• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2000

We investigated the temporal and spatial variations in heterotrophic dinoflagellates (hereafter HTD) and ciliates from June to September 1997 in the waters off Kohung, Korea where red tides dominated by harmful dinoflagellates had occurred from August to October since 1995. We took water samples five times from 5-7 depths at 3 stations in this study period. A total of 17 HTD species were present and of these species in the genus Protoperidinium were 11. The species number of tintinnids (hereafter TIN) present totalled 15 and several naked ciliate (hereafter NC) species were observed. The species numbers of HTD and TIN rapidly increased between August 1st and 21st and then reached to the maximum numbers of 13 and 10, respectively, on August 27 when red tides dominated by Gyrodinium impudicum were first observed in the study area. However the species numbers drastically decreased on September 22. The maximum densities of HTD, TIN, and NC were 45, 39, 57 cells $ml^{-1}$, respectively. ADAS, calculated by averaging the densities of a certain species in the all samples collected from all depths and stations at a sampling period, most increased between August 1st and 21st and then reached to the maximum density of f cells $ml^{-1}$ on August 27 for HTD, while did between August 21st and 27th and up to 7 cells $ml^{-1}$ for TIN. Unlike ADAS of HTD and TIN, that of NC did not change much with the maximum of 8 cells $ml^{-1}$ on August 27th. The pattern of the temperal variation in the species number and ADAS of HTD was similar to that of diatoms and the distributions of Protoperidinium spp. and diatoms had a strong positive correlation. This evidence suggests that HTD, in particular Protoperidinium spp. be a grazer on diatom. In general, the densities of HTD, TIN, and NC decreased with going to stations located in the outer bay. Therefore, the availability of suitable prey and distance from the coastal line might be responsible for the distribution of HTD, TIN, and NC. The results of the present study provide a basis for further experiments for the feeding by dominant HTD, TIN, and NC on dominant phytoplankton including red tide species and for understanding food webs in the planktonic community before, during, and after the red tide outbreak.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.264-281
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• 1996

As a consequence of wide use of herbicides, Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi became a dorminant problem weed for rice cultivation in Korea. To understand the establishment of the weed, experiments on physio-ecological characteristics were carried out sprouting and occurrence, the results could be summarized as follows: Sprouting percentage remained 68 to 73% until the time of field emergence, indicating many of the them are still dormant. The proportion of the dormant tubers were greater for the smaller than the bigger tubers. Apical dominance was apparent in sprouting, with 84% of tuber sprouted from only one of the apical buds. Tubers sprouted from 2 or 3 buds were less than 20%, and were mostly from the bigger tubers. When the shoot growth was compared, by controlling the others, ones from apical and the next 3 buds showed similar vigorous growth, but the later ones showed poorer growth. For the longevity of tubers, deep soil storage appeared to be better than storage in temperature controlled room to 2~$3^{\circ}C$. Emergence of E. kuroguwai was better in clay soil than in sand, and the possible depth for emergence in clay soil appeared to be up to 21cm, but was 15cm in sand. When tubers were exposed to salt solutions before emergence tests, E. kuroguwai appeared to be much sensitive to salts than S.planiculmis. Among the tubers formed in previous year, 12.7% remained still viable until the end of next crop season, but with relatively strong dormancy. The first emergence was about 10 days after planting at ordinary cropping seasons, and the days to the maximum shoot number stage were 60~90 from planting. The duration was extended at early transplanting, and shoot number, leaves per shoot, and tubers developed per plant were also greater at early plantings. The 6th order offshoots were developing when E. kuroguwai was planted at early season. When planted at later seasons, generation and the number of offshoots was reduced planted at early season. When planted at later seasons, generation and the number of offshoots was reduced and the number of tubers, runner and rhizome lengths was also reduced.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.128-140
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• 1982

The distribution and practical classification of sandy paddy soils, which have the most extensive acreage among low productive paddy soils in Korea and have distinctive improvement effects, were studied to propose a tentative new classification system of sandy textured paddy soils as a means of improving the "Paddy Soil Type Classification" scheme used. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The potential productivity of sandy textured paddy soils was about 86% of normal paddy and the coefficient of variation was relatively high indicating that the properties of soils included were not sufficiently homogeneous. 2. As the poorly drained and halomorphic (> 16 mmhos/cm of E.C. at $25^{\circ}C$) sandy soils are not included in the "Sandy Soil" type according to the criteria of "Soil Type Classification", the recommendation of "adding clay earth" become complicated, and the soil type have to change when the salts washed away or due to ground water table fluctuations. 3. Coarse textured soils were entirely included in the "Sandy Soils" in the tentative criteria of sandy soil classification proposed, and the sandy soils were subdivided into 4 subtypes that is "Oxidized leaching sandy paddy", Red-ox. intergrading sandy paddy", "Reduced accumulating sandy paddy" and "Reduced halomorphic sandy paddy". The system of sandy soil classification proposed were consisted of following categories; Type (Sandy paddy)-Sub-type (4)-Texture family (5)-Soil series (48). 4. The variation of productivities according to the proposed scheme was more homogenized than that of the present device. 5. The total extent of sandy paddy soils was 409, 902 ha (32.3% of total paddy) according to the present classification system, but the extent reached 492,983 ha (38.9%) by the proposed system. The provinces of Gyeong-gi (88.923ha), Jeon-bug (69.717 ha), Gyeong-bug (55.390 ha) have extensive acreage of sandy paddy soils, and the provinces that had high ratio of sandy paddy soils were Gang-weon (58.9%), Gyeong-gi (50.5%), Chung-bug (48.5%), Jeon-bug (41.0%) etc. The ratio was increased by the proposed scheme, e.g. 71.4% in the case of Gang-weon prov. 6. According to the suitability group of paddy soils, the sandy soils mostly belong to 3 class (69.1%) and 4 class (29.2%). Coarse loamy textural family (59.2%) and coarse silty (16.1 %) soils were dominantly distributed. 7. The "Red-ox. intergrading subtype" of sandy paddy pertinent to 49.6% (245,012 ha) while the "Oxidized leaching sub-type" reaches to 33.5% (64,890 ha) and the remained 16.9% (83,081ha) belong to "Reduced accumulating sub-type (14.0%) and "Reduced halomorphic sub-type (2.9%)" according to the proposed scheme.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.482-492
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• 2000

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are known to increase plant growth as well as to enhance salt tolerance of plants where plant roots are colonized by VAM. In pot experiment, pepper was grown in soil containing 0, 200, 400, and $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ with and without mycorrhizal inoculum. Pots were irrigated with saline water containing 0.5, 2.0, and $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$. At 0, 200, and $400P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments, plant hight in mycorrhizal treatments was significantly different compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. However, plant hight at $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ was not different between mycorrhizal and nomycorrhizal treatments. Leaf area at $0P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments, and $200P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$ in mycorrhizal treatments significantly increased compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. However, these increase were not discovered in high salinity and P level. Level of EC affected dry weight, and especially, interection of P and EC, or P and VA inoculation highly affected root dry weight. R/S ratio generally decreased in mycorrhizal treatments. Significantly decreased R/S ratio was shown at 0, 400, and $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$. Chlorophyll content generally increased with decreased salinity and P level where mycorrhizal treatments showed higher chlorophyll content compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. The benefits of VAM inoculation on fruit production was discovered at only low P level and salinity. Mycorrhizal dependency on dry weight basis was generally shown in $0P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments and 0.5, $2.0dS\;m^{-1}$ of $200P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ level. Colonization rate ranged 3.3 to 43.3% and number of spores was 47.7 to 198.3 $100g^{-1}$ soil. Colonization rate and number of spores increased with decreased P level and salinity where there was high correlation ($r=0.858^{**}$) between both. Also improved uptake of mineral nutrients was discovered at mycorrhizal treatments in decreased P level and salinity.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.254-261
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• 1995

The nationwide weed survey was conducted in lowland rice fields over whole country of Korea in 1992 in order to determine a change of weed community and to identify a major dominant weed species and/or problem weed. Based on morphological characteristics of weeds, population ratio of broad leaf weed was 42.6%, grasses weed-9.0%, sedges-33.4% and others were 15.0%. Annual weed was 33.4% while perennial weed was 66.6% in terms of life cycle of weeds. Meanwhile, there was different weed occurrence as affected by planting method of the rice plant. In hand transplanted paddy fields predominant weed species was Sagittaria trifolia L., Monochoria vaginalis Presl., and Aneilema japonica Kunth. In machine transplanted rice fields of infant and young rice seedling Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi. and S. trifolia L. were more predominant. There was high occurrence of M. vaginalis, Echinochloa crus-galli L., and Leesia japonica Makino in water seeding while E. crus-galli and Cyperus serotinus Rottb. were predominant weed species in dry seeded rice. Monoculture of the rice plant would cause to high occurrence of E. kuroguwai, S. trifolia, M. vaginalis, E. crus-galli, and Sagittaria pygmaea Miq and there was higher population of S. trifolia, S. pygmaea, M. vaginalis, E crus-galli, and E. kuroguwai in double cropping system based on rice culture. In particular, there was high different weed occurrence under different transplanting times. E. kuroguwai, S. trifolia, S. pygmaea, M. vaginalis, and C. serotinus were higher population at the transplanting of 25 May and S. trifolia, E crus-galli, C. serotinus, and M. vaginalis at 10 June and S. pygmaea, E. kuroguwai, M. vaginalis, S. trifolia, and E. crusgalli at 25 June in Korea, respectively. Autumn tillage in terms of tillage time would cause more predominant weed species such as S. trifolia, E. kuroguwai, M. vaginalis, and S. pygmaea while spring tillage was higher population of E. kuroguwai, S. trifolia, E. crusgalli, M. vaginalis, and S. pygmaea. In plain area of paddy field there was higher occurrence of E. kuroguwai, S. trifolia, M. vaginalis, E. crus-galli, and S. pygmaea and in mid-mountainous area S. trifolia, E. kuroguwai, M. vaginalis, E. crus-galli, and Ludwigia prostrate Roxb. while in mountainous area S. trifolia, M. vaginalis, Potamogeton distinctus Ben., E. kuroguwai, and E. crus-galli were. In 1992 the most ten predominant weed species at the rice field of Korea based on summed dominant ratio(SDR) were E. kuroguwai > S. trifolia > E. crus-galli > M. vaginalis > S. pygmaea > C. serotinus > L. prostrate > P. distinctus > A. japonica > Scirpus juncoides Roxb.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 1974

1. Various gluing qualities applying Resorcinol Plyophen #6000 were studied on aiming the strength relationships of laminated woods resulted by single species [poplar (Populus deltoides), larch(Larix leptolepis)], mixed species of (poplar and larch), preservatives, treated poplar the scarf joint with mixed species of poplar and larch and the scarf joint treated with preservatives. 1. 1 On the block shear and on the DVL tension test, the mean wood failure ratio showed an excellent value i.e., above 65% and the tangential strength for larch was higher than that of radial, but it was reversed for poplar as shown in Tables 1 and 2. 1. 2 The lamina treated with Na-PCP reduced slightly the strength but the limited strength allowed for manufacturing laminated wood was not influenced by treating Na-PCP as shown in Tables 3 and 4. 1. 3 The safe scarf ratio in the plane scarf joint was above 1/12 for larch and 1/6 for poplar regard less of the chemical treatment or untreatment as shown in Tables. 5, 6, 7 and 8. 2. In the normal and boiled state, the gluing quality of the laminated wood composed of single[poplar (Populus deltoides), larch (Larix leptolepis)] and double species (poplar and larch) glued with Resorcinol Plyophen #6000 were measured as follow, and also represented the delamination of the same laminated wood. 2.1 The normal block shear strength of the straight and curved laminated wood (in life size) were more than three times of the standards adhesion strength. And, the value of the boiled stock was decreased to one half of the standard shear adhesion strength, but it was more than twice the standard strength for the boiled stock. Thus, it was recognized that the water resistance of the Resorcinol Plyophen #6000 was very high as shown in Tables 9 and 10. 2. 2 The delamination ratio of the straight and curved laminated woods in respect of their composition were decraesed, in turn, in the following order i. e., larch, mixed stock (larch+poplar) and poplar. The maximum value represented by the larch was 3.5% but it was below the limited value as shown in Table 11. 3. The various strengthes i.e., compressive, bending and adhesion obtainted by the straight laminaced wood which were constructed by five plies of single and double species of lamina i. e., larch (Larix leptolepis) and poplar (Populus euramericana), glued with urea resin were shown as follows: 3. 1 If desired a higher strength of architectural laminated wood composed of poplar (P) and larch (L), the combination of the laminas should be arranged as follows, L+P+L+P+L as shown in Table 12. 3.2 The strength of laminated wood composed of laminas which included pith and knots was conside rably decreased than that of clear lamina as shown Table 13. 3.3 The shear strength of the FPL block of the straight laminated wood constructed by the same species which were glued with urea adhesives was more than twice the limited adhesion strength, thus it makes possible to use it for interior constructional stock.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2014

Purpose: With the aging of the population, the attack rate of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture is in the increasing trend, and percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is the most commonly performed standardized treatment. Although there is a research report of the excellence of usefulness of the SPECT/CT examination in terns of the exact diagnosis before and after the procedure, the bone cement material used in the procedure influences the image quality by forming an artifact in the CT image. Therefore, the objective of the research lies on evaluating the effect the bone cement gives to a SPECT/CT image. Materials and Methods: The images were acquired by inserting a model cement to each cylinder, after setting the background (3.6 kBq/mL), hot cylinder (29.6 kBq/mL) and cold cylinder (water) to the NEMA-1994 phantom. It was reconstructed with Astonish (Iterative: 4 Subset: 16), and non attenuation correction (NAC), attenuation correction (AC+SC-) and attenuation and scatter correction (AC+SC+) were used for the CT correction method. The mean count by each correction method and the count change ratio by the existence of the cement material were compared and the contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) was obtained. Additionally, the bone/soft tissue ratio (B/S ratio) was obtained after measuring the mean count of the 4 places including the soft tissue(spine erector muscle) after dividing the vertebral body into fracture region, normal region and cement by selecting the 20 patients those have performed PVP from the 107 patients diagnosed of compression fracture. Results: The mean count by the existence of a cement material showed the rate of increase of 12.4%, 6.5%, 1.5% at the hot cylinder of the phantom by NAC, AC+SC- and AC+SC+ when cement existed, 75.2%, 85.4%, 102.9% at the cold cylinder, 13.6%, 18.2%, 9.1% at the background, 33.1%, 41.4%, 63.5% at the fracture region of the clinical image, 53.1%, 61.6%, 67.7% at the normal region and 10.0%, 4.7%, 3.6% at the soft tissue. Meanwhile, a relative count reduction could be verified at the cement adjacent part at the inside of the cylinder, and the phantom image on the lesion and the count increase ratio of the clinical image showed a contrary phase. CRC implying the contrast ratio and B/S ratio was improved in the order of NAC, AC+SC-, AC+SC+, and was constant without a big change in the cold cylinder of the phantom. AC+SC- for the quantitative count, and AC+SC+ for the contrast ratio was analyzed to be the highest. Conclusion: It is considered to be useful in a clinical diagnosis if the application of AC+SC+ that improves the contrast ratio is combined, as it increases the noise count of the soft tissue and the scatter region as well along with the effect of the bone cement in contrast to the fact that the use of AC+SC- in the spine SPECT/CT examination of a PVP performed patient drastically increases the image count and enables a high density of image of the lesion(fracture).

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.4296-4311
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• 1977

This study was conducted to derive an Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph for the accurate and reliable unitgraph which can be used to the estimation and control of flood for the development of agricultural water resources and rational design of hydraulic structures. Eight small watersheds were selected as studying basins from Han, Geum, Nakdong, Yeongsan and Inchon River systems which may be considered as a main river systems in Korea. The area of small watersheds are within the range of 85 to 470$\textrm{km}^2$. It is to derive an accurate Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph under the condition of having a short duration of heavy rain and uniform rainfall intensity with the basic and reliable data of rainfall records, pluviographs, records of river stages and of the main river systems mentioned above. Investigation was carried out for the relations between measurable unitgraph and watershed characteristics such as watershed area, A, river length L, and centroid distance of the watershed area, Lca. Especially, this study laid emphasis on the derivation and application of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) by applying Nash's conceptual model and by using an electronic computer. I U H by Nash's conceptual model and I U H by flood routing which can be applied to the ungaged small watersheds were derived and compared with each other to the observed unitgraph. 1 U H for each small watersheds can be solved by using an electronic computer. The results summarized for these studies are as follows; 1. Distribution of uniform rainfall intensity appears in the analysis for the temporal rainfall pattern of selected heavy rainfall event. 2. Mean value of recession constants, Kl, is 0.931 in all watersheds observed. 3. Time to peak discharge, Tp, occurs at the position of 0.02 Tb, base length of hlrdrograph with an indication of lower value than that in larger watersheds. 4. Peak discharge, Qp, in relation to the watershed area, A, and effective rainfall, R, is found to be {{{{ { Q}_{ p} = { 0.895} over { { A}^{0.145 } } }}}} AR having high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.927, between peak discharge, Qp, and effective rainfall, R. Design chart for the peak discharge (refer to Fig. 15) with watershed area and effective rainfall was established by the author. 5. The mean slopes of main streams within the range of 1.46 meters per kilometer to 13.6 meter per kilometer. These indicate higher slopes in the small watersheds than those in larger watersheds. Lengths of main streams are within the range of 9.4 kilometer to 41.75 kilometer, which can be regarded as a short distance. It is remarkable thing that the time of flood concentration was more rapid in the small watersheds than that in the other larger watersheds. 6. Length of main stream, L, in relation to the watershed area, A, is found to be L=2.044A0.48 having a high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.968. 7. Watershed lag, Lg, in hrs in relation to the watershed area, A, and length of main stream, L, was derived as Lg=3.228 A0.904 L-1.293 with a high significance. On the other hand, It was found that watershed lag, Lg, could also be expressed as {{{{Lg=0.247 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{ 0.604} }}}} in connection with the product of main stream length and the centroid length of the basin of the watershed area, LLca which could be expressed as a measure of the shape and the size of the watershed with the slopes except watershed area, A. But the latter showed a lower correlation than that of the former in the significance test. Therefore, it can be concluded that watershed lag, Lg, is more closely related with the such watersheds characteristics as watershed area and length of main stream in the small watersheds. Empirical formula for the peak discharge per unit area, qp, ㎥/sec/$\textrm{km}^2$, was derived as qp=10-0.389-0.0424Lg with a high significance, r=0.91. This indicates that the peak discharge per unit area of the unitgraph is in inverse proportion to the watershed lag time. 8. The base length of the unitgraph, Tb, in connection with the watershed lag, Lg, was extra.essed as {{{{ { T}_{ b} =1.14+0.564( { Lg} over {24 } )}}}} which has defined with a high significance. 9. For the derivation of IUH by applying linear conceptual model, the storage constant, K, with the length of main stream, L, and slopes, S, was adopted as {{{{K=0.1197( {L } over { SQRT {S } } )}}}} with a highly significant correlation coefficient, 0.90. Gamma function argument, N, derived with such watershed characteristics as watershed area, A, river length, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S, was found to be N=49.2 A1.481L-2.202 Lca-1.297 S-0.112 with a high significance having the F value, 4.83, through analysis of variance. 10. According to the linear conceptual model, Formular established in relation to the time distribution, Peak discharge and time to peak discharge for instantaneous Unit Hydrograph when unit effective rainfall of unitgraph and dimension of watershed area are applied as 10mm, and $\textrm{km}^2$ respectively are as follows; Time distribution of IUH {{{{u(0, t)= { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-t/k } { (t.K)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Peak discharge of IUH {{{{ {u(0, t) }_{max } = { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Time to peak discharge of IUH tp=(N-1)K (hrs) 11. Through mathematical analysis in the recession curve of Hydrograph, It was confirmed that empirical formula of Gamma function argument, N, had connection with recession constant, Kl, peak discharge, QP, and time to peak discharge, tp, as {{{{{ K'} over { { t}_{ p} } = { 1} over {N-1 } - { ln { t} over { { t}_{p } } } over {ln { Q} over { { Q}_{p } } } }}}} where {{{{K'= { 1} over { { lnK}_{1 } } }}}} 12. Linking the two, empirical formulars for storage constant, K, and Gamma function argument, N, into closer relations with each other, derivation of unit hydrograph for the ungaged small watersheds can be established by having formulars for the time distribution and peak discharge of IUH as follows. Time distribution of IUH u(0, t)=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N, K, t) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N, K, t)= { { e}^{-t/k } { (t/K)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} Peak discharge of IUH) u(0, t)max=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N)= { { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} 13. The base length of the Time-Area Diagram for the IUH was given by {{{{C=0.778 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{0.423 } }}}} with correlation coefficient, 0.85, which has an indication of the relations to the length of main stream, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S. 14. Relative errors in the peak discharge of the IUH by using linear conceptual model and IUH by routing showed to be 2.5 and 16.9 percent respectively to the peak of observed unitgraph. Therefore, it confirmed that the accuracy of IUH using linear conceptual model was approaching more closely to the observed unitgraph than that of the flood routing in the small watersheds.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.198-218
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• 2002

On the basis of Imjeungjinamuian(臨證指南醫案), authors investigated the pathogenesis and treatment of ophthalmotolaryngobgic diseases from the viewpoint of Onbyeong(溫病). 1. The symptoms and diseases investigated according to department were as follows;. 1) Ophthalmology : blepharitis, blepharedema, lacrimal hypersecretion, hyperemia, ophthalmalgla, photopsia, visual disturbance, mydriasis 2) Otology : full-feeling, otorrhea, otalgla, mastoiditis, tinnitus, hearing disturbance, vertigo 3) Rhinology : rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sinusitis, epistaxis 4) Laryngology : sore throat, hoarseness 5) The Others : headache, cough, asthma 2. The pathogenesis and treatment of ophthalmotolaryngologic diseases were as follows. 1) When the pathogenesis of hyperemia, otorrhea, otalgia, mastoiditis, hearing disturhance. epistaxis, sore throat, headache and cough are wind-stagnanc(風鬱), wind-warm(風溫), wind-fire(風火), wind-dryness(風燥), dryness-heat(燥熱), the treatment of pungent-cool-evaporating(辛凉解表) with Dajosan(茶調散), Mori Folium(桑葉), Lonicerae Flos(金銀花), Forsythiae Fructus(連翹), Viticis Fructus(蔓荊子), Prunellae Spica(夏枯草), Arctii Fructus(牛蒡子), etc can be applied. 2) When the pathogenesis of hoarseness, cough and asthma are cold(寒), cold with endogenous heat(寒包熱, 外冷內熱), water retention(水邪), fluid retention(伏飮), impairment of YangKi by overexertion(勞傷陽氣), the treatment of pungent-warm-evaporating(辛溫解表) with Mahaenggamseoktang(麻杏甘石湯), Socheongryongtang(小靑龍湯), Jeongryeokdaejosapyetang(정력대조사폐탕), Gyejitang(桂枝湯), Armeniacae Amarum Semen(杏仁), etc can be applied. 3) When the pathogenesis of photopsia, otorrhea, otalgia, rhinorrhea, sinusitis, epistaxis, sore throat, hoarseness, headache and cough are stagnancy-induced heat(鬱熱), wind-dryness(風燥), wind-heat(風熱), summer heat(暑熱), summer wind(暑風), insidious summer heat(伏暑), autumn heat(秋暑), autumn wind(秋風), autumn dryness(秋燥), dryness-heat(燥熱), heat in Ki system(氣分熱), insidious warm(溫伏), brain discharge by fire in Ki system(氣火 腦熱), heat in stomach(胃熱), endogenous fire by deficiency of Yin(陰虛內火), deficiency of Yin in stomach(胃陰虛), the treatment of Ki-cooling(淸氣) with Bangpungtongseongsan(防風通聖散), Ikweonsan(益元散), Gyejibaekhotang(桂枝白虎湯), Geumgwemaekmundongtang(금궤맥문동탕), Gyeongokgo(瓊玉膏), Sojae Semen Praeparatum(두시), Scutellariae Radix(黃芩), Phyllostachys Folium(竹葉), Adenophorae Radix(沙參), Mori Cortex(桑白皮), Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus(貝母), etc can be applied. 4) When the pathogenesis of blepharitis, hyperemia, ophthalmalgia, full-feeling, otorrhea, otalgia, tinnitus, hearing disturbance, sinusitis, hoarseness, headache and cough are fire in liver(肝火), fire in gallbladder(膽火), ministerial fire in Soyang system(少陽相火), wind-stagnancy(風鬱), stagnancy-induced fire(鬱火), brain discharge by phlegm-fire(痰火 腦熱), the treatment of mediation(和解) with Gardeniae Fructus(梔子), Moutan Cortex(牧丹皮), Saigae Tataricae Cornu(羚羊角), Artemisiae Annuae Herba(靑蒿), Cyperi Rhizoma(香附子), Poria(적복령), etc can be applied. 5) When the pathogenesis of blepharedema and cough are dampness in both spleen and lung(脾肺濕) damp-heat(濕熱), damp-phlegm(濕痰), the treatment of dampness-resolving(化濕) with Poria(백복령), Coicis Semen(薏苡仁), Tetrapanacis Medulla(通草), Armeniacae Amarum Semen(杏仁), Talcum(滑石), etc can be applied. 6) When the pathogenesis of vertigo and cough are deficiency of Yong(營虛), heat in Yong, system(營熱), the treatment of Yong-cooling(淸營) with Rehmanniae Radix(生地黃), Liriopis Tuber(麥門冬), Biotae Semen(柏子仁), Lilii Bulbus(百合), Phyllostachys Folium(竹葉), etc can be applied. 7) When the pathogenesis of epistaxis are heat in blood system of heart(心血熱), reversed flow of fire(火上逆), overexertion(努力), the treatment of blood-cooling(凉血) with Rhinoceri Cornu(犀角), Rehmanniae Radix(生地黃), Moutan Cortex(牧丹皮), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(丹參), Scrophulariae Radix(玄蔘), etc can be applied. 8) When the pathogenesis of nasal obstruction is pathogen-stagnancy(邪鬱), the treatment of resuscitation(開竅) with Sosang(少商, LU11) acupuncture can be applied. When the pathogenesis of hoarseness is evil Ki(穢濁), the treatment of resuscitation(開竅) with Arctii Fructus(牛蒡子), Lasiosphaera Seu Calvatia(馬勃), Curcumae Radix(鬱金), etc can be applied. When the pathogenesis of headache is stasis of both Ki and blood(氣血瘀痺), the treatment of resuscitation(開竅) with Cnidii Rhizoma(川芎), Asari Herba Cum Radice(細辛), Scorpio(全蝎), moxibustion(灸), etc can be applied. 9) When the pathogenesis of lacrimal hypersecretion, visual disturbance, mydriasis, tinnitus, hearing disturbance, sinusitis, epistaxis, hoarseness and cough are deficiency of Yin(陰虛), deficiency of kidney(腎虛), deficiency of both liver and kidney(肝腎虛), deficiency of both heart and kidney(心腎虛), brain discharge by deficiency of Yin(陰虛 腦熱), exuberance of Yang in liver(肝陽上亢), overexertion(勞損), the treatment of Yin-replenishing(滋陰) with Yukmijihwanghwan(六味地黃丸), Hojamhwan(虎潛丸), Jeobutang(猪膚湯), Lycii Fructus(枸杞子), Polygoni Multiflori Radix(何首烏), Rehmanniae Radix(生地黃), Schizandrae Fructus(五味子), Liriopis Tuber(麥門冬), Asini Gelatinum(阿膠), etc can be applied. 10) When the pathogenesis of ophthalmalgia, mydriasis, vertigo and headache are deficiency of Yin in liver(肝陰虛), exuberance of Yang in liver(肝陽上亢), endogenous wind(內風), excess in upper and deficiency in lower part(上實下虛), the treatment of Yin-replenishing(滋陰) and endogenous wind-calming(熄風) with Rehmanniae Radix Preparat(熟地黃), Lycii Fructus(枸杞子), Polygoni Multiflori Radix(何首烏), Paeoniae Radix Alba(白芍藥), Ostreae Concha(牡蠣), Saigae Tataricae Cornu(羚羊角), Chrysanthemi Flos(菊花), etc be applied. 11) When the pathogenesis of mydriasis, sinusitis, hoarseness, headache, cough and asthma are exhaustion of vital essence(精氣無收藏), brain discharge(腦髓不固), floating Yang(陽虛浮), exsanguination(失血), deficiency of both Yin and Yang(陰陽不足), overexertion(勞損), deficiency of Yang in kidney(腎陽虛), the treatment of Yang-restoring and exhaustion-arresting(回陽固脫) with Yangyeongtang(養營湯), Cheonjinhwan(天眞丸), Bokmaektang(복맥탕), Geonjungtang(建中湯), Dogihwan(都氣丸), Singihwan(腎氣丸), Jinmutang(眞武湯), Ostreae Concha(牡蠣), Nelumbinis Semen(蓮子肉), etc can be applied. 12) When the pathogenesis of lacrimal hypersecretion, vertigo and headache are deficiency of stomach and endogenous wind(胃虛內風), endogenous wind with phlegm(內風挾痰), liver check of stomach(肝木橫擾), the treatment of concomitant-treating of both liver and stomach(肝胃同治) with Paeoniae Radix Alba(白芍藥), Uncariae Ramulus Et Uncus(釣鉤藤), Gastrodiae Rhizoma(天麻), Astragali Radix(황기), Pinelliae Rhizoma(半夏), etc can be applied. When the pathogenesis of asthma is failure of kidney to promote inspiration(腎不納氣), the treatment of kidney-tonifing and inspiration-promoting(補腎納氣) with Singihwan(腎氣丸), Psoraleae Fructus(補骨脂), Juglandis Semen(胡桃), Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum(沈香), etc can be applied. When the pathogenesis of asthma is deficiency of Ki(氣虛), the treatment of Ki-reinforcing(補氣) with Sagunjatang(四君子湯), Insamgeonjungtang(人參建中湯), etc can be applied.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 1997

A field experiment was conducted to determine an optimum control time of water foxtail(Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis Ohwi), a most troublesome weed, in no-tillage dry seeded rice. Paraquat, a non-selective herbicide, was applied at 1.5 days interval from March 15 to May 15 at a concentration of 3,000ml per hectar and its control efficacy to A. aequalis was recorded before and after seed sowing. In addition. other characters such as decayed injury of A. aequalis to rice seedling, and its influence of seedling stand were also investigated in relation to rice grain yield. Dry weight of A. aequalis was rapidly increased with delay in control time from 42g/$m^2$at March 15 to 237g/$m^2$ at May 15. The amount of its regrowth at seeding time was highest with 68.3g, when paraquat was applied at March 15, then decreased thereafter and it was less than 6.2g when paraquat was applied after April 15 which indicates above 98% control rate. The control rate of A. aequalis, at 30 days after paraquat application way likewise similar to that the seeding time. Rice seedling stands in the plot treated with paraquat before April 15 were not affected by decayed injury of A. aequalis while decayed injury of 3 to 4 degree for those after April 30 application was noted. Dwarf virus disease on rice seedling due to occurrence of A. aequalis was not observed when A. aequalis was controled from March 30 to May 15 while it was occurred in the plot of March 15 application and the untreated control. The control plot of A. aequalis at April 15 had the highest grain yield with 4.79ton/10a. Based on control rate of A. aequalis, seedling stands of rice, virus disease, and rice grain yield, the most suitable control time of A. aequalis in no-tillage dry seeded rice is considered to be about April 15.