• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 1994

In the present study we investigated the peripheral function of capsaicin and KR-25018, a newly synthesized capsaicin derivative, which was demonstrated to have a potent analgesic activity through different mechanism from morphine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Capsaicin (10-8~10-5 M) and KR-25018 (10-8~10-5 M) produced concentration-dependent contractions of the isolated guinea pig bronchi. There were no significant differences in the maximum response and the EC50 values (EC50: 0.137$\pm$0.025 $\mu$M and 0.097$\pm$0.031 $\mu$M for capsaicin and KR-25018, respectively, P>0.05). Phosphoramidon (10 $\mu$M) and indomethacin (10 $\mu$M) had no significant effect on contractile response to the submaximal concentration range of capsaicin and KR-25018 (3$\times$10-9~3$\times$10-7 M). The response to KR-25018, like that to capsaicin, was significantly inhibited by ruthenium red with reduction in the maximum response, which is indicative of non-competitive antagonism. A further common feature of the responses to capsaicin and KR-25018 in the guinea pig bronchi was their sensitivity to capsazepine. Capsazepine caused a rightward parallel shift in concentration-response curves obtained by capsaicin and KR-25018. the pA2 values of capsazepine were 5.90 and 5.99 against capsaicin and KR-25018 response, respectively. In conclusion, KR-25018 and capsaicin exert their contractile effects in the isolated guinea pig bronchial muscle by common mechanisms, probably via the activation of a specific receptor.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.16-26
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• 2016

Background: Deficiencies in the ability to maintain balance are common in elderly. Augmented feedback such as knowledge of results (KR) can accelerate learning and mastering a motor skill in older people. Objects: We designed this study to examine whether one session of Wii-Fit game with self-regulated KR is effective for elderly people, and to compare the effect of two different timings of self-regulated KR conditions. Methods: Thirty-nine community-dwelling elders, not living in hospice care or a nursing home, participated in this study. During acquisition, two groups of volunteers were trained in 10 blocks of a dynamic balancing task under the following 2 conditions, respectively: (a) a pre-trial self-regulated KR ($n_1=18$), or (b) a post-trial self-regulated KR ($n_2=21$). Immediate retention tests and delayed retention tests of balancing performance were administered in 15 minutes and 24 hours following acquisition period, respectively. Results: In both groups, significant improvements of balancing performances scores were observed during the acquisition period. Regardless of the group, mean of balancing performance scores on retention tests were well-maintained from the final session. There were no significant differences between groups in balancing performance scores during the acquisition period (p>.05); however, the post-trial self-regulated KR group exhibited significantly higher balancing performance scores in both the immediate retention test and delayed retention test than that of the pre-trial self-regulated KR group (p<.05). Conclusion: Therefore, subjects who regulated their feedback after a dynamic balancing task, during the acquisition period, experienced more efficient motor learning during the retention period than did subjects who regulated their feedback before a dynamic balancing task. Accordingly, in case of presenting the KR of motor learning in clinical settings to elders who reduced dynamic balance abilities, the requesting time of KR is imperative according to self-estimation processes as well as types of KR and practice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.405-413
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• 2020

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play a crucial role in initiating rheumatoid arthritis. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) plays a role in FLS survival as well as in B cell maturation and maintenance. Here, we investigated whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced BAFF expression controls FLS migration and whether BAFF expression in FLS could be regulated by KR33426 which is the inhibitor of BAFF binding to BAFF receptors (BAFF-R) by using MH7A synovial cells transfected with the SV40 T antigen. More TNF-α-treated cells migrated compared to the control. TNF-α increased BAFF expression in FLS, significantly. FLS migration was inhibited by the transfection with BAFF-siRNA. KR33426 also inhibited BAFF expression increased by TNF-α treatment in FLS as judged by western blotting, PCR, and transcriptional activity assay. Kinases including JNK, p38 and Erk were activated by TNF-α treatment. While JNK and p38 were inhibited by KR33426 treatment, no changes in Erk were observed. Transcription factors including p65, c-Fos, CREB and SP1 were enhanced by TNF-α treatment. Among them, c-Fos was inhibited by KR33426 treatment. Small interference(si)-RNA of c-fos decreased BAFF transcriptional activity. FLS migration induced by TNF-α was inhibited by the transfection with BAFF-siRNA. KR33426 increased Twist, Snail, Cadherin-11 and N-Cadherin. In contrast, KR33426 decreased E-cadherin and TNF-α-enhanced CCL2. Taken together, our results demonstrate that synovial cell migration via CCL2 expression could be regulated by BAFF expression which is decreased by KR33426 and c-Fos-siRNA. It suggests for the first time that the role of BAFF-siRNA on FLS migration might be matched in the effect of KR33426 on BAFF expression.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.286-294
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• 2023

Biological and molecular characterization of a Korean isolate of Orthotospovirus chrysanthinecrocaulis (formerly known as chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, CSNV) isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium was determined using host range and sequence analysis in this study. Twenty-three species of indicator plants inoculated mechanically CSNV-Kr was investigated for determination of host range. CSNV-Kr induced various local and systemic symptoms in the inoculated plant species. CSNV-Kr could not infect three plant species and induced symptomless in systemic leaves in Nicotiana tabacum cultivars, though the plant samples reacted positively with the antiserum to CSNV by double-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The complete genome sequence of CSNV-Kr was determined. The L RNA of CSNV-Kr consists of 8,959 nucleotides (nt) and encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The M RNA of CSNV-Kr consists of 4,835 nt and encodes the movement protein (NSm) and the glycoprotein precursor (Gn/Gc protein). The S RNA of CNSV-Kr consists of 2,836 nt and encodes NSs protein and N protein. The Gn/Gc and N sequence of CSNV-Kr were compared with those of previously published CSNV isolates originating from different countries at nucleotide and amino acid levels. The Gn/GC sequence of CSNV-Kr shared 98.8-99.5% identity with CSNV isolated from other countries and the N sequence of CSNV-Kr shared 98.8-99.6% identity. No particular region of variability could be found in either grouping of viruses. All of the CSNV isolates did not show any relationship according to geographical origins and isolation hosts, suggesting no distinct segregation of the CSNV isolates.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2997-3003
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• 2009

The pharmacological profile of KR-31081, a nonpeptide $AT_1$ selective angiotensin receptor antagonist, was investigated by receptor binding studies, functional in vitro assays with rabbit aorta. KR-31081 inhibited the specific binding of $[^{125}I]\;[Sar^1,\;Ile^8]$-angiotensin II to human recombinant $AT_1$ receptor with an 8.6-fold greater potency than losartan ($IC_{50}$: 1.43 and 12.3 nM, respectively), but it did not inhibit the binding of [$^{125}I$] CGP 42112A to human recombinant $AT_2$ receptor ($IC_{50}$: higher than $10{\mu}M$ for both). The Hill coefficient for the competition curve of KR-31081 against $AT_1$ receptor was not significantly different from unity (0.99). Scatchard analysis showed that KR-31081 interacted with human recombinant $AT_1$ receptor in a competitive manner, as with losartan. In functional studies with rabbit aorta, KR-31081 competitively inhibited the contractile response to angiotensin II ($pK_B$ values: 8.66) with 20-70% decrease in the maximum contractile responses, unlike losartan that showed competitive antagonism without any change in the maximum contractile responses to angiotensin II ($pA_2$ values: 7.59). These results suggest that KR-31081 is a highly potent $AT_1$ selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist with a mode of insurmountable antagonism to be developed as the exploratory potential of this compound.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.269-279
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• 2000

Alfalfa mosaic alfamoviruses(AIMV) were isolated from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum) and azuki bean (Paseolus angularis) in Korea. Two AIMV isolated from potatoes were named as strain KR (AIMV-KR1 and KR2) and AIMV isolated from azuki bean was named as strain Az (AIMV-Az). Each isolated AIMV strain was characterized by using their host ranges, symptom developments, serological relations and nucleotide sequence analysis of coat protein (CP) gene. Strains KR1, KR2, and Az were readily transmitted to 20 of 22 inoculated plant species including bean, cowpea, tomato, tobacco, and potato. AIMV-KR1 and KR2 produced the typical symptoms like chlorotic or necrotic spots in Chenopodium quinoa and Solanum tuberosum cv. Superior. AIMV-Az caused bright yellow mosaic symptom and leaf malformation in Nicotiana glauca, which were different from the common mosaic symptom caused by AIMV-KR1 and KR2. Electron microscope observation of purified virus showed bacilliform virions containing a single-stranded plus-strand RNAs of 3.6, 2.6, 2.0 and 0.9 kbp in length, respectively, similar in size and appearance to those of Alfamovirus. In SDS-PAGE, the coat protein of the two viruses formed a consistent band that estimated to be about 24kDa. The CP genes of the AIMV strains, KR1, KR2, and Az have been amplified by RT-PCR using the specific primers designed to amplify CP gene from viral RNA-3, cloned and sequenced. Computer aided analysis of the amplified cDNA fragment sequence revealed the presence of a single open reading frame capable of encoding 221 amino acids. The nucleotide and peptide sequence of viral CP gene showed that strain KR1, KR2, and Az shared highest nucleotide sequence identities with AIMV strain 425-M at 97.7%, 98.2%, and 97.2%, respectively. CP gene sequences of two strains were almost identical compared with each other. Altogether, physical, serological, biological and molecular properties of the purified virus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.253-253
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• 1996

KR-25018 과 capsaicin 모두 용량의존적으로 진통효과를 나타내었으며 효력은 KR-25018이 capsaicin 보다 약간 강하거나 비슷하였고, 두 약물 모두 10 mg/kg에서 최대 효과를 나타내었다. KR-25018 과 capsaicin의 투여 농도에 의존적으로 기관지의 substance P 양이 감소하였으며 두 약물 모두 5 mg/kg에서 최대효과를 나타내었다. Capsaicin 1 mg/kg 전처치에 의해 기니픽의 체온이 30 분부터 감소하였으나, KR-25018 1 mg/kg에 의해서는 체온변화가 훨씬 미약하였다. Capsazepine 의 병용투여에 의해 두 약물의 진통작용 및 substance P 감소작용은 모두 억제되었으나 체온 변화에 대해서는 capsazepine이 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.409-411
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• 1998

The effects of iron and EDTA on the growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1, a highly$CO_2$tolerant fresh water micro alga, have been determined. The algal growth was significantly affected not only by iron concentrations in the medium but by the ratio of iron to EDTA. The linear growth rate and the final cell concentration are increased with the supplementation of EDTA. Enhanced growth of Chlorella sp. KR-1 by the supplementation of EDTA was mainly due to the fact that the supply of iron to the algal culture had been possible for a longer time. When Chlorella sp. KR-1 is cultured in the medium of iron-15H-EDTA, the linear growth rate and the final cell concentration are at their maximum, 0.88 g/l${\cdot}$day and 9.1 g/l, respectively. The results show that Chlorella sp. KR-1 may be used for mass cultivation to fix$CO_2$from stack gases.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.251.3-252
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• 2002

The present study was performed to compare the cardiovascular adverse effects of verapamil. KR30031 and their each optical isomers, and also to measure their ability to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). R-isomer of KR30031 (R-KR30031) was equipotent with S-isomer of KR30031 (S-KR30031) and 25 fold less potent than R-isomer of verapamil (R-verapamil) in relaxing the aorta isolated from rat (EC50: 11.8, 10.2 and 0.46 ${\mu}$M, respectively). (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.145-163
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate counseling services in consumer counseling sites. We analyzed the contents and services of consumer counseling from the following internet sites; http : //www . gcn. or. kr , http : //www. jubuclub. or. kr, http : //www. cacpk. erg, http : //www . tor. co. kr/~ consumer, http : //civ. miriman. co. kr, http ://my. netian .com/~rokmc9. The major findings were summarized as follows: (1) All sites provided both a lot of information on consumer affairs and services for consumer counseling. (2) Two out of six private consumer counseling sites were technically inappropriated. They are wow.gen.or.kr and cia.miriman.co.kr (3) Consumer counseling services with specialized information and laws on consumer affairs were more likely provided from sites of consumer organizations than personal sites. (4) Personal sites made more consumer friendly communication than organization sites.