• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.50-66
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• 2016

This study attempts to understand and explain how "Directed Attention Restorative Environment (DARE)" is managed and fostered in "Gang-Hak (講學)" and "Yu-Sik (遊息)" spaces both inside and outside of Oksan Seowon Confucian Academy, Gyeongju. Directed Attention is a pivotal element in human information processing so that its restoration is crucial for effective thinking and learning. According to Kaplan & Kaplan's Attention Restoration Theory, an environment, in order to be restorative, should have four elements: 'Being Away,' 'Extent,' 'Fascination,' and 'Compatibility.' We could confirm OkSan Seowon Confucian Academy has an inner logic that integrates two basically different spacial concepts of "Jangsu" and "Yusik" and thus fosters the Attention Restorative Environment. Particularly, the Four Mountains and Five Platforms (四山五臺) surrounding the premises provides an excellent learning environment, and is in itself educational in terms of the Neo-Confucian epistemology with "Attaining Knowledge by way of Positioning Things (格物致知)" as its principle precept, and of its aesthetics with "Connectedness with Nature" as its central tenet. This study attempts to recapture the value of Korea's cultural heritage concerning the Human/Nature relationship; and it may provide useful insights and practical guidelines/grounds in designing today's schools and campuses, where the young people's needs for the Directed Attention- and Attention Restorative- Servicescapes seem to be greater than ever.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 2004

This study is designed to conduct a questionnaire research into the safety control and the actual condition of radiography by working with dentistry belonging to university hospitals, dental hospitals and dental clinics for three months ranging from August, 2003 to October, 2003. The researcher came to the following conclusions. 1. The research on the current condition of possessed radiational equipment shows that 61.2 percent of the subjects had one intraoral radiation medicine and that 70.1 percent of the subjects had more than one extraoral radiation medicine and that 37.3 percent of the subjects had more than one digital radiation medicine. 2. Most of intraoral radiography (82.1%) was conducted by dental hygienists, and 7.5 percent of intraoral radiography was conducted by nurse aids. On the other hand, most of extraoral radiography (76.6%) was conducted by dental hygienists and digital radiography was conducted by dental hygienists(60.6%), dentists(32.0%) and radiographer(80.0%). 3. The less-than 1-meter-long distance between cone and the radiographer accounted for 44.8 percent. And the more-than 1.6-meter-long distance accounted for no more than 13.4 percent. The exposure time per standard film which was adjusted to each part accounted for 71.6 percent. Fixing the film on the part of healthy patients accounted for 76.1 percent. Fixing the film of elderly patients and children patients by the radiographer accounted for 43.3 percent. 4. The average daily photographing frequency of standard films stood at six to ten pieces(31.3%), and the average weekly photographing frequency of bitewing films stood at less than one piece(47.8%), and the dentistries where bitewing films were not employed accounted for 25.4%. The subjects whose average weekly photographing freqeuncy of occlusal films stood at less than a piece accounted for 59.7 percent. The dentistries whose average weekly photographing frequency of pediatric films stood at one to five pieces accounted for 41.8 percent. In case of panorama & cephalo, one to five pieces on a weekly average accounted for 36.2 percent. The dentistries whose average daily photographing frequency of digital radiation medicine stood at less than 1 piece accounted for 40.0 percent. 5. The research on the use of protective clothes shows that pregnant ·women only accounted for 31.3 percent. In regard to the use of protective clothes in case of the radiographers fixing films, the cases where no protective clothes were employed accounted for 88.1 percent. The reason was said to he attributable to the trouble related to wearing the clothes(54.2%). 6. The survey on the measurement of exposure dose shows that the cases where no measurement was made accounted for 76.1 percent. As far as the measurement methods of exposure dose was concerned, the employment of film badge accounted for 68.8 percent. The subjects turned out to conduct measurement of exposure dose every third month, which accounted for 43.8 percent. The barriers to the measurement of measurement of exposure dose were attributable to the recognition that a little amount of exposure dose need not be measured(29.9%). 7. The survey on the distinction of radiation rooms and clinic rooms reveals that the cases where radiation rooms exclusively existed accounted for 67.2 percent. 43.3 percent of the subjects turned out to have only one protective garment, and 49.3 percent of the subjects proved to conduct a periodical checkup of radiational equipment. The survey on the examination certificates of radiational generators and protective facilities indicates that 80.6 percent of the subjects had the certificates. The research also shows that the subjects with the marks indicating the radiational areas accounted for 70.1 percent. And trustees turned out to handle developing solutions and fixing solutions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.35-41
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• 1969

In order to determine proper ratio of wheat to soybean of soysauce koji material for Korean people's taste, sensory evaluation for the soysauces made from soysauce kojis with various above-mentioned ratio and analysis of chemical components through the brewing period of six months were carried out. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The specific gravity of all the soysauces increased gradually as the time passed and had maximum values in two months with nearly constant values thereafter. Concerning soybean/wheat-ratio, generally, the higher soybean/wheat-ratio, the lower specific gravity was observed but when this ratio was higher than 10 : 6, the gravity was on the similar levels. 2. The solid material in all the soysauces increased in the earlier stage and there were no significant differences among the treatments but soysauces without wheat had a little low content. 3. The lesser amount of wheat as raw material was, the higher contents of total nitrogen were and the contents of total nitrogen in the every ratio of raw material increased parallely as the mash ages. 4. The amino-nitrogen levels were found to have the simllar tendency to total nitroghen levels. 5. The reducing sugar content was higher in the soysauces with more-wheat and increased rapidly up to the maximum level in two months and then the higher wheat/soybean-ratio was, the slower decrease of the sugar content was observed. 6. The maximum total acidity was observed in the soysauces with 10; 4-6 (soybean/wheat-ratio) and increased similary in all the soysauces throughout the period. 7. According to the sensory evaluation, the short (2-3 months) fermented soysauces showed best taste when soybean/wheat-ratio was 10 : 8 and 10 : 6 if diluted, but in long (4-6 months) fermented soysauces it was 10 : 6 and 10 : 4 if diluted.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.4 s.51
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• pp.809-844
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• 1995

The purposes of this study are to define the scope of occupational health management and to classify occupational management by review of related journals from 1945 to 1994 in Korea. The steps of this study were as follows: (1) Search of secondary reference; (2) Collection and review of primary reference; (3) Survey; and (4) Analysis and discussion. The results were as follows ; 1. Most of the respondents majored in occupational health(71.6%), and were working in university (68.3%), males and over the age 40. Seventy percent of the respondents agreed with the idea that classification of occupational health management is necessary, and 10% disagreed. 2. After integration of the idea of respondents, we reclassified the scope of occupational health management. It was defined 3 parts, that is , occupational health system, occupational health service and others (such as assessment, epidemiology, cost-effectiveness analysis and so on). 3. The number of journals on occupational health management was 510. It was sightly increased from 1986 and abruptly increased after 1991. The kinds of journals related to occupational health management were The Korean Journal of Occupational Medicine(18.2%), Several Kinds of Medical Colloge Journal(17.0%), The Korean Journal Occupational Health(15.1%), The Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine(15.1%) and others(34.6%). As for the contents, the number of journals on occupational health management systems was 33(6.5%) and occupational health services 477(93.5%). Of the journals on occupational health management systems, the number of journals on the occupational health resource system was 15(45.5%), occupational finance system 8(24.2%), occupational health management system 6(18.2%), occupational organization 3(9.1%) and occupational health delivery system 1 (3.0%). Of the journals on occupational health services, the number of journals on disease management was 269(57.2%), health management 116(24.7%), working environmental management 85(18.1%). As for the subjects, the number of journals on general workers was 185(71.1%), followed by women worker, white coiler workers and so on. 4. Respondents made occupational health service(such as health management, working environmental management and health education) the first priority of occupational health management. Tied for the second are quality analysis(such as education, training and job contents of occupational health manager) and occupational health systems(such as the recommendation of systems of occupational and general disease and occupational health organization). 5. Thirty seven respondents suggested 48 ideas about the future research of occupational health management. The results were as follows: (1) Study of occupational health service 40.5%; (2) Study of organization system 27.1%; (3) Study of occupational health system (e.g. information network) 8.3%; (4) Study of working condition 6.2%; and (5) Study of occupational health service analysis 4.2%.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to attempt to lay the foundation for the development of oral health programs geared toward promoting the oral health of low socioeconomic class children. The subjects in this study were 257 school children who used local children's centers. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. The children mean scored 5.74 on oral health knowledge. 2. In terms of oral health awareness, 47.1% viewed the right toothbrushing as the best way to stay away from dental caries. 3. 45% of the subjects reported toothbrushing at least three times daily. 21.4% visited dental institutions three or more times in the past year. 33.1% had never undergone application of fluoride. 30.4% had never received oral health education. 4. The mean level of caries was 4.61 dft index in 1-2th grade, 3.27 DMFT index in 5-6th grade, 1.47 DMFT index in the 3-4th grad and 1.19 DMFT index in the 1-2th grade. 5. The mean level of Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP index) was 3.59, and there was no significant association was pound between PHP index and grade. 6. Oral health behavior wasn't affected by their oral health awareness, and knowledge.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of dentistry users' perception of concern about oral health on their perception of oral health and behaviors. For this purpose, the researcher sampled the outpatients who had used 2 dentistries in Kangnam, Seoul and another 2 dentistries in Kangbuk, Seoul and a hospital attached to a dental college in Bundang, Kyonggi-do and thereby, conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey from April 4 through 28, 2006. 291 responses from the survey were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 statistical program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. 45.0% of the patients perceived that their oral conditions were not healthy, 32% thought normal for their oral conditions and 23% felt healthy for their oral conditions. 2. Less women (44.1%) felt healthy for their oral conditions than men (46.3%). 3. The more negative patients' perception of their oral health was, they were more likely (55.1%) to rely on relatives for choice of a dentistry. 45.0% of this group worried about their oral health always, 15.1% were more or less worried, and 11.9% of them felt that their oral health was good(P < 0.05). 4. 66.0% of the subjects worried about their oral health sometimes, and 27.8% of them worried always, and 6.2% worried little. There was no significant gender difference, but the older they were, they worried more always(P < 0.05). 5. 93.8% of the group who worried about their oral health always had ever had their teeth scaled, and 65.8% of them had regularly had their teeth scaled. Such ratios differed significantly from the group who worried about their oral health sometimes (49.7% and 46.2%, respectively). The three groups differed in terms of regular checks significantly: 56.6%, 45.3% and 33.3%, respectively. And the rate of visiting the dentistry without fail was significantly highest (71.6%) in the first group (P < 0.05).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.167-177
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• 1982

This study was undertaken to observe relationships between patterns of feeding, supplementary-feeding and various maternal, family, and socioeconomic charactereistics in Hae Cheog Apartment area in Cheongdam-dong, Kangnamku, Seoul on July 2 to 12 in 1982. The results were based on a questionnaire from 179 mothers who have the last-born child under two years old. Results were as follows: 1) In socio-demographic characteristics, most of mothers were 25 to 30 years old and 52.0% of index children were under 6 months old. About 56.0% of families were the salaries and 47.0% of them earn over 500,000 won a month. 40.8% of mothers were college graduates and 81.6% of mothers had no occupation. 2) 89.4% of mothers received prenatal care in pregnancy of the index children and mothers who have delivered the child in medical institute were 88.3%. Mothers who recieved education of breast care and feeding technique through prenatal care were 22.4%, 31.8% respectively. 3) In the feeding method, 44.1% of mothers took the breast feeding, 24.0% of them chose the artificial feeding, and 20.7% of them chose the mixed feeding. Mothers who changed the-method from breast feeding to artificial feeding were 10.6% and only 0.6% of mothers changed from artificial feeding to breast feeding. 4) According to the questionnaire, 37 mothers have already finished lactation (no relation with. the beginning of weaning food). In breast feeding, one mother has lactated for $4{\sim}6$ months, one has lactated for $7{\sim}9$ months, four have lactated for $10{\sim}12$ months, and seven have. continued the lactation over 12 months. In artificial and mixed feeding, as the same phenomenon, most of mothers have lactated for more than 12 months. 5) The reasons for feeding method were as follows: In breast feeding, 64.6% of them took the method because they thought the breast milk nutrious, in artificial feeding, 34.9% of them chose it because they had occupation and in the mixed feeding, 67.6% of mothers took the method because of lack of their breast milk. In the case of changing the method from breast feeding to artificial feeding, 42.1% of them answered that they had to change the method because of lack of breast milk. 6) In most of cases, the 4th month was the proper period to begin the weaning food and 32.5% of breast feeding children and 27.6% of artificial feeding children began the weaning food in 4th month. After 4th month, there was no difference between breast feeding and artificial feeding in the beginning of weaning food. 7) In the matter of menstruation, 29.8% of mothers who had breast feeding started their menstruations in 3 months and the rest of them delayed until 12 months. 40% of mothers who had artificial feeding began to menstruate after 2 months and all the rest started within 5 months. 8) The birth interval between the index child and next new child (would-be-born): In breast feeding, the interval of $18{\sim}24$ months had a majority as 50.0%, and in the artificial feeding, the interval of over 24 months marked 66.7% of them. It was analyzed that the birth interval of artificial feeding was wider than that of breast feeding. 9) In the desirable number of children, the mothers who had breast feeding wanted two sons and two daughters as proper children. Those who want two children in disregard of the sex (son or daughter) were 89.3% of breast feeding, and 80.0% of artificial feeding respectively. Mothers who had breast feeding wanted two children rather than one child. 10) In the family planning practice, the rate of practice were 41.9% in breast feeding, and 58.1% in artificial feeding respectively. In the case of breast feeding, the using rate of family planning practice in men was higher than in women.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.123-139
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• 1985

The present survey was undertaken to observe the geographical distibution of matacercaria among the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, the most important second intermediate host of Metagonimus yokegawai, which were collected during the period from 1983 to 1984 in south-eastern coastal areas of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. A total of 668 sweetfish collected from 70 chins (=streams) in the above coastal arcus was examined for the metacercariae, and 432 (64.7%) among them were infected with metacercariae of M. yokogawai. The mean number of metacercariae in a fish was in the range from 0 to 29,604 and the mean number of the metacercariae in a fish was 640.3. 2. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 46.45 in Gangweon-Do (=province) . The infection rates varied from stream to stress showing 100% in Namdae stream(Gangnun-city) , Obsib stream (Samchok-gun) and Dongmak, 95.0% in Hosan stream, 90.0% in Gungchin stream, and Namdae stream (Yangyang-fp) ,80.0% in Hwasang stream,50.0% in Daebong stream,45.0% in Yonghwa stream, 30.0% in sangchsn stream and Sachsn stream, 20.0% in Munam stream and Okgyoe stream, 15.0% in Imweon stream, 10.0% in Namchsn stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Mulchi stream, Sangun stream, Gosamun stream, Jonchon stream and Gagok stream. 3. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 50.9% in Kyangsangbuk-Do (=province). The infection rates also varied from stream to stream showing 100% in Songchon stream, Osib stream (Yongdok-gun) and Daejong stream,60.0% in Pyanghae stream and Gunmu stream,50.0% in Buhwung stream and stream, 25.0% in Nagok stream, 20.0% in Oangbi stream, 10.0% in Namhodong stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Namdae stream (Uljinup) and Chaksan stream. 4. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 67.6% in Kyangsangnam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100% in Taehwa river, Hwiya river, Inchfn stream, Miryang river, Nam river, Hwagae stream, Koha stream, Sosang stream, and Tongchon stream,90.9% in Yancho stream,90.0% in Hoihwa stream,80.0% in Chindong stream, 66. YoA in Chingyo stream, 40.0% in Hoyam river. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Chinjon stream, Sanchan stream and Jukch6n stream. 5. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 94.6"A in 0h511anam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100% in DongchEn stream, Isachon stream, Somjin river(GoksEng-gun) , Ssmjin river(Kurye-gun) , S6si stream, Gokchsn stream, Kohung stream, Kwansan stream, Youi stream, stream, Unj6n stream and Apnae stream, 92.3% in Tamjin river, 90.9% in Okkok stream, 84.6% in Songgen stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the area of Ypmgpl stream. 6. On the other hand, the infection rate showed 100% in Inchsn river of Chollabuk Do (=province) (=province) and Kangsn stream of Cheju-Do(=province) .

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2006

This study set out to analyze the relationships between the senior citizens' dental health activities and dental health conditions, to provide basic data to develop a program for their better dental health, and finally to search for the ways to improve their life quality through dental health care. The subjects were 142 senior citizens(58 were male and 84 were female) who were 65 years old or older and visited a dental hospital or clinic in the Seoul metropolitan area from April 17 to April 28, 2006. With the cooperation from the dentists, the investigators examined their dental conditions and conducted one-on-one interviews to collect the information about their demographic characteristics, dental health activities, and subjective dental health conditions. The collected data were analyzed with T-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient using the SPSS WIN 11.5 program. The analysis results were summarized as follows: First, 58 men(40.8%) and 84 women(59.2%) consisted of the subject group, where percentage of the female participants was bigger Those who were aged from 65 to 69 made the biggest age group in the subjects, accounting for 58.5% with 83. Second, those who had three dental caries or less and then didn't treat them or treated them(F) accounted for the biggest percentage with 117(82.4%) and 72(50.7%) respectively. As for the remaining teeth, the biggest number of them(40 subjects, 28.2%) had three or less remaining. Third, it turned out the female subjects had a higher level of dental health activities than their male counterparts(P = 0.00). As for living expenses, those who were paid salary or earned income themselves carried out their dental health activities in a higher level than those who lived on the benefit from the government(p = 0.02). Fourth, the subjects' subjective dental health conditions had negative correlations with their dental caries not treated. And there were positive correlations between their dental caries not treated and dental caries lost and between their dental caries treated and remaining teeth. Fifth, those subjects who earned their living expenses themselves had the most dental caries treated at 5.4(p = 0.02), and there was statistically significant difference with the numbers. Sixth, those subjects who brushed their teeth in their own manner had 11.8 teeth lost(p = 0.05), which was more than the number of those who brushed their teeth in other methods. And there was statistically significant difference among them. The remaining teeth were found most at 17.3(p = 0.00) among those who brushed their upper and lower teeth separately. In addition, those who visited the public health center often had significantly more teeth treated(4.3) than others(p = 0.00).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2007

Targeting dental hygienists who work in clinical division and public dental health division, this study was to investigate and analyze their working environment by work division, so that it could make basic material available in the interest of efficiently employing technical manpower specializing in public health and their better work environment in the future. 1. In terms of the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents, it was found that employees in public health were married in higher percentage and had higher age with longer career than those in clinical division, and it was noted that the former group had higher percentage in longer academic career than the latter group. 2. In terms of working days and hours, it was found that dental hygienists employed in public health worked 5 days a week(95.8%), while those in clinical division worked 6 days a week(70.3%). That is, the latter group worked longer days a week than the former group. 3. In terms of annual regular holidays, it was found that dental hygienists in public health division mostly took 11 to 20 days off a year, while those in clinical division mostly took 1 to 3 days off a year. That is, the former group is significant different in annual holidays from the latter group. 4. In terms of pay and allowances, it was found that most of public health group(89.4%) got monthly pay, while most of clinical group(65.4%) got the pay in annual salary. 5. In terms of reorientation experiences, it was found that 63.5% of total respondents didn't have any opportunity of domestic and overseas reorientation. And in terms of financial sponsorship for reorientation, it was noted that 54.0% of total respondents were financially supported for their reorientation by the institution they work for. 6. In terms of in-house welfare environment for married employees, it was found that 85.5% respondents ever faced no discrimination in job opportunities. In terms of the availability of maternity leave, it was noted that 69.2% respondents used the maternity leave, and 74.8% respondents used the maternity leave during 3 months. 7. In terms of quitting job, it was found that 46.8% respondents had ever left their job(public health group: 53.8%, clinical group: 45.8%), while the remaining 53.2% respondents(public health group: 46.2%, clinical group: 54.2%) had never left their job. Here, it is found that the employees in public health accounted for somewhat higher percentage in quitting job than those in clinical division. In terms of the number of leaving job, it was noted that most(50.8%) respondents left their job once, and there were similar distributions in quitting job between these both groups. In terms of the reason for quitting job, it was found that 29.2% respondents left their job due to desire for better pay(allowance) and working conditions.