• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2020

Spermatogonial stem cells are self-renewal and differentiate into sperm in post-pubertal mammals. There exists a balance between the self-renewal and differentiation in the testes. Spermatogonial stem cells make up only 0.03% of testicular cells in adult mice. These cells maintain sperm production by differentiating after puberty. Therefore, analyzing the expression of genes associated with spermatogenesis is critical for understanding differentiation. The present study aimed to establish the postnatal period of cells in relation to spermatogenesis. To study the expression of differentiated and undifferentiated marker genes in enriched spermatogonial stem cells, in vitro culture was performed and cells from pup (6-8-day-old) and adult (4-months-old) testicular tissues were isolated. As a result, undifferentiated genes, Pax7, Plzf, GFRa1, Etv5 and Bcl6b, were highly increased in cultured spermaotogonial stem cells compared with pup and adult testicular cells. On the other hands, differentiated gene, c-kit was highly increased in adult testicular cells, Also Stra8 gene was highly increased in pup and adult testicular cells. This study provides a better understanding of spermatogenesis-associated gene expression during postnatal periods.

• 복식
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• 제17권
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• pp.221-245
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• 1991

The purpose of the study is to search for the existene mode of the modern cosmetology by not only understanding generally but also looking into the fundamental mental base and the aesthetic senses reflected in the literatuers and remans concerned with the traditional Korean cosmetology from anient times to modern times (1910). What are characteritic of in the systemetic study are summarized as follows : Chapter I The purposes and methods are systematized and the scop of study is specified. Chapter II The definition of cosmetology and osmetic indicates that the traditional cosmetology is a sort of whole deoration with costume. Chapter III It can hypothesized that since the Koreans were the northern nomadic tribe, in the beginning the cosmetology might have had a practical usage to protect themselves from the cold weather, and then gradually become to have a decoration meaning, and finally, with the development of various social culture, undergone the transition reflecting some characteristic of each era. Chapter IV While the female cosmetology had been much likely to accomodate the spirit of the times under the male, most of the male cosmetology had been done as a means to exhibit his social position, the tendency which had been prominent in the Yi dynasty. Chapter V Sinece beauty kits which were made of raw materials had been selg-supplying only to meet the small demand, their size were relatively small and had been given a menaing of a luchy omen or exorcism. Chapter VI Buddhism introduced bathing and incense, Confucianistic view of womanhood differentiated the cosmetology between Kissang and daughters of respectable citizens, and thin make-up was recomended. In addition, there many thoughts to have influence on the traditional cosmetology culture : body-and-soul unity, exorcism, naturalism, and short-lived beauty. Chapter VII Since the on-going movement of makeing use of the traditional cosmetic materials in order to apply to modern cosmetic may be a king of counter-vertical cultural phenomena to incorporate our own tradition with the modern cosmetology culture efficiently, the hope is that the findings of the study may contribute to the said efforts. In short, the study on the traditional cosmetology culture may be heloful in Looking into the existence of the modern cosmetology through its clarification of the nature of the traditional cosmetology culture.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1395-1403
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• 2004

Exposure and Concealment have been continued as important way to express fashion and theme as well, especially in women fashion. Exposure can make themselves attractive, and concealment emphasizes this way of being attractive by exposure. Besides the temptable effect of exposure, the ideology which put women next men in society has made a prominence on the fact exposure is significant theme in women fashion. It means that women's image of 'Being seen as Object' (this can be explained by relation passive between active) in society has driven female emphasize in using and focusing on exposure to be attractive. Also the other important thing in women fashion has been considered is concealment. The fact that society has demand women more chaste duty in detail may have meaningful thing in the condition that instigates women take off being attractive to the subject, considering ideology, men. Therefore attractive femininity has to be suggested by virtue and temptation, it is common sense that looking just shallow or too strict are far from criteria of ideal beauty. Namely, the concept for exposure coexists with concealment not only constructively but also naturally in fashion. Technique that can be accentuate for effective exposure differently from method to show unilaterally is needed, and this technique can promote new fashion. And according to the theory of Freud, women means' Absence (lacking penis)', this female's Lack Image induces male castration complex therefore 'Fetishistic Look' which transfers something phallic into specific things or parts of body is adopted, sort of object cathexis. This is revealed as some parts of women body are diverted into object for sexual love, symbolic equivalent. For example, women's parts like legs or breast are remarked as erotogenic zone and as time goes, when no more the zone are felt sexual by exposure, other somewhere felt mysterious (felt something sexual) used to be stressed by exposing. As it were, it can be possible that exposing part on women body (sexual part) moved as time passed because of what previously stated. Especially, the concept of exposure and concealment in women fashion should explain not only from a point of view of style for the beautifulness but also from wearer's immanent intention, further more relationship with ideology. About the present situation becoming bolder in women fashion, it is said that women express confidence as the position of women is elevated higher socially, the more women get freedom. But if we consider this psychoanalysis opinion mentioned ahead, the possibility can not be excluded that the exposure can get emphasizing according as the need of feminine modesty gets decreasing from ideal femininity society, men want. This study about exposure and concealment was made progressed through the theory of Freud who originated psychoanalysis, presented many theories. But nowadays contradictions are being brought up against Freud's theory including conventional philosophy like male chauvinism and adjust studies get suggested. Hereupon, there may be limitation in making no allowance of contradiction and following his theory.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.125-139
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• 1996

저자는 성장기 III급 부정교합자의 치료후 성장완료시까지 장기관찰 기록을 통하여 III급 부정교합치료 전략 수립에 도움이 되는 유용한 정보를 얻었다. 장기 관찰 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다. 첫째, 전치부 반대교합의 조기 개선시에 상악에서 상당한 전방성장이 많은 증례에서 관찰되었다. 둘째, 악골에 대한 정형적 치료에 의한 성장조절은 장기적인 관점에서 제한적인 효과만 인정되었다. 셋째, 반대교합을 가진 어린 환자에서 얻은 어떤 자료도 장기적인 관점에서 그 환자의 치료후 안정성을 예측할 수 있는 것은 없었다. 그러나 gonial angle은 어느 정도 예측의 가능성을 보였다. 넷째, 성장이 된 연령에서 하악에 대한 정형적 후방력이나 하악의 급작스런 위치 변화는 악관절에 좋지 못한 영향을 줄 수 있었다. 따라서 저자는 다음과 같이 III급 치료 전략을 제시한다. ${\cdot}$반대교합은 가능하다면 조기에 개선하는 것이 좋으며, 정형적 치료는 10세 이전에 1-2년 정도 사용하는 것이 좋겠다. ${\cdot}$ 이후에 바로 phase II 치료에 들어가지 말고 성장이 어느 정도 끝나는 시점까지 기다린다. 즉 여자는 14세, 남자는 17세 경까지 기다린 후에 교정치료로 마무리할 것인지 악교정 수술을 할 것인지 결정한다. 관찰 기간 동안에 성장에 영향을 줄 수 있는 기도문제, 혀자세, 습관, 제3대구치의 발육 등을 감독하고, 성장에 관한 자료를 채득한다. 이렇게 하므로서 앞에서 관찰한 치료 완료 후의 재발로 인한 재치료 문제를 줄일 수 있고,실제적인 치료기간을 단축할 수 있어 환자나 술자에게 모두 유익하다고 생각한다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

지구상의 모든 생명체들은 자신의 생존과 종의 영속성을 보장하기 위해 우호적이지 않은 환경 변화에 대응하기 위한 효과적인 전략을 발전시켜왔다. 그 결과, 생명체들은 환경요인들의 변화에도 불구하고 체내 생리적 환경의 역동적인 평형, 즉 항상성(homeostasis)을 유지해 나간다. 스트레스는 항상성을 위협하는 정서적 그리고 물리적 반응이다. 스트레스는 일시적일 뿐만 아니라 거의 영구적인 영향을 개체에 줄 수 있는데, 특히 출생전 스트레스는 유전 코드의 변경없이 성체의 기능과 구조를 바꿀 수 있는 '후생학적 프로그래밍'을 할 수 있음이 최근의 연구들에 의해 알려졌다. 본 논문에서는 출생 전 스트레스를 받은 수컷 흰쥐에서 나타나는 생식과 연관된 일련의 사건들, 예를 들어 성적 이형현상을 보이는 뇌 지역의 변화, 신경전달물질 대사의 수정, 생식내분비 상태의 변화, 그리고 마지막으로 성행동의 이상들을 소개한다. 태아의 뇌는 출생전 프로그래밍에 극히 민감한데, 특히 글루코코티코이드는 강력한 뇌-프로그래밍 능력을 갖고 있다. 모체 스트레스에 의해 유도된 글루코코티코이드 입력에 의한 태아 뇌의 지속적인 과도 활성은 신경 가소성을 증가시키는 새로운 프로그램을 제공할 것이다. 그리고 증가한 신경 가소성은 환경 도전 속에서 개체가 더 잘 적응하도록 하는 증가된 표현형의 가소성에 대한 기초가 될 것이다. 결론적으로, '혹독한' 환경을 태아기에 경험한 개체는 미래에 자신의 생존 가능성을 높이기 위해 번식능력을 일부 포기하도록 후생학적으로 (재)프로그램하는 것으로 추정된다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제67호
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• pp.69-104
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• 2017

본고는 19세기 한문장편소설의 하나인 "옥수기"의 남녀결연담에 나타난 재자가인소설의 면모를 고찰하였다. "옥수기"는 남녀 간의 결연을 중심으로 하는 작품으로, 결연담 위주의 서사구조를 취하고 있다. 복수인물의 결연담이 반복되는 구조를 통해 다양한 결연 양상을 보여주며, 결연담을 제외한 여타 사건과 삽화는 결연의 계기가 되기도 하며 보조적 역할을 한다. 작품 초반에 주인공의 부모의 결연담을 구체적으로 서술하고, 주인공과 형제들의 결연과 관련된 예언을 배치함으로써 이후의 서사가 결연담 위주로 흘러갈 것임을 암시한다. 결연을 이루는 남성인물들은 문장력을 갖춘 인물들로 풍류적 면모를 지니고 있고, 가인들은 재색을 갖추고 있다. 남성인물들은 편력적으로 보일 정도로 결연에만 관심을 두고 있으며 각각 다수의 여성과 결연을 맺는다. 결연은 중세적 신분 질서를 충실히 따른 것으로 생각된다. 처가 되는 인물과 첩이 되는 인물의 형상을 상이하게 설정한 것은 사대부 남성의 위치에서 이상적으로 바라는 처와 첩의 인물상이 다르기 때문이다. 처가 되는 인물들은 절의, 효, 지식, 내조 등이 강조되며 집안의 대소사에 적극적으로 관여한다. 반면에 첩이 되는 인물들은 재주와 기예가 강조되며 혼인 후에는 그 역할이 축소된다. 즉, 처는 유교적 교양과 지식을 겸비하고 있으며 남편을 내조하고 가정을 잘 꾸려갈 수 있는 인물로 형상화되어 있고, 첩은 처와의 관계에서 보다 정(情)이 강조되며 함께 취미 생활을 즐길 수 있는 인물로 형상화되어 있다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.611-614
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• 2008

Purpose: Infection, foreign body reaction and decreased volume of implant are common complications after augmentation rhinoplasty with $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ implant. The author experienced two cases of recurrent foreign body granuloma in the patients who underwent $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ removal because of infection after augmentation rhinoplasty. and treated them with complete removal of$Gore-tex^{(R)}$. Methods: Case 1: A 49 year-old female visited our clinic for recurrent foreign body reaction on nasal dorsum and tip area. The patient underwent augmentation rhinoplasty with $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ 3 years ago and implant was removed due to infection 9 months ago. Excision of the granuloma was performed and a piece of foreign body suspicious to be a $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ implant debris was detected under the subcutaneous pocket. The implant fragments were removed and nasalis muscle rotation flap was performed to cover the lesion. The specimen was proved to be $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ in histological study. Case 2: A 31 year-old-male with recurrent foreign body granuloma on the nasal tip area visited our clinic. 10 years ago, the patient had augmentation rhinoplasty with silicone implant and then, he underwent revisional rhinoplasty five times including nasal implant removal, which was performed 9 months ago. The authors excised the granuloma and found a small sized foreign body suspicious to be a $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ implant debris under the granuloma. The foreign body was excised and identified to be $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ in histological study. Results: In both cases, the lesions were healed without any complications and there were no evidences of recurrence up to 6 months of follow-up. Conclusion: The $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ is known to be weak against mechanical force. These properties of $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ make it difficult to remove the implant completely. In the patient who have infection after augmentation rhinoplasty with $Gore-tex^{(R)}$, the operator should take care to perform the complete removal without remaining fragment of the implant.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

Purpose: Gluteal perforator is easily identified in the gluteal region and gluteal perforator flap is a very versatile flap in sacral sore reconstruction. We obtained satisfying results using the gluteal perforator flap, so we report this clinical experiences with a review of the literature. Methods: Between November of 2003 and April 2006, the authors used 16 gluteal perforator flaps in 16 consecutive patients for coverage of sacral pressure sores. The mean age of the patients was 47.4 years (range, 14 to 78 years), and there were 9 male and 7 female patients. All flaps in the series were supplied by musculocutaneous arteries and its venae comitantes penetrating the gluteus maximus muscle and reaching the intrafascial and suprafascial planes, and the overlying skin forming a rich vascular plexus arising from gluteal muscles. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 11.5 months. Results: All flaps survived except one that had undergone total necrosis by patient's negligence. Wound dehiscence was observed in three patients and treated by secondary closure. There was no recurrence during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Gluteal perforator flaps allow safe and reliable options for coverage of sacral pressure sores with minimal donor site morbidity, and do not sacrifice the gluteus maximus muscle and rarely lead to post-operative complications. Freedom in flap design and easy-to perform make gluteal perforator flap an excellent choice for selected patients.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.25-53
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide basic data for policy of Oriental medicine by analyzing community residents' consciousness of taking herb medicine and its related factors. Data were collected from 1478 residents from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. According to general characteristics of the subjects, 52.3% of the subjects was 'female'; 25.0% 'fifties of age'; 21.4% 'forties of age'; 20.9% 'thirties of ages'; 69.1% 'married'; 60.1% 'resident in a big city'; 12.1% 'residents in a small town or village'; 39.0% 'highschool graduate'; 35.9% 'above college graduate'; 23.4% 'housewife'; 23.4% 'professional' 34.1% 'Buddhist'; 81.1% 'middle class'. 2. The rate of experience of taking herb medicine was 85.2%(88.2% of 'male'; 82.5% of 'female'). It appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'the married', 'housewife', and 'Buddhist'. As the age increased, so the rate of experience of taking herb medicine was significantly high. 3. In case of purpose of taking herb medicine, taking herb medicine as a restorative(66.8%) was much higher than taking it as a curative medicine. Taking herb medicine as a curative medicine appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'thirties of age', 'resident in a town or village', 'above college graduate', 'professional technician', 'Christian', and 'the upper class'. 4. 52.1% of the respondents satisfied with the effect of herb medicine. The groups of 'male', 'older age', 'residents in a big city', 'insurant in company', and 'the employed' showed significantly high rate in satisfying with herb medicine than the other groups. 5. According to the reason for preferring herb medicine, 36.7% of the respondents preferred herb medicine because the herb medicine was effective, while 27.8% preferred it because its side effect was low. 16.7% preferred it. because persons around them recommended it. The preference for the herb medicine displayed significantly higher rate in the groups 'sixties of age', 'the unmarried', 'resident in a big city', 'office clerk', and 'the lower class'. 6. 42.6% of the respondents did not want to take the herb medicine because the price of the herb medicine was high. Also 20.6% of the respondents did not want to take herb medicine because it is uneasy to take herb medicine. 15.8% did not want to take it because certain foods should not be taken during the period of taking it. 9.4% did not want to take it because it tasted bitter. 7. In case of opinions on side effects of herb medicine, 40.8% of the respondents thinks that herb medicine is free from side effects, while 37.5% thinks that it causes side effects. There were significant difference in the opinions on side effects by sex, age, marital status, resident area, education level, occupation, and type of health insurance. 8. 60.7% of the respondents thinks the price of herb medicine is not resonable, while only 10.9% thinks it is resonable. 9. 14.2% of the respondents thinks health foods which contain herbs are good, while 16.8% thinks it is bad. 76.7% thinks that medicinal herbs in packages must be included in health insurance coverage, while only 3.0% thinks it needs not be included in health insurance coverage. 10. 45.2% of the respondents uses packs of decocted herbs although they think the packs of decocted herb are a little low effective because decocting herbs in home is bothersome. 45.2% uses packs of decocted herbs because they are convenient, being not related to the effect. 7.6% takes medicinal herbs after decocting them in a clay pot because they think the packs of decocted herbs have low effect. 11. According to the level of satisfaction with Oriental medical care, the respondents marked $3.47{\pm}0.64$ points on the base of 5 points. It was significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'the married, resident in a big city', 'highschool graduate', 'the unemployed', 'office clerk', 'growing up in a big city', 'insurant in region', and 'the middle class'. 12. According to the result of a regression analysis of factors influencing preference for herb medicine, the factors displayed significant difference by sex, age, education level, health status, and times of receiving Oriental medical care. As shown in the above results, the community residents satisfy with the effect of herb medicine. Therefore, the method of taking herb medicine without difficulty must be devised. The medicinal herbs in packages need to be included in health insurance coverage and resonable price of herb medicine must be set. Also, education program for community residents must be developed in order to provide right information in herb medicine. Therefore, related public authority, associations, and professionals must make efforts, forming organic cooperative system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2008

목 적 : 소아 청소년 건강관리에서 혈압 측정의 중요성이 점차 강조되고 있는 시점에서 한국의 소아 청소년들을 위한 정상 혈압 참고 치를 만들고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2005년에 새로운 신체성장 표준치를 만들기 위해 시행한 전국 소아 청소년들의 신체계측사업에 혈압 계측사업을 포함시켜 7-20세에 해당하는 소아 청소년 57,433명(남: 29,443명, 여: 27,990명)에서 신장, 체중 및 혈압 계측치를 얻었다. 혈압은 자동 진동혈압계인 Dinamap Procare 200(GE Inc., Milwaukee, Wi, USA)를 이용하여 측정하였고 앉은 자세에서 안정한 후 우측 팔에서 5분 간격으로 2번 측정하였다. 두 측정치의 평균치를 수축기 혈압과 이완기 혈압으로 기록하여 원 자료로 하였다. 체중이 +3SD 이상인 과체중아들 2,373명의 혈압은 제외하고 분석 하였다. 혈압 백분위수 표는 성별, 연령별, 신장 백분위수별로 만들어 졌으며 통계기법은 2004 Task Force in NHLBI (USA)이 사용한 통계기법을 원용한 고정 변형 LMS 방법을 사용하였다. 결 과 : 성별, 연령별(7-18세), 신장 백분위수별(5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th) 혈압 참고치가 완성되었으며 신장 백분위수에 대한 자료는 질병관리본부 홈페이지인 http://www.cdc.go.kr/webcdc/에서 확인 할 수 있다. 고혈압의 기준치는 성별, 연령별, 신장대비에서 95 백분위수 이상으로 하고, 전고혈압 기준치는 90-95 백분위수 또는 수축기 및 이완기 혈압 130/80 mmHg 이상으로 정하였다. 결 론 : 이번에 마련된 우리나라 소아 청소년 정상 혈압 참고치는 처음이기 때문에 사용기준 및 고혈압의 기준은 앞으로 지속적인 논의와 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 본 혈압 표는 자동 진동혈압계로 마련된 것이기 때문에 수동 수은 혈압계를 이용한 혈압 치를 평가하는 기준표로 사용하는 것은 주의해야 할 것이다.