• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare performances of two analytical methods, the OSHA 42 and the NIOSH 5522, of quantifying total isocyanates in air. These methods were compared in terms of accuracy and precision and the detection limits using four(4) spiked samples in each of four(4) concentration levels which ranged from 0.25 to 2.0 times of the ACGIH TLV-TWA. In addition, two methods were used to as sess airborne concentrations of total isocyanates at the following processes including autobody spray painting, furniture spray painting, polyurethane foaming, urethane adhesion, UV coating, and pigment mixing. The results of this study showed that the NIOSH 5522 method was better than the OSHA 42 method in terms of accuracy, precis ion, and detection limit for quantifying airborne total isocyanates. It was also clear that the NIOSH method was capable of detecting not only monomeric but also non-monomeric isocyanates. The results of air concentrations of total isocyanates among processes studied indicate that some processes may exceed the recommended level of isocyanates. In addition, to evaluate toxicological effects of total isocyanates, it is recommended to consider additive effects of isocyanates present in mixtures.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.190-194
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• 1999

Etched Nafion membrane and electrode assemblies were fabricated and those performances were observed in PEMFC. Adhesion of membrane to electrode increased with abrasion of membrane surface. Membrane surface ething results in reduction of hot pressing temperature, as a consequence, in improving of cell performance. It was found that Nafion etching was effective in painting method. The optimum content of electrode catalyst should be selected according to etching intensity.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.29
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• pp.77-85
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• 2001

The change of society causes the change of art necessarily. The experiments of plastic art which as been done by avant-garde movements at early 20th century have pursued ″Object drama″ consistently as trials of more or less abstract drama. As these plastic arts have used genre or media like circuses, sports, variate, films, screen play, newspapers and a quick method which had not been considered suitable for conventional aesthetic plastic arts, these arts looked provocative and, these provocative plastic arts have ignored universality shown in conventional arts and have caused extreme ″sensation″ accordingly. As a result, abstract art based on style which is against aestheticism and naturalism has been generalized. This style does not deny customary laws of art wholly but it requires new concept. Having ignored traditional styles, a new compositive and responsive way of composition which does not deviate from tradition has been pursued. A new and general understanding of arts which do not deny all conventionally-effective standards extremely has been developed. In this regard, this study analyzes characteristics of Bauhaus Theater which has tried to apply new technology engineering to plastic art as an integrated concept of art and technology amongst the directions of development of provocation, innovation and revolution in case of the plastic art of stage painting, and analyzes how this influences on modern painting in terms of avant-garde arts reviewing the meaning of this theory.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.11-18
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• 2007

Edward Hopper is one of the great American artists in the 20th Century. In the field of art, it seems that his paintings are thoroughly analyzed In terms of human alienation and emotional aspects in various ways. However, in his numerous paintings, highly interesting spatial aspects can be found. Purpose of this study is to analyze some of his painting by the spatially analytical tools to examine how his space is experienced. The tools are: relationship between each space, relationship between light and space, and geometrical composition. Among many paintings by Hopper, four of the works that depicted interior spaces are selected and further case-studied in detail: ${\ulcorner}$Rooms by the Sea${\lrcorner}$ (1951), ${\ulcorner}$Sun in an Empty Room${\lrcorner}$ (1963), ${\ulcorner}$New York Movie${\lrcorner}$ (1939) and ${\ulcorner}$Automat${\lrcorner}$ (1927). An Environmental Simulation with scale models was used to examine the relation between light and space. After the research, some unique characteristics of his space were found. Even though his paintings seem to represent the everyday spaces, there are fascinating hidden structure to make people experience in a specific way that Hopper created. Spaces In his paintings do not communicate with each other but are constantly interrupted by the element of time. The mundane everyday world is rediscovered and recreated through these multidimensional and heterogeneous space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.202-207
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• 2001

Covering an area of about 39 ha, Qingming Shanghe Park is located in the northwest of Kaifeng, formerly the capital of seven dynasties in China. It is intended to serve as a tourist attraction based on a painting 〃Qingming Festival at Riverside〃 by Zhang Zeduan of the Northern song Dynasty, which vividly illustrates a real life on the both sides of the Bian River as well as in the urban area, Kaifeng, in early Spring. The park is a collection of varied buildings such as shops, restaurants, tea-houses, theaters, and hotels in the North song style, with an introduction of the history of Kaifeng, this paper examines design philosophy and methodology of the park, and discusses the creative design of the first stage development known as known as The South Area of the park. Marked by the Rainbow Bridge and the City Gate, the South Area is divided into three parts, the rural, suburban, and urban parts which are organized according to the spatial order showed in the painting. The South Area proves to be very successful because of its amazing sense of history and interesting folk performance. Furthermore, the preliminary 9planning of the second stage development known as The North Area is presented with references to culture, history and customs. The North Area is proposed to include the Old Sports & Games Garden, the Exhibition Garden, and the Hot Spring Garden with an appearance of the imperial gardens in the Northern Song, integrated with participation of old sports and games, display of old science & technology achievements, and enjoyment of hot spring bath.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2017

In robot industries, the request to obtain a high efficiency and accurately controlled electric actuator has been growing. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of electric actuators is significantly affected by the presence of factors such as nonlinearity, uncertain disturbance and unknown dynamics. Therefore, it makes difficult to derive an exact mathematical model of the controlled system. In this paper, a new method for easily recognizing and regenerating robot motions used in small size industries such as painting and welding parts is proposed. Instead of modeling the entire dynamic motion of the robot system, this method is based on the procedure of modeling and controller design for every arm individually. The proposed method does not require complex model and control system such that it gives easy working process to the small size industries. Based on this fact, in this research, the model and PID controller for every arm of the 3 DOF robot system are obtained separately. Some experimental results are implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.899-903
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• 2004

A limit switch box is used for a indicator of a valve actuator. This device indicates an opening and closing of a valve or throttle in a valve actuator. In ship, equipments are required safe and robust because of a rough environment and a specific condition during a voyage. However, the limit switch box is used in an indoor environment generally. Thus, a new limit switch box must be developed which can be used at an outdoor environment. This study designed the limit switch box. The housing of the limit switch box was made by an aluminium die cast method with surface painting after anodizing or chromate coating. In order to evaluate the endurance of the housing, the endurance tests against salt water have been conducted. Experiment results showed that the proposed device provides a reliable performance against salt water.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.226-231
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to consider breast imagery in art as depicted through western painting. Twenty western art paintings were collated. Most of the sample paintings were created from the mid-nineteenth century to the late twentieth century and some are from the Renaissance period. Ten anthropometric items were used to measure 15 distances between two landmarks and 3 angles between three points. The distance from the nipple to the sternal notch and to the midclavicular point was the same and they were 0.46 of the distance from the sternal notch to the umbilicus. The shape of the projection of the breast was almost an isosceles triangle and the altitude of the triangle was at a proportion of 0.45 of the bottom length and 0.16 of the distance from the sternal notch to the umbilicus. The distance between the lateral ends of the breasts was 2.14 times the facial width and the distance between nipples was 1.36 times the facial width. Proportions from works of art are more ideal and attractive than clinically measured proportions. The desirable ratios measured from historical paintings might be useful in planning breast surgeries.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.14 no.2 s.42
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• pp.133-139
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• 2005

An activated carbon-photo catalysis hybrid system is proposed for the treatment of VOC produced from paint booth. and its VOC removal performance is experimentally evaluated. Activated carbon tower is designed on the basis of the adsorption characteristics of toluene. Photocatalytic system is designed as the series of $TiO_2/SiO\_2$ fluidized bed reactor and $TiO_2$-coated filters. The present activated carbon-photo catalysis hybrid system shows the VOC removal efficiency within $75\~100\%$ under different VOC species and concentrations.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.10 no.2 s.26
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• pp.55-71
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• 2001

This study reviewed the preservation status of the Early Western Style Architecture in Korea based on the on-site research of church buildings which are registered as National Cultural Properties. I have investigated 21 church buildings regarding the frequency, content and concept of restoration. The results are summarized as follows First, the churches have been restored extensively in every 17 years on the average. Second, the main restorations are replacement of bricks, painting, waterproofing, repair of roof and timber. And the main changes are extension of plan, removal of Interior posts, and replacement of floor. Third, the main concept of restorations are historical restoration(62%), critical restoration(23%), stylistic restoration(14%). Forth, the category of restoration have been changed, that is extending of incompletion (1st stage), functional improvement and extension of the span of life(2nd stage), improvement of facilities(3rd stage), restoration to the original state and conservation(4th stage). Fifth, the issues of repairing techniques are revival and replacement of weathered bricks, the removal of painting, and structural reinforcement. This study will be able to be used as the fundamental materials to improve the techniques of restoration of Early Western style masonry buildings.