precipitatiion, and time on the decomposition of litters with litter bags of Pinus densiffora and Quercus mongolica at Gure where elevation in 50m, and at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m on Mt. Jiri. As the above results, decomposition model was proposed to relation of the environmental conditions. And was investigated the production and decomposition of litters from the stands of various forest communities in Kwangneung, Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla. The results are as follows; The models for the decay of organic carbon (C) was as follows: $C=Coe^{-Kt}$ (limiting factor;time) $C=Coe^{-K'te}$ (limiting factor;tempedrature) $C=Coe^{-KnP}$ (limiting factor:precipitation) As observed in litter bag method, the decomposition rate of litter in Pinus densiflora was slower than that of Quercus mongolica. The higher elevation, the slower decomposition rate. The decomposition of litters at Gure where elevation in 50m was equally influenced by temperature and precipitation. But at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m was much inflenced by precipitation. The decay constant of litters was larger in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the more elevatiion, the less decomposition constant. The time required for the decay of 50%, 95^, 99% of the accumulated litters in the forest floor were faster in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the higher elevatiion, the longer time required.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1977

In this paper, three species of Russula previously not recorded in Korea were found in Suweon, Mt. Chiri, Taegwanryung, Kwangneung, and etc., during 1977. The authors classified 32 species of Russula including 3 unrecorded species into 4 subgenera acording to morphological and cytological characteristics by S. Ito's taxonomic system, and proposed to designate the 3 unrecorded species of Russula and 4 sub genera, ((Compactae, Ingratae, Rigidae, and Fragilis) in Korean common name.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.290-295
• /
• 1994

Soil $CO_2$ evolution was measured using the soda-lime method for 20-year-old L. tulipifera, P. albaglandulosa, and Q. rubra plantations planted on a similar soil type in the Kwangneung Experimental Forest during the growing season of 1994. Soil $CO_2$ evolution ranged from $0.21g/m^2/hr$ for Q. rubra to $0.33g/m^2/hr$ for L. tulipifera. and was significantly different among species. We found positive correlations between soil $CO_2$ evolution and air(p<0.001, r=0.39) and soil temperatures(p<0.001, r=0.49). Peaks in seasonal soil $CO_2$ evolution occurred in July and August. Seasonal soil $CO_2$evolution did not necessarily follow changes in air and soil temperatures. This study implies that more work is needed to clarify the influence of other factors on soil $CO_2$evolution.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.225-229
• /
• 1986

Cellulosic substance which plays an important role in carbon cycle is most abundant in the nature world. Some higher fungi are able to digest cellulose directly to satisfy their carbohydrate requirement. Then, in order to investigate the enzymatic components of Lenzites betulina (Fr.) being wood rot, that fungus was collected in Kwangneung area. The carpophore of the fungus was smashed with cool distilled water, extracted and salted out by ammonium sulfate. And then the precipitate was purified by dialysing with visking tube and dissolved with pH 7.8 ammonia water, and the extract was filtrated. The fraction of filtrate was obtained as light brown powder after lyophilization, and determined cellulolytic activity. Cellulolytic potency of Lenzites betulina (Fr.) was 1. 65 unit/ml. The cellulase of Lenzites betulina (Fr.) was stable at below $45^{\circ}C$ and range of pH $4.5{\sim}6.0$ and is completely inactivated at $60^{\circ}C$ for 15 minutes. The optimum condition for the enzymatic reaction was $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.0. The enzyme activity was not influenced by the presence of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.5_3
• /
• pp.695-702
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate to determine seasonal variation of dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate content and some physicochemical properties, such as soil pH, moisture content, organic matter and several heavy metal concentrations from Apr. 1997 to jan. 1998 in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Nam, to explain a relationship between enzyme activity and the soil factors. There were ranges of 4.03-4.65 in soil pH, 18.65-51.09% in moisture content and 6.69-95.95% in orgainc matter. The organic matter content decreased with soil horizon, showing the higher values in Q. mongolica forest. In comparison to the results of Kawngneung site as control area, there were slightly differences due to a development level of forest ecosystem and microbial degradation of organic matter. The heavy metal concentrations showed 32.50-75.55 ${\mu}g/g$ in Cu, 69.33-134.84 ${\mu}g/g$ in Zn, 57.02-150.32 ${\mu}g/g$ in Pb, and 0.36-1.00 ${\mu}g/g$ in Mt. Nam. These values are higher than in Kwangneung site because of long-term exposure to air pollutants from central city. On the other hand, ATP contents in Mt. Nam were lower than in Kawngneung site in relation to soil organic matter, moisture content and relatively high heavy metal concentrations. ATP contents per soil weight was largest in F+H layer and in spring time of other seasons. Dehydrogenase activity as an index of soil microbial activity had a ranges of 170.67-1,221.66 ${\mu}g$ TPF/g that showed lower values than in Kawngneung site. However, phophatase activity had a contray tendency due to P fertilization for a continuous management. Those values increased through spring to a maximum in the summer and fall in autumn. This is basically caused by metabolic state of soil on the biological activity and several and several factors, such as aeration, soil temperature, vegetation and microflora.