• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2020

Spermatogonial stem cells are self-renewal and differentiate into sperm in post-pubertal mammals. There exists a balance between the self-renewal and differentiation in the testes. Spermatogonial stem cells make up only 0.03% of testicular cells in adult mice. These cells maintain sperm production by differentiating after puberty. Therefore, analyzing the expression of genes associated with spermatogenesis is critical for understanding differentiation. The present study aimed to establish the postnatal period of cells in relation to spermatogenesis. To study the expression of differentiated and undifferentiated marker genes in enriched spermatogonial stem cells, in vitro culture was performed and cells from pup (6-8-day-old) and adult (4-months-old) testicular tissues were isolated. As a result, undifferentiated genes, Pax7, Plzf, GFRa1, Etv5 and Bcl6b, were highly increased in cultured spermaotogonial stem cells compared with pup and adult testicular cells. On the other hands, differentiated gene, c-kit was highly increased in adult testicular cells, Also Stra8 gene was highly increased in pup and adult testicular cells. This study provides a better understanding of spermatogenesis-associated gene expression during postnatal periods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.17
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• pp.221-245
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• 1991

The purpose of the study is to search for the existene mode of the modern cosmetology by not only understanding generally but also looking into the fundamental mental base and the aesthetic senses reflected in the literatuers and remans concerned with the traditional Korean cosmetology from anient times to modern times (1910). What are characteritic of in the systemetic study are summarized as follows : Chapter I The purposes and methods are systematized and the scop of study is specified. Chapter II The definition of cosmetology and osmetic indicates that the traditional cosmetology is a sort of whole deoration with costume. Chapter III It can hypothesized that since the Koreans were the northern nomadic tribe, in the beginning the cosmetology might have had a practical usage to protect themselves from the cold weather, and then gradually become to have a decoration meaning, and finally, with the development of various social culture, undergone the transition reflecting some characteristic of each era. Chapter IV While the female cosmetology had been much likely to accomodate the spirit of the times under the male, most of the male cosmetology had been done as a means to exhibit his social position, the tendency which had been prominent in the Yi dynasty. Chapter V Sinece beauty kits which were made of raw materials had been selg-supplying only to meet the small demand, their size were relatively small and had been given a menaing of a luchy omen or exorcism. Chapter VI Buddhism introduced bathing and incense, Confucianistic view of womanhood differentiated the cosmetology between Kissang and daughters of respectable citizens, and thin make-up was recomended. In addition, there many thoughts to have influence on the traditional cosmetology culture : body-and-soul unity, exorcism, naturalism, and short-lived beauty. Chapter VII Since the on-going movement of makeing use of the traditional cosmetic materials in order to apply to modern cosmetic may be a king of counter-vertical cultural phenomena to incorporate our own tradition with the modern cosmetology culture efficiently, the hope is that the findings of the study may contribute to the said efforts. In short, the study on the traditional cosmetology culture may be heloful in Looking into the existence of the modern cosmetology through its clarification of the nature of the traditional cosmetology culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1395-1403
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• 2004

Exposure and Concealment have been continued as important way to express fashion and theme as well, especially in women fashion. Exposure can make themselves attractive, and concealment emphasizes this way of being attractive by exposure. Besides the temptable effect of exposure, the ideology which put women next men in society has made a prominence on the fact exposure is significant theme in women fashion. It means that women's image of 'Being seen as Object' (this can be explained by relation passive between active) in society has driven female emphasize in using and focusing on exposure to be attractive. Also the other important thing in women fashion has been considered is concealment. The fact that society has demand women more chaste duty in detail may have meaningful thing in the condition that instigates women take off being attractive to the subject, considering ideology, men. Therefore attractive femininity has to be suggested by virtue and temptation, it is common sense that looking just shallow or too strict are far from criteria of ideal beauty. Namely, the concept for exposure coexists with concealment not only constructively but also naturally in fashion. Technique that can be accentuate for effective exposure differently from method to show unilaterally is needed, and this technique can promote new fashion. And according to the theory of Freud, women means' Absence (lacking penis)', this female's Lack Image induces male castration complex therefore 'Fetishistic Look' which transfers something phallic into specific things or parts of body is adopted, sort of object cathexis. This is revealed as some parts of women body are diverted into object for sexual love, symbolic equivalent. For example, women's parts like legs or breast are remarked as erotogenic zone and as time goes, when no more the zone are felt sexual by exposure, other somewhere felt mysterious (felt something sexual) used to be stressed by exposing. As it were, it can be possible that exposing part on women body (sexual part) moved as time passed because of what previously stated. Especially, the concept of exposure and concealment in women fashion should explain not only from a point of view of style for the beautifulness but also from wearer's immanent intention, further more relationship with ideology. About the present situation becoming bolder in women fashion, it is said that women express confidence as the position of women is elevated higher socially, the more women get freedom. But if we consider this psychoanalysis opinion mentioned ahead, the possibility can not be excluded that the exposure can get emphasizing according as the need of feminine modesty gets decreasing from ideal femininity society, men want. This study about exposure and concealment was made progressed through the theory of Freud who originated psychoanalysis, presented many theories. But nowadays contradictions are being brought up against Freud's theory including conventional philosophy like male chauvinism and adjust studies get suggested. Hereupon, there may be limitation in making no allowance of contradiction and following his theory.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.125-139
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• 1996

The author obtained some useful information for the class III treatment from long term observation on the growing patients with class III malocclusion. 8 patients were selected for this study and presentation. From these observation so far my conclusions might be as follows: First in the early correction of the anterior crossbite, considerable forward growth changes were observed in the maxilla Second, as for the growth modification of jaws by orthopedic treatment only limited effects were recognized from the long-term observation Thrid, at early age of patients with anterior crossbite, any data couldn't make me predict the stability after treatment on the long-term basis. Fortunately, however, genial angle showed a marginal possibility of it prediction. Fourth, at an advanced age/ retraction orthopedic force on the mandible and the rapid change in the mandibular position may cause some trouble in the T.M.joint. Finally, the followings are recommendable. As for the anterior crossbite, correct it early as possible, and use orthopedic force under the age of ten. Do not enter the phase II treatment directly. Just wait and observe until the growth were almost completed, focusiong on some important factors such as airway problem, tongue position, and third molar development. Of course, these factors may have some effects on the mandibular growth. for the female, at the age of around 14 years old and the male, around 17 years old, make a final decision whether the patients will continue to be treated orthodontically or surgically Thereby, (I think) the relapse and retreatment problem after treatemnt we have observed so far might be minimized. Furthermore, the active treatment time may be also reduced.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

The efficient strategies to cope with unpredictable and/or harmful environmental changes have been developed by every organism in order to ensure its survival and continuity of it's own species. As a results, all living things on earth maintain dynamically internal stability via a process termed 'homeostasis' among physiological parameters despite of external environment changes. Stress is an emotional and physical response to threat homeostasis. Stress may have not only transient but rather permanent effect on the organism; recent evidence clearly show that prenatal stress could organize or imprint permanently physiological systems without any change in genetic codes, a process known as 'epigenetic programming'. In this review, a series of reproduction-associated events occurred in prenatally stressed male rats such as alteration in the structure of sexually dimorphic brain regions, modification of neurotransmitter metabolism, changes in reproductive endocrine status, and finally, disorders of sexual behavior will be introduced. The fetal brain is highly sensitive to prenatal programming and glucocorticoids in particular have powerful brain-programming properties. The chronic hyperactivation of fetal brain by maternal stress-induced glucocorticoid input will provide new program via increasing the neuroplasticities. This 'increased neuroplasticities' will be the basis for the 'increased phenotypic plasticities' rendering the organism's better adaptation to environmental challenges. In conclusion, organism who experienced 'harsh' environment in his fetal life seems to give up a certain portion of reproductive competence to make good chance of survival in his future life by epigenetic (re)programming.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.67
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• pp.69-104
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• 2017

This paper examines the aspect of the novel which appeared in the union of the male and female relationship of "OkSuki", one of the novels of the 19th century. "Oksuki" is a work focusing on the relationship between men and women. It takes a narrative structure based on the relationship. It shows various aspects of the relationship through the structure in which the pluralities of plural persons are repeated. Other events and illustrations, except for the talk, are both an occasion of the alliance and an auxiliary role. At the beginning of the work, the main character's parents are described in detail.By arranging the prophecies related to the relationship between the protagonist and the brothers, it suggests that subsequent narratives will flow into the center of the relationship. The male characters that make up the alliance are characteristically trained and have a good taste, and the Caines are colorfully colored. It is believed that the marriage pattern faithfully follows the medieval status order. The reason why the figure of the person who becomes his wife and the person of the concubine are set differently is because the image of the wife and the concubine are different from each other ideally. The characters who are going to be hungry are emphasized on the clause, efficacy, knowledge, and inner peace, and are actively involved in. On the other hand, conciliatory characters emphasize talent and craftsmanship, and their role is reduced after marriage. The wife is a person who has both Confucian culture and knowledge and is able to care for her husband and family well. Concultation is shaped as a person who can enjoy joyful life and emphasize more affection in relation with his wife.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.611-614
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• 2008

Purpose: Infection, foreign body reaction and decreased volume of implant are common complications after augmentation rhinoplasty with $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ implant. The author experienced two cases of recurrent foreign body granuloma in the patients who underwent $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ removal because of infection after augmentation rhinoplasty. and treated them with complete removal of$Gore-tex^{(R)}$. Methods: Case 1: A 49 year-old female visited our clinic for recurrent foreign body reaction on nasal dorsum and tip area. The patient underwent augmentation rhinoplasty with $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ 3 years ago and implant was removed due to infection 9 months ago. Excision of the granuloma was performed and a piece of foreign body suspicious to be a $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ implant debris was detected under the subcutaneous pocket. The implant fragments were removed and nasalis muscle rotation flap was performed to cover the lesion. The specimen was proved to be $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ in histological study. Case 2: A 31 year-old-male with recurrent foreign body granuloma on the nasal tip area visited our clinic. 10 years ago, the patient had augmentation rhinoplasty with silicone implant and then, he underwent revisional rhinoplasty five times including nasal implant removal, which was performed 9 months ago. The authors excised the granuloma and found a small sized foreign body suspicious to be a $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ implant debris under the granuloma. The foreign body was excised and identified to be $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ in histological study. Results: In both cases, the lesions were healed without any complications and there were no evidences of recurrence up to 6 months of follow-up. Conclusion: The $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ is known to be weak against mechanical force. These properties of $Gore-tex^{(R)}$ make it difficult to remove the implant completely. In the patient who have infection after augmentation rhinoplasty with $Gore-tex^{(R)}$, the operator should take care to perform the complete removal without remaining fragment of the implant.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

Purpose: Gluteal perforator is easily identified in the gluteal region and gluteal perforator flap is a very versatile flap in sacral sore reconstruction. We obtained satisfying results using the gluteal perforator flap, so we report this clinical experiences with a review of the literature. Methods: Between November of 2003 and April 2006, the authors used 16 gluteal perforator flaps in 16 consecutive patients for coverage of sacral pressure sores. The mean age of the patients was 47.4 years (range, 14 to 78 years), and there were 9 male and 7 female patients. All flaps in the series were supplied by musculocutaneous arteries and its venae comitantes penetrating the gluteus maximus muscle and reaching the intrafascial and suprafascial planes, and the overlying skin forming a rich vascular plexus arising from gluteal muscles. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 11.5 months. Results: All flaps survived except one that had undergone total necrosis by patient's negligence. Wound dehiscence was observed in three patients and treated by secondary closure. There was no recurrence during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Gluteal perforator flaps allow safe and reliable options for coverage of sacral pressure sores with minimal donor site morbidity, and do not sacrifice the gluteus maximus muscle and rarely lead to post-operative complications. Freedom in flap design and easy-to perform make gluteal perforator flap an excellent choice for selected patients.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.25-53
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide basic data for policy of Oriental medicine by analyzing community residents' consciousness of taking herb medicine and its related factors. Data were collected from 1478 residents from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. According to general characteristics of the subjects, 52.3% of the subjects was 'female'; 25.0% 'fifties of age'; 21.4% 'forties of age'; 20.9% 'thirties of ages'; 69.1% 'married'; 60.1% 'resident in a big city'; 12.1% 'residents in a small town or village'; 39.0% 'highschool graduate'; 35.9% 'above college graduate'; 23.4% 'housewife'; 23.4% 'professional' 34.1% 'Buddhist'; 81.1% 'middle class'. 2. The rate of experience of taking herb medicine was 85.2%(88.2% of 'male'; 82.5% of 'female'). It appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'the married', 'housewife', and 'Buddhist'. As the age increased, so the rate of experience of taking herb medicine was significantly high. 3. In case of purpose of taking herb medicine, taking herb medicine as a restorative(66.8%) was much higher than taking it as a curative medicine. Taking herb medicine as a curative medicine appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'thirties of age', 'resident in a town or village', 'above college graduate', 'professional technician', 'Christian', and 'the upper class'. 4. 52.1% of the respondents satisfied with the effect of herb medicine. The groups of 'male', 'older age', 'residents in a big city', 'insurant in company', and 'the employed' showed significantly high rate in satisfying with herb medicine than the other groups. 5. According to the reason for preferring herb medicine, 36.7% of the respondents preferred herb medicine because the herb medicine was effective, while 27.8% preferred it because its side effect was low. 16.7% preferred it. because persons around them recommended it. The preference for the herb medicine displayed significantly higher rate in the groups 'sixties of age', 'the unmarried', 'resident in a big city', 'office clerk', and 'the lower class'. 6. 42.6% of the respondents did not want to take the herb medicine because the price of the herb medicine was high. Also 20.6% of the respondents did not want to take herb medicine because it is uneasy to take herb medicine. 15.8% did not want to take it because certain foods should not be taken during the period of taking it. 9.4% did not want to take it because it tasted bitter. 7. In case of opinions on side effects of herb medicine, 40.8% of the respondents thinks that herb medicine is free from side effects, while 37.5% thinks that it causes side effects. There were significant difference in the opinions on side effects by sex, age, marital status, resident area, education level, occupation, and type of health insurance. 8. 60.7% of the respondents thinks the price of herb medicine is not resonable, while only 10.9% thinks it is resonable. 9. 14.2% of the respondents thinks health foods which contain herbs are good, while 16.8% thinks it is bad. 76.7% thinks that medicinal herbs in packages must be included in health insurance coverage, while only 3.0% thinks it needs not be included in health insurance coverage. 10. 45.2% of the respondents uses packs of decocted herbs although they think the packs of decocted herb are a little low effective because decocting herbs in home is bothersome. 45.2% uses packs of decocted herbs because they are convenient, being not related to the effect. 7.6% takes medicinal herbs after decocting them in a clay pot because they think the packs of decocted herbs have low effect. 11. According to the level of satisfaction with Oriental medical care, the respondents marked $3.47{\pm}0.64$ points on the base of 5 points. It was significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'the married, resident in a big city', 'highschool graduate', 'the unemployed', 'office clerk', 'growing up in a big city', 'insurant in region', and 'the middle class'. 12. According to the result of a regression analysis of factors influencing preference for herb medicine, the factors displayed significant difference by sex, age, education level, health status, and times of receiving Oriental medical care. As shown in the above results, the community residents satisfy with the effect of herb medicine. Therefore, the method of taking herb medicine without difficulty must be devised. The medicinal herbs in packages need to be included in health insurance coverage and resonable price of herb medicine must be set. Also, education program for community residents must be developed in order to provide right information in herb medicine. Therefore, related public authority, associations, and professionals must make efforts, forming organic cooperative system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2008

Purpose : It is now understood that blood pressure (BP) measurement in the routine pediatric examination is very important because of the relevance of childhood BP to pediatric health care and the development of adult essential hypertension. There hasn't been a reference table of BP for Korean children and adolescents up to now. This study was to make normative BP references and to provide criteria of hypertension for Korean children and adolescents. Methods : BP measurements were done on 57,433 Koean children and adolescents (male: 29,443, female: 27,990), aged 7 to 20 years, in 2005. Heights and weights were measured simultaneously. Oscillometric devices, Dinamap Procare 200 (GE Inc., Milwaukee, Wi, USA), were used for the measurements. BPs were measured 2 times and mean levels were gathered for the analysis. Outliers of 2,373 subjects with overweight per height, over ＋3SD, were excluded for the analysis. For the BP centiles adjusted by sex, age and height, fixed modified LMS method which was adopted from the mixed effect model of 2004 Task Force in NHLBI (USA) was used. Results : Normative BP tables for Korean children and adolescents adjusted for height percentiles (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th), gender (male, female) and age(7 to 18 years) were completed. Height centiles of Korean children and adolescents are available from Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention homepage, http://www.cdc.go.kr/webcdc/. Criteria of hypertension (95th, 99th percentile) and normal range of BP (50th, 90th) adjusted for height percentiles, age and gender were made. Conclusion : This is the first study to make normative BP tables and define hypertension for the Korean children and adolescents. Reliability and accuracy of Dinamap Procare 200 oscillometer for BP measurements remains debatable.