• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.178-189
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effects of pine pollen and horseradish, which were known as antimicrobial materials, on the fermentation of Kimchi. The physicochemical and microbial changes of Kimchi were investigated during period 30-days at $10^{\circ}C$. Even though Kimchi added pine pollen or horseradish powder were sustained the higher pH and lower acidity after 10 days, it delayed only 1∼2 more days to reach optimal value of Kimchi fermentation in experimental groups than control. The horseradish powder showed the antimicrobial effect of Kimchi at initial stage, but thereafter that effect of pine pollen or horseradish were not significant. Therefore the addition of pine pollen or horseradish powder to Kimchi is not sufficiently effective for extension of shelf-life of Kimchi.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.221-233
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• 2013

This study was performed to identify the effect of end-coating around pith of heavy timbers of Red pine and Korean pine on high temperature and low humidity drying characteristics. Total drying times were 268 hours, and ranges of final moisture content was investigated that Red Pine 9.2% to 10.8% MC for square and round timber, in case of Korean Pine 15.0% to 22.0% MC for square timber, 12.8% to 20.4% MC for round timber. Moisture content distribution of Red Pine was a uniform, but part of high moisture content was found in Korean Pine. In case of Korean pine, the surface checks were occurred more severe than in case of Red pine, and end-coating treatment were investigated to be ineffective on surface check. The internal checks were only formed on the two timbers. The value of the case hardenings was investigated that the ranges 3.7% to 9.1% for Red pine. In case of Korean pine, on the other hand, the case hardenings presence a few as 20.9% to 35.8%.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of storage time on the sapstain development of Japanese red pine and Korean pine logs during storage in log yard, and their stain characteristics. Japanese red pine and Korean pine trees were harvested and cut into logs in mid January of 2001. These logs were transported to the two local sawmills where they were closely stacked in remote parts of log yard. The logs were then sampled destructively by cutting seven to nine 3-cm long discs along the length of each log at intervals of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 month after felling. The stain coverage and maximal radial penetration of stain were measured from the discs of the sampled logs after the isolation of causal staining fungi. The sapstain was primarily infested by the attack of bark beetles and the species of bark beetle was identified as Tomicus piniperda. The main fungal species isolated from stained wood was Ophiostoma species. Based on the present study, the logs could be stored in log yard until May without stain; but stain development was rapid after May and the severity of stain increased proportionally with storage time. Korean pine was more susceptible to fungal stain than Japanese red pine. During summer storage, decay started to develop in logs and the main species were identified as Tyromyces sp. and Schizophyllum commune. Information provided in this paper would be very useful to develop more effective control strategies for sapstain prevention in Japanese red pine and Korean pine logs.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 2017

Aged garlic has been reported to possess beneficial pharmacological activities, including anti-stress and anti-fatigue properties, and to exert protective effects on the cardiovascular system and liver. Pine needles are widely used in folk medicine and as food additives owing to their pharmacological properties such as anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects. It has long been known that combining certain phytochemicals with other phenols or organic acids can produce synergistic effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an optimal formula of aged garlic with added pine needle powder for improved antioxidant activity using the statistical technique of response surface methodology. The antioxidant activities of aged garlic mixed with pine needle powder were confirmed by measuring oxygen radical absorbance capacity and total polyphenol content. An optimized antioxidant formula was identified that contained 5.08 g aged garlic and 1.97 g pine needle powder. The antioxidant activities of the mixture prepared using this optimal formula were significantly higher than the predicted values according to an additive model. Hence, this study confirms that the addition of pine needle powder to aged garlic can improve its antioxidant activity. This study demonstrated an optimal mixing ratio to produce an aged garlic product with improved functionality through the addition of pine needle powder that could be successfully employed by the food industry to prepare functional foods.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.629-637
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• 2005

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were investigated in soil and pine needle samples taken from 16 sites of industrial and residential areas in Changwon, Korea to assess their distribution levels and to suggest the influence of industrial activities, PCDDs/DFs levels in the soil samples ranged from 0.57 to 20.79 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight with a mean value of 4.20 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight. PCDDs/DFs levels in the pine needle samples ranged from 0.39 to 8.75 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight with a mean value of 4.09 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight. In both soil and pine needle samples, the PCDDs/DFs concentrations in the industrial area sites were higher than those in the residential area sites. Homologue profiles in pine needle samples showed different patterns compared with soil samples. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), it was confirmed that pine needles reflected a direct influence from local potential sources of PCDDs/DFs, showing a much higher degree of reflection than in soils. Pine needles are very useful as an indicator for monitoring or estimating the contamination of PCDDs/DFs in other areas which have been impacted by point pollution sources.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2003

This study examined the effect of pine needle distillate (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc) on the immune system and hematological parameters. C57BL/6 male mice weighing 20 ~21 g were divided into 3 groups and intraperitonially injected with either 200 $\mu$L of saline (control), 50% diluted (P50) or 100% pine needle distillate (P100) once a day for 24 days. At the end of the experiment, the mice were anesthetized by ether and peripheral blood was collected from the femoral artery and the spleen was excised. Spleen weight decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the pine needle groups compared to the control group. The blood was used for a complete blood count and flow cytometrical analysis after immunofluorescence staining. The pine needle distillate dose-dependently decreased the CD4$^{＋}$/CD8 sup ＋/ ratio (p <0.05), and showed a tendency to increase the mean FSC (forward scatter) values of the CD8$^{＋}$T cells, while decrease the values of the CD4$^{＋}$T cells. There were no significant differences in WBC, RBC and platelet counts among the three groups, but hemoglobin and hemoglobin-related parameters and platelet volume increased and red blood cell volumes decreased with the administration of the pine needle distillate. These results suggest that the pine needle distillate may have immunosuppressive effects.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.156-162
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• 2008

Three major domestic softwoods, Korean red pine, Korean pine and larch, were heat-treated at $220^{\circ}C$ and for various treatment times for color changing. A new heat treatment equipment was developed for this study and was revealed working well for changing the colors of the three softwoods. The color difference index of 15 was obtained after 8 hours for Korean red pine and Korean pine, and 10 hours for Larch. The correlations of brightness, redness and yellowness with treatment time were different between species.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 2004

Pine needles are known as a traditional medicine and their ingestion has been shown to be beneficial to human beings. Following induction of the neoplastic process in rats by azoxymethane (AOM), we determined the effects of pine needle supplementation on colon carcinogenesis and on antioxidant systems in the blood and liver. Five week old male Fisher 344 rats were injected with AOM (15 mg/kg) once a week for two weeks. After the second injection, 18 rats were randomly assigned into two groups and were fed a casein-based high-fat diet (120 g fat and 1 g cholesterol/kg diet) with or without pine needle powder (10%w/w). After 6 weeks, rats receiving pine needle powder showed a 40% lower incidence of the number of colonic preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypts) and a 52% lower incidence of aberrant crypt foci (p<0.01). A significantly elevated level of erythrocyte catalase activity was observed in the pine needle supplemented group (17.4$\pm$1.1 vs. 24.5$\pm$1.5, p<0.01). Pine needle supplementation also increased liver glutathione peroxidase activity (7.5$\pm$0.6 vs. 14.6$\pm$0.6, p<0.01). Other antioxidant parameters such as erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, liver catalase activity, and plasma total antioxidant potential (TRAP), showed no statistical differences between the two groups. Our data demonstrate that pine needle supplementation improves the antioxidant system and suppresses the formation of colonic preneoplastic lesions in AOM-treated rats. This result provides additional insights into the chemo-preventative properties of pine needles.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2018

Currently, there is no available tool that rapidly diagnoses pine wood nematode (PWN)-infected pine trees in the field. In this study, we synthesized and purified PWN Galectin, which might be an antigen specific to PWN, using the Baculovirus expression system. We used PWN Galectin as an antigen for generating 1,464 fusion hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Among them, we selected 62 fusion hybridoma cell lines showing high reactivity to PWN Galectin. We further selected 12 fusion hybridoma cell lines showing high reactivity to the standard PWN-infected pine tree phosphate buffered saline (PBS) extract. Additionally, two fusion hybridoma cell lines showing no or extremely low reactivity were used as controls. The selected fusion hybridoma cell lines were subjected to limiting dilutions for selecting and establishing Mab-secreting cell lines showing higher reactivity to the standard PWN-infected pine tree extract than to the standard normal pine tree PBS extract. Moreover, the selected fusion hybridoma cell lines were further selected based on their higher reactivity to PWN protein extracts than to three non-pathogenic nematode protein extracts. The Mab-secreting cell lines established in this study could be used to develop rapid diagnostic tools that can be used in the field or in laboratories for detecting PWN-infected pine trees or PWN.