• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 1994

다시마 마쇄물을 이용하여 멸치젓갈의 숙성촉진에 관하여 연구 검토하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 다시마 마쇄물 $8\%$(w/w) 첨가구(T)는 숙성 80일로부터 pH가 빠른 속도로 증가하였으며 대조구보다 아미노 질소 함량이 다소 낮게 유지되었으나 숙성 120일에 대부분의 육이 액화되어 오히려 숙성이 촉진되는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 육의 숙성 초기 아미노질소의 함량이 높게 유지 되고 액즙에서의 숙성기간에 따른 아미질소 함량의 증가 및 숙성 중 균수와 pH의 상승이 숙성 촉진에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 1999

Traditional kakdugi prepared from salted radish by the addition of fermented shrimp or anchovy sauce along with seasonings and spices, e.g., red pepper powder, garlic or ginger, which has been examined for the formation of volatile nitrosamine(NA) during its fermentation at 5oC and 17oC. Changes of acidity were increased; while, those of ascorbic acid and pH were continually de creased and besides concentrations of salt were scarcely observed during the fermentation of kakdugi at 5oC and 17oC. High initial levels of nitrate in radish followed by a gradual decreased in nitrate concentration, along with increasing levels of nitrite, during its fermentation. During the fermentation of kakdugi, NA such as N nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) and N nitrosodiethylamine(NDEA) was identified; these NA in kakdugi that had been prepared with shrimp sauce contained in the higher levels than kimchi that had been prepared with anchovy sauce, and both NDMA and NDEA were detected higher levels in the fermented sample at 17oC than in the fermented sample at 5oC. In kakdugi, NDMA and NDEA levels were continually increased during its fermentation; its levels after 35 days fermentation at 17oC were 0.5~16.7 and 0~5.2 g/kg in added shrimp sauce sample, 0. 5~8.7 and 0~4.7 g/kg in added anchovy sauce sample and 0.4~4.8 and 0~2.4 g/kg in control, respectively. The occurrence of NA such as NDMA and NDEA appeared to arise from the fermented sauce and radish used in preparation of the kimchi.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.488-494
• /
• 1999

멸치 액젓의 고유한 풍미를 유지하면서 신속한 발효를 진행시키기 위해 멸치, 오징어간 및 내장에서 추출한 조효소에 의한 멸치 actomyosin의 가수분해 특성과 생성된 펩티드의 분자량 분포를 조사하였다. 아울러 멸치를 마쇄하여 제조한 액젓, 멸치에 오징어간 및 내장에서 추출한 조효소와 상용효소인 Protamex를 첨가하여 제조한 멸치 액젓을 70일 숙성시킨 후 가수분해에 의해 생성된 펩티드의 성상을 gel chromatography 및 아미노산 분석을 통해 비교하였다 멸치, 오징어 간 및 내장에서 추출한 조효소의 최적 활성온도는 각각 $55^{\circ}C$, $40\~45^{\circ}C$ 및 $45\~60^{\circ}C$였으며, 오징어 간 및 내장에서 추출한 조효소의 멸치 actomyosin에 대한 비활성은 멸치에서 추출한 조효소에 비하여 약한 것으로 나타났으나, 오징어 간 조효소는 멸치 조효소에 비하여 NaCl에 의한 영향을 덜 받는 것으로 나타났다. 멸치 actomyosin을 멸치 및 오징어간에서 추출한 조효소 용액으로 30분 동안 가수분해했을 때, 분자량 10,800, 5,800 및 2,600 dalton의 펩티드가 다량으로 생성되었으며, 분해 형태는 거 의 비슷하였다 멸치를 마쇄하여 제조한 액젓, 멸치에 오징어 간 및 내장에서 추출한 조효소와 Protamex를 첨가하여 제조한 멸치 액젓을 70일 숙성시킨 경우 분자량 300$\~$l,000 dalton의 저분자 펩티드가 다량 생산되었다. 이들 펩티드의 아미노산 조성은 액젓의 맛 성분과 밀접한 관계를 가진 glutamic acid, glycine 및 alanine의 함량이 많았으며, 오징어간을 첨가한 액젓이 마쇄한 멸치 액젓과 가장 비슷한 것으로 나타났다. Protamex의 경우는 glutamic acid의 함량이 상대적으로 낮은 반면, 쓴맛을 나타내는 isoleucine과 leucine의 함량은 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과는 오징어간의 첨가가 멸치 육의 신속한 가수분해에 보완적인 수단으로 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국가정과학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.9-21
• /
• 2002

This study was investigated traditional food utilization actual conditions of Gwangju and Chollanamdo. Frequency of main meal ice plain white rice, boiled rice and cereals, bean-mixed rice, gruel Dakjuk, winter squash porridge, sesame porridge, noodles by noodles cut out with a kitchen knife, noodles with assorted mixtures, soup with dough flakes order frequency much have. Soup ate much beanpaste soup, soup cooked with dried radish leaves, seaweed soup, broth by power-pot soup, hot shredded beef soup, loach soup order. Pot stew soybean paste stew and kimchi stew, beef casserole bean curd beef casserole and small octopus beef casserole often eat. Kimchi ate much cabbage kimchi, radish kimchi, radish cube kimchi, dish of dried slices of radish by sesame leaf dish of dried slices of radish, pickled garlics, Maneuljjong dish of dried slices of radish order. Salted sea foods that eat often were salted anchovies, tiny salted shrimps, Gejang order, and soy sauce were toenjang, korean hot pepper paste, bean-paste soup prepared with around fermented soy beans order, and laver fried kelp, tangle fried kelp, green perilla leaf fried kelp order to fried kelp, and it was bean sprouts, bracken herbs, fragrant edible wild aster herbs order to herbs. It is Ssukgatmuchim, squid debt saliva, Jabanmuchim's order that season, hard-boiled food is beef boiled in soy sauce, mackerel radish hard-boiled food, order of bean curd hard-boiled food, panbroiling ate often by order of Kimchi panbroiling, red pepper anchovy panbroiling, pork panbroiling. Steamed dish is egg steamed dish, fish steamed dish, steamed short-ribs order, fried fish egg speech, by Gimchijeon, Pajeon order, meat roasted with seasoning ate often by laver meat roasted with seasoning, hair-tail meat roasted with seasoning, mackerel meat roasted with seasoning order. Minced raw meat are small octopus raw that live, beef dish of minced raw beef, Hongeohoe order, rice cake is cake made from g1u1ions rice, Seolgitteok, songpyon order, dessert ate often by fermented rice Punch, cinnamon flavored persimmon punch, Kangjung order.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 1981

Fermented foods available in Korea may be classified into four groups, namely, fermented soybean products, fermented cereal products, fermented vegetable products, and fermented fishery products based on raw materials used. The representative fermented foods based on soybean are Kanjang(soysauce), Doenjang(fermented soybean pastes), and Kochujang(red pepper added-fermented soybean paste). Such fermented products are made using Meju(functioning as a starter and prepared by fermentation of steamed soybean mash) as an essential ingredient, and used widely as a soup base and/or in seasoning side-dishes for everyday meals year around. Excepting Sikhae, all fermented products based on rice and other cereal grains are of alcoholic nature. Takju (Makgeolli) used to be made using rice as the major raw material, however, mainly due to the shortage of rice in recent years, other cereals, such as, barely, corn, and wheat flours are also used to replace rice today. Owing to such changes in the raw materials. the popularity of Takju has been somewhat reduced, yet it is still widely consumed in rural areas. Although Chungju is a popular rice wine with superior qualify over Takju, the amount consumed is considerably limited. The highest qualify rice wine, Bupju, in particular, is made by a low temperature fermentation using glutinous rice. Kimchi is an unique fermented vegetable product of long tradition in Korea. Although it was for consumption mainly in winter season serving as a source of vitamins, today it is widely used throughout the year. Except Kkakdugi and Dongchimi, all of the fermented vegetable products contain salted Korean cabbage as an essential item, while they abound in varieties depending on material composition and methods of processing, and also on seasons and localities Next to Kimchi in this category is Kkakdugi made of raddish in popularity and quantity consumed. The four groups of fermented food products described above are reviewed in some detail and evaluated in terms of their nutritional significances, processes and microorganisms involved. and their commercial potentials. Jeotkal (or Jeot) is a name given to all fermented products of fishery origin. A number of Jeot can be prepared by adding salt and allowing fermentation to the raw materials such as shrimp, anchovy octopus, clam, oyster, etc.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.79-87
• /
• 1997

A study on the processing method of anchovy hydrolysate paste (AHP) was carried out to improve the sensory quality of salted and fermented fish. Homogenized whole anchovy was hydrolyzed using commercial pretenses, Complex enzyme-2000 (CE, Pacific Chem. Co.) and Alcalase (AL, Novo), in a cylindrical vessel with 4 baffle plates and 6-bladed turbine impeller. Optimal pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration for the hydrolysis with CE and AL were $7.0,\;52^{\circ}C,\;7\%$, and $8.0,\;60^{\circ}C,\;6\%$, respectively. The rational amount of water for homogenization, agitation speed, and hydrolyzing time were $100\%\;(w/w)$, 100 rpm, and 210 min, respectively. To make the hydrolysate to paste type, it was effective to mix the additives, such as starch, soybean protein, agar, and carrageenan gum to the hydrolysate 5 min before the end of boiling at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Minimal NaCl concentration for long-term preservation was $15\%$, and this could be reduced to $12\%$ by adding $5\%$ of KCl. yield of the AHP based on the total nitrogen content was $94.6\~97.0\%,\;and\;86.0\~89.2\%$, of the nitrogen was amino nitrogen. Salinity, pH and histamine content of the AHP prepared with $12\%$ NaCl and $5\%$ KCl were $9.3\~9.9\%,\;6.1\~6.2$, and below 13 mg/100 g, respectively. The AHP was stable at $26{\pm}3^{\circ}C$ for 60 days on bacterial growth, and addition of $0.05\%$ of rosemary (Herbalox) extract was effective to inhibit the lipid oxidation of the AHP during storage.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.385-391
• /
• 1996

저식염 멸치젓을 속성으로 제조하기 위하여 Asporyzae와 Bacillus sp.로 제조한 코오지를 첨가하고 숙성 중 이화학적 성분 변화를 비교 검토하였다. 멸치젓의 수분, 조단백질, 회분 및 식염 함량은 각각 62.5~63.8%, 12.0~14.1%, 12.8~13.5%, 12.8~13.8%로 숙성중의 변화는 미미하였고, 조지방은 담금 직후 15.5~15.8%에서 60일 숙성후 13.1~13.9%로 감소하였다. 젓갈 숙성중 pH는 숙성 50일까지 완만히 저하하다 증가하였으나 산도는 숙성 10일경에 급격히 증가하고 이후 완만한 증감을 보였고, Asp. oryzae koji 첨가구에서 초기 증가가 심하였다 아미노태질소는 숙성 20일경까지 686.0~756.0mg%로 급격히 증가하다 완만한 증가를 보였고 암모니아태 질소는 코오지 첨가구는 40~50일경까지 증가하다 감소하였으나 대조구는 숙성 60일까지 증가하였다. TBA값은 숙성 20~30일 경에 가장 높은 값을 Q이다 감소하였고, Bacillus sp. 코오지 첨가구가 Asp. oryzae 코오지 첨가구보다 암모니아태질소와 TBA값이 높았다. 멸치젓의 알코올은 숙성 10일경에 약간 RKAT하다 서서히 증가하다가 60일경에는 감소하였으며 코오지첨가구에서 높았다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.168-170
• /
• 2005

The myeolchi-jeot samples were divided into different groups with or without the supplementation with biogenic amines. Subsequently, the samples were placed in an oven at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr to allow the chemical reaction to proceed, and then were analyzed for N-nitrosamine contents using GC-TEA. N-nitrosamine was not detected in any of the myeolchi-jeot samples which had been treated with/without sodium nitrite. On the other hand, the yield of N-nitrosopyrrolidine from 1,000 mg/kg of putrescine and spermidine in the myeolchi-jeot samples (treated with 5 mg/kg of sodium nitrite) was 0.002 and 0.014%, respectively. N-nitrosamine was not produced from any other biogenic amines like, histamine, tyramine, cadaverine and spermine. In addition, curing and heating were the factors which influenced the formation of N-nitrosamine during the nitrosation of biogenic polyamines. For the formation of N-nitrosamine in the food systems, treatment with sodium nitrite and heating at appropriate temperature along with the satisfied supplementation of biogenic polyamines are required.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and perception for Kimchi in middle school students. A questionnaire was used as the instrument of investigation. The subjects were 375 male students and 278 female students in Masan and Changwon City. The main results of this study are as follows. Ninety-three point three percent of the subjects were nuclear family type and 61.7% of respondent's mother had job. The average knowledge score for Kimchi of the subjects was 5.27 out of possible 10 points and the average value score on Kimchi was 41.25 out of 50 points. Eighty-six point one percent of students think they should eat Kimchi because Kimchi is good for the health(38.6%) and Kimchi is our traditional food(31.4%), and it was significantly difference between gender(p<0.01), male students more realized 'Kimchi is good for the health(41.6%)', whereas female students more realized 'Kimchi is our traditional food(38.9%)'. The subjects perceived that the additive material making for Kimchi were powdered red pepper(80.2%), garlic(62.5%), salt(62.0%), salted, fermented shrimp(50.2%). ginger(49.5%), green onion(39.8%), salted, fermented anchovy(34.9%), sesame(25.0%), carrot(22.4%). More than 70% of the subjects estimated for Kimchi 'Kimchi is our traditional food(84.1%)', 'Kimchi must be developed the international food'(73.7%), 'Kimchi must be in succession(75.8%)', 'Kimchi is very nutritious food(70.3%)'. However, they thought Kimchi have to be improved more hygienically(38.8%) and less stimulative taste(25.7%). The knowledge for Kimchi showed a positive correlation with the value on Kimchi and the preferences for Kimchi, and the value on Kimchi was a positively related to the preferences for Kimchi(p<0.01). Therefore it is need to the development of program for the knowledge for Kimchi and the value on Kimchi in order to improvement the preferences for Kimchi.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.481-487
• /
• 1999

전통적인 발효와 유사한 가수분해 형태를 가지는 단백질 분해효소에 의한 최적 발효 조건을 검토하기 위하여 trypsin, chymotrypsin, Alcalase, Neutrase, Protamex와, 오징어 내장 및 간에서 추출한 조효소를 첨가하여 제조한 멸치 액젓 및 actomyosin의 가수분해 특성을 조사하였다. 멸치 젓갈의 휘발성 염기질소 값은 오징어 내장을 첨가한 젓갈이 저장 70일째 173.6mg/100g으로 가장 높았고, 저장 기간에 따른 과산화물가의 증가는 시료간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. Alcalase와 Protamex를 첨가한 젓갈의 비단백태 질소 함량과 총 유리아미노산 증가가 가장 높게 나타났다. 숙성 60일째에 Alcalase와 Protamex는 육 단백질에 대해 약 $57\%$의 가수분해율을 보인 반면, 대조구는 약 $43\%$이었다. pH 5.0$\~$7.5 범위에서 멸치 actomyosin에 대하여 가장 높은 활성을 보이는 pH는 trypsin, chymotryosin, Alcalase, Neutrase 및 Protamex가 각각 7.5, 6.5, 6.5, 7.0 및 5.0이었고, 최적 활성을 보이는 온도는 trypsin, chymotryosin, Alcalase, Neutrase에서 각각 55, 45, 60 및 $55^{\circ}C$였으며, Protamex는 온도의 상승 ($20\~70^{\circ}C$)과 더불어 활성도 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 Protamex는 사용한 효소 중 가장 높은 $K_m$(3.545)과 $V_{max}$값(2.688)을 나타내었고, NaCl에 대한 영향을 적게 받아 일반적인 젓갈 숙성 조건인 $20^{\circ}C$, $25\%$ NaCl에서도 $52.5\%$의 높은 잔여 활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 Protamex가 멸치 actomyosin의 가수분해에 효과적이라 판단된다.