• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.196-206
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• 2020

Background: The Himalayan forests are of great importance to sustain the nature and community resource demands. These forests are facing pressures both from anthropogenic activities and ongoing global climatic changes. Poor natural regeneration has been considered a major problem in mountainous forests. To understand the population structure and regeneration status of Larix (Larix griffithiana and Larix himalaica), we conducted systematic vegetation surveys in three high-altitude valleys namely Ghunsa (Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, KCA), Langtang (Langtang National Park, LNP), and Tsum (Manaslu Conservation Area, MCA) in Nepal Himalaya. The average values of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and sapling height were compared for three sites and two species using Kruskal-Wallis test. Population structure was assessed in terms of proportion of seedlings, saplings, and trees. Regeneration was analyzed using graphical representation of frequencies of seedlings, saplings, and trees in histograms. Results: The results showed that the population structure of Larix in terms of the proportion of seedling, sapling, and tree varied greatly in the three study areas. KCA had the highest record of seedling, sapling, and tree compared to other two sites. Seedlings were the least among three forms and many plots were without seedlings. We found no seedling in MCA study plots. The plot level average DBH variation among sites was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 7.813, df = 2, p = 0.02) as was between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 5.9829, df = 1, p = 0.014). Similarly, the variation in average tree height was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 134.23, df = 2, p < 0.001) among sites as well as between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 128.01, df = 1, p < 0.001). All the sites showed reverse J-shaped curve but more pronounced for KCA and MCA. In comparing the two species, Larix griffithiana has clear reverse J-shaped diameter distribution but not Larix himalaica. Conclusion: The varied responses of Larix manifested through regeneration status from spatially distinct areas show that regeneration limitations might be more pronounced in the future. In all the three studied valleys, regeneration of Larix is found to be problematic and specifically for Larix griffithiana in MCA and Larix himalaica in LNP. To address the issues of disturbances, especially serious in LNP, management interventions are recommended to sustain the unique Himalayan endemic conifer.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1009-1018
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• 2013

회귀분석은 변수들간의 관계를 파악하는데 유용하게 사용된다. 여러개의 모집단을 비교할 때, 여러 모집단이 갖는 각각의 회귀직선의 기울기가 같은지 검정하는 것이 필요할 때가 있다. 본 논문에서는 순차기울기를 추정한 후 ANOVA의 F-검정법과 Kruskal-Wallis (1952)검정법을 이용한 방법을 각각 제안하였다. 또한, 몬테카를로 모의시험 연구를 통해 본 논문에서 제안한 두 가지 방법과 Park과 Kim (2009)이 제안한 기존 방법의 검정력을 비교하였다.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.729-739
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• 2016

독립된 세 개 이상의 처리 간에 차이 유무를 검정하는 비모수적 방법에는 Kruskal과 Wallis (1952)가 제안한 검정법이 있다. 세 개 이상의 다른 모집단으로부터 결합된 표본관측 값들의 순위를 이용한 검정기법이다. 본 논문에서는 Chung과 Kim (2007)이 제안한 결합위치 방법을 확장하여 일원배치모형에서 새로운 방법을 제안하였다. 또한 모의실험(Monte Calro simulation study)를 통하여 기존의 검정법과 제안한 방법의 검정력을 비교하였다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2020

연속형 분포로부터 얻은 독립적인 p값들을 통합하는 Fisher의 고전적인 방법은 널리 사용되고 있지만 이산형 확률분포로부터 얻은 p값들을 통합하기에는 적절하지 않다. 대신에 유사 Fisher의 통합방법이 이산형 확률분포의 p값들을 통합하는 대안으로 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 첫째, 여러 표본들의 위치검정(Fisher-Pitman 검정과 Kruskal-Wallis 검정) 데이터와 관련된 이산형 확률분포로 부터 퍼뮤테이션 방법에 의해 p값들을 구하고, 둘째로 이 p값들을 유사 Fisher의 통합방법을 이용하여 통합한다. 그리고 Fisher의 고전적인 방법과 유사 Fisher의 통합방법의 결과를 비교한다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.262-273
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• 2014

To investigate the catching efficiency of a biodegradable round trap for a swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus), four types of material (two types of biodegradable net, one type of biodegradable plus polyethylene net and one type of polyethylene net) for traps were used in the field test, and the field tests were carried out 11 times in the Boryeong fishing ground of Korea, 2012~2013. The catching efficiency of four type traps was analyzed by catch per trap, weight per trap and mean weight per individual of small and large size swimming crab. Statistical Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out to verify the significant difference for the efficiency between types of material. The catch in number of swimming crab was 9,015 and formed about 94.3% of total catch. In the results of catching efficiency of traps, there was a little difference in catch per trap, weight per trap and mean weight per individual of swimming crab in-situ data. But there was no significant difference in catching efficiency between the biodegradable traps and the PE trap (P>0.05), so it's needed to use widely a biodegradable trap for the conservation and sustainable management of swimming crab resources.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.451-460
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• 2008

This paper reviews nonparametric statistics by Neyman-Pearson test and Fisher test. Nonparametric statistics deal with the small sample with distribution-free assumption in multi-product and small-volume production. Two tests for various nonparametric statistic methods such as sign test, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mood test, Friedman test and run test are also presented with the steps for testing hypotheses and test of significance.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2013

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 복부근력강화운동, 배부근 스트레칭 및 복합운동이 20대 성인의 허리 유연성에 미치는 효과의 차이를 알아보기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 2013년 5월 29일부터 6월 14일까지 K대학교에 재학 중인 21명을 대상으로 복부근력강화운동, 배부근 스트레칭 및 복합운동을 3주간(17일) 총 9회 실시하였다. 유연성의 측정은 앉아 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기(Sit and Reach Test)로 실험 전, 후 측정하였고, 측정된 자료는 SPSS program WIN 12.0K를 통해 운동 방법의 효과 유무에 대한 검정은 Wilcoxon signed rank test를 이용하였고, 각 그룹 별 운동 효과의 차이에 대한 검정을 위해 Kruskal-Wallis test와 Mann-Whitney test를 실시하였다. 결과 : Wilcoxon signed rank test 분석 결과 복부근력강화운동 그룹, 배부근 스트레칭 그룹 및 복합운동 그룹 모두 운동 전과 후에 통계학적 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). Kruskal-Wallis test와 Mann-Whitney test를 통한 각 그룹 간 유연성 향상 정도의 차이를 분석한 결과 배부근 스트레칭 그룹과 복부근력강화운동 그룹, 배부근 스트레칭 그룹과 복합운동 그룹 사이에 차이가 있었다(p<0.017). 결론 : 복부근력강화운동, 배부근 스트레칭 및 복합운동 모두 유연성 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으나, 배부근 스트레칭에 비하여 복부근력강화운동과 복합운동이 유연성 향상에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2018

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to design an intraoral environment simulator and to assess the accuracy of two intraoral scanners using the simulator. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A box-shaped intraoral environment simulator was designed to simulate two specific intraoral environments. The cast was scanned 10 times by Identica Blue (MEDIT, Seoul, South Korea), TRIOS (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark), and CS3500 (Carestream Dental, Georgia, USA) scanners in the two simulated groups. The distances between the left and right canines (D3), first molars (D6), second molars (D7), and the left canine and left second molar (D37) were measured. The distance data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS. The differences in intraoral environments were not statistically significant (P>.05). Between intraoral scanners, statistically significant differences (P<.05) were revealed by the Kruskal-Wallis test with regard to D3 and D6. CONCLUSION. No difference due to the intraoral environment was revealed. The simulator will contribute to the higher accuracy of intraoral scanners in the future.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2020

Purpose: The study investigates the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the real estate sector of the UAE by collecting the opinions of both the real estate companies and different tenants on the execution of CSR. Research design, data, and methodology: Using a sample of 300 different types of UAE real estate consumers and twenty real estate firms, the researchers collected the opinions of targeted subjects by administering two types of questionnaires. The Cronbach's Alpha and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) tests were employed to check the internal consistency and validity of the questionnaires. The selected hypotheses were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) hypothesis testing technique. Results: The findings revealed that all types of UAE real estate consumers expressed their discontentment over the implementation of socially responsible actions by the real estate companies. Whereas UAE real estate companies expressed their confidence in the ideal implementation of social actions towards all stakeholders in general and tenants. Conclusion: Even though more than 50 percent of realty customers are dissatisfied with the company's implementation of CSR, a little over 54.80 percent are willing to recommend the company to their family and friends. Implications have been provided for UAE real estate companies who wish to promote their business to all categories of UAE real estate consumers successfully.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.809-819
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• 2022

This study was conducted to improve the stability of cut slopes of forest roads in granitic weathered soil areas. The study area is a national forest road (road length 28.48 km) in Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do. After data collection, a statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (Ver. 26.0). First, the correlation analysis showed that structure, slope position, soil erosion, slope, and aspect (N, S) were correlated with vegetation coverage (p < 0.05). Elapsed years, slope distance, and aspect (E, W) were found to have no correlation with vegetation coverage. (p > 0.05) Second, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test results showed that vegetation coverage was worse when the slope was located at the top or the middle of the slope than at the bottom of the slope. In addition, the site with sheathing and gabions showed good vegetation coverage when compared with the site without structures. In the case of soil erosion, areas with severe damage and moderate damage showed worse vegetation coverage. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the slope angle of the cut soil of the granitic weathered soil area from 1 : 0.5 - 1.2 to 1 : 0.8 - 1.5. In addition, structures such as sheathing and gabions should be installed on granitic weathered land.