• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.530-538
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• 2008

This study was performed to assess the effects of beverage consumption on nutrient intake and anthropometric measurements. Beverage intake and dietary intake were measured by a beverage frequency and quantity questionnaire and three 24-hour dietary recalls in 160 elementary school students in the Gyeongnam area. The number of drinking moments per month was 93.5 and drinking amount of all beverages was 626.6 mL per day. The amount of milk intake was 253.8 ml per day, which was the highest in all types of beverage consumption, followed by juice(133.6 mL), and carbonated beverage(77.7 mL). The amount of sweetened beverage which was defined as all beverages except milk and soy milk was 359.7 mL per day. Energy intakes from all kinds of beverages and sweetened beverages accounted for 20.3% and for 10.5% of the daily energy intake, respectively. The contributions of sweetened beverage intake to the daily energy intake in girls accounted for 13.5%, whereas in boys it was 7.7% and significantly lower. The number of drinking moments and the contribution of sweetened beverage intake to daily energy intake were negatively correlated with protein, vitamin A and niacin intake, respectively. The consumption of milk and soybean milk combined showed a significant negative correlation with the body fat ratio(%) and it also negatively correlated with waist-hip girth ratio(WHR). However, the sweetened beverage intake was not related any of the anthropometric measurement. In conclusion, consumption of the sweetened beverage dropped the nutritional quality of diet. However it was not related with anthropometric measurements in elementary students.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the level of cracked whole barley on daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, carcass characteristics and meat composition of finishing Hanwoo steers (feeding from 24 months to 30 months of age). The dietary treatments were consisted of five types (C; normal concentrate as a basal diet, T1; 10% addition of cracked whole barley, T2; 20% addition of cracked whole barley, T3; 30% addition of cracked whole barley, T4; 40% addition of cracked whole barley). A total 30 Hanwoo steers (588.6${\pm}$11.8kg) were allocated to 5 feeding groups. The daily feed intake and daily body weight gain were high in the order of T2 > T3 >T4 > T1 > C. The back fat thickness and longissmus muscle area were highest in C and T1, respectively (P<0.05) than other treatments. The meat yield index decreased with increased back fat thickness. The marbling score and meat quality were highest in T1 (P<0.01, 0.05, respectively), but maturity, fat color and meat color were not significantly different among treatments. The crude fat was highest in T1 (17.59%), while in T4 (7.47%) it was lowest (P<0.05). The crude protein and crude ash were not significantly different among treatments. The energy value of cracked whole barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C (P<0.05). The contents of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na and Zn were higher in C than the other treatments (P<0.01), but Co was higher in T2 (P<0.01). The CIE $L^*$ value of whole cracked barley treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) was higher than C, however there were not differences among the treatments. The CIE $a^*$ value was highest in T1(P<0.05) than others. The CIE $b^*$ value was highest in C and it was decreased with increased feeding of cracked whole barley. Based on the above results, T1 treatment compared to other treatments improved the carcass quality parameters like loin muscle area, marbling score, meat quality, and CIE $L^*$ value.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.571-588
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• 2014

It consists of the Precambrian Jirisan metamorphic complex and Sancheong anorthosite complex and the Mesozoic granitoids which intrude them in the Sancheong area, the Jirisan province of Yeongnam massif, Korea. The study area is located in the western part of the stock-type Sancheong anorthosite complex. We performed a detailed fieldwork on the Sancheong anorthosite (SA) and Fe-Ti ore body (FTO) which constitute the Sancheong anorthosite complex, and reinterpreted the origin of FTO foliation and the genetic relationship between them from the foliations, shear zones, occurrences of the SA and FTO. The new structural characteristics between them are as follows: the multilayer structures of FTO, the derived veins of straight, anastomosing uneven types and block structures related to the size reduction of SA, the gradual or irregular boundaries of SA blocks and FTO showing bulbous lobate margins and comb structures, the FTO foliation and linear arrangements of flow occurrence which is not ductile shear deformation, the discontinuous shear zone of SA, the orientation of FTO foliations parallel to the boundaries of SA blocks, the predominance of FTO foliations toward the boundaries of SA blocks and being proportional to the aspect ratio of plagioclase xenocrysts and SA xenoblocks, and the flow folding structures of FTO foliation. Such field evidences indicate that the SA is not fully congealed when the FTO is melt and the fracturing of partly congealed SA causes the derived veins of FTO and the size reduction of SA. Also the gradual or irregular boundaries of SA blocks and FTO result from the mutual reaction between the not fully congealed SA blocks and the FTO melt, and the FTO foliation is a magmatic foliation which was formed by the interaction between the FTO melt and the partly congealed SA blocks. Therefore, these suggest that the SA and FTO are not formed from the intrusion of different magmas in genesis and age but from a coeval and cogenetic magma through multiple fractionation. We predict that the FTO will show an very irregular occurrence injected along irregular fractures, not the regular occurrence like as the intrusive vein and dike. It can be applied to the designing of Fe-Ti mineral resource exploration in this area.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate dietary habits related to weight reduction and snack intake habits of $4^{th}$ to $5^{th}$ grade elementary students located in Jeju-si, Jeju, South Korea. Methods: The $4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ grade elementary school students (total n = 234, equally matched numbers of normal weight children and overweight/obese children (n = 117/group)) were surveyed using a questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall method in Oct 2015. Results: The percentage of students who experienced reduced food intake to control weight was 26.3% in the normal weight group (NG) and 77.6% in the obese group (OG). Most frequently answered meal for reduced intake was snacks in the NG and dinner in the OG. Percentages of daily calorie intake among subjects were 17.2% for breakfast, 33.8% for lunch, 29.7% for dinner, and 19.3% for snacks. Frequency of snack intake was 2.1 times a week in NG and 1.6 times a week in OG, which showed a statistical difference between body weight groups. Types of snack foods were distinctly different depending on where children consumed them, although no difference was observed between NG and OG. In addition, snack intake level of low energy and nutrient-dense foods was significantly lower in the OG compared to the NG, whereas snack intake level of energy dense and low-nutritive foods was not different between the OG and NG. Conclusion: Taken together, snack intake level with consideration of frequency and amount of snack intake showed that children in the OG consumed significantly less low energy and nutrient-dense foods compared to the NG. Therefore, nutritional education for choosing healthy snack foods for children regardless of body weight status is crucial based on family-school links.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.495-501
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• 2019

Aloin [1,8-Dihydroxy-10-(${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone], is a natural anthraquinone from aloe. It has been shown to have antioxidant and anticancer effects in various types of human cancer cells, but the anticancer effects of aloin in human colorectal cancer cells HT-29 have not been elucidated. In this study, possible mechanisms by which aloin exerts its apoptotic action in cultured human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells were investigated. The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay shows that treatment with aloin (0, 100, 200, 300 and $400{\mu}M$) reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner in HT-29 and showed no effects on cell proliferation in A375SM and AGS cells. In addition, it was confirmed that apoptotic body was significantly increased as shown by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and increased apoptosis rate by flow cytometry in HT-29 cells treated with aloin (0, 200 and $400{\mu}M$). We confirmed by western blotting that aloin activated Bax (pro-apoptotic), cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3, -8 and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) were not changed compared with the control. Aloin induced up-regulation of phospho-p38 and down-regulation of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Therefore, aloin suppressed the growth inhibitory effects by the induction of apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells and has potential as a cancer preventive medicine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.336-348
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• 2024

Purpose: The use of food delivery services is increasing continuously in Korea, which may lead to nutritional problems and obesity. Despite this, the research on the association between delivered food consumption and obesity has been insufficient. This study examined the relationship between delivered food consumption and dietary behaviors and obesity among young adults in Jeju. Methods: An online survey was conducted from March 15 to April 5, 2023; 312 participants aged 19-39 years were included in the final analysis. The frequency, types, and time of delivered food consumption were measured using a questionnaire. The dietary behaviors included the following: eating out, breakfast consumption, recognition of nutrition labels, and eating salty foods, vegetables, and fruit. Obesity was defined using the body mass index based on self-reported body weight and height. Results: Approximately 59.3% of the participants ordered delivery foods more than one time/week. The frequency of delivered food consumption was higher in people who consumed breakfast < 5 times/week than those who consumed ≥ 5 times/week (p = 0.0088). People who usually eat salty foods tended to consume delivered food more frequently than those who did not (p = 0.0377). On the other hand, people who consumed fruits ≥ 1 time/day had a higher frequency of delivered food consumption than those who consumed fruits < 1 time/day (p = 0.0110). After adjusting for the confounding variables, the group who consumed delivered foods more than three times/week had an increased odds ratio (OR) of obesity compared to those who consumed less one time/week (OR, 2.38; 95% confidence intervals, 1.12-5.06). Conclusion: Young adults in Jeju who frequently consume delivered foods tended to have poor dietary habits including skipping breakfast and eating salty, and they had an increased odds of obesity. The overall dietary patterns can be improved by providing nutrition education and developing policies to promote or support healthy food choices when ordering delivered foods or eating out.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2014

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of Intermediate culture types on the growth and survival rate of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, in net cage and indoor tank. Intermediate cultures were to determine there that was to setting at marine net cage culture (NCC) in net cage, floor culture (FC), net floor culture (NFC), double shelter culture (DSC) and indoor net cage culture (INCC) in indoor tank, in two replicate. In the growth performance of juvenile abalone reared through intermediate culture, that the absolute growth rate ($AGR_{SL}$, $AGR_{SB}$), daily growth rate ($DGR_{SL}$, $DGR_{SB}$), and specific growth rate ($SGR_{SL}$, $SGR_{SB}$) to the shell length $(_{SL})$ and shell breadth $(_{SB})$ of NCC were higher than those of different groups (P < 0.05). As weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight through intermediate culture types in indoor tank was not significant. Also that, survival rate among experimental groups of intermediate culture in indoor tank was not significant. Therefore, these results is showed that should to cultivate for net cage so that intermediate culture of juvenile abalone over 2 cm, accordingly research to effective progress of juvenile abalone intermediate culture in indoor tank be should from various reason as well as feed and rearing condition.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 2002

Purpose : It is important to select and use kinds of Inhaler appropriate to the age of the patient and severity of symptoms. Several kinds of Inhaler have been developed and recommended according to each inhaler's resistance and usage method. We evaluated the usable age of 4 inhalers (turbulent flow inhalers, multi unit dose inhalers, breath actuated MDI, and autohalers) by measuring peak inspiratory flow(PIF) using $In-Check^{(TM)}$ Inspiratory Flow Meter. Methods : Ninety three patients aged from 3 to 7 years(mean $57{\pm}12.9$ mo.) who had admitted to CHA hospital from July 2000 to April 2001 were enrolled. Study patients were divided into 4 groups according to age : 3-4 years of age(group A, n=31), 4-5 years of age(group B, n=32), 5-6 years of age(group C, n=18), and 6-7 years of age(group D, n=12). Results : Out of total 93 patients, 23(71%), 27(84%), 17(94%) patients of each group A, B, C and all 12 patients of group D could use the 4 types of inhaler through adequated education. In all four groups, height, body weight and age were significantly correlated(P<0.05). Usable age, height and weight of children who can use turbulent flow inhaler(TFI) were each 8 year 7 month old, 144 cm, 32.0 kg, and those of multi unit dose inhaler(MUD) were 2 year 10 month old, 92 cm, 12.0 kg. Also that of breath-actuated MDI were 1 yr 8 months, 83 cm, 8.5 kg and that of autohaler were 2 yr 8 months, 91 cm, 11.0 kg Conclusion : We concluded that the ability to use inhalers correlated with height, weight and age of the patients. Multi unit dose inhalers, Breath actuated MDI and Autohaler are useful after 3 years of age through adequate education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.515-528
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the immunological activity and optimized the mixture conditions of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) extracts in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: S. horneri was extracted using three different methods: hot water extraction (HWE), 50% ethanol extraction (EE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production (Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ) were measured using a WST-1 assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of nitric oxide and T cell activation production were measured using a Griess assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined using an EZ-LDH kit. Results: Among the three different types of extracts, HWE showed the highest levels of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. In the animal model, three different types of extracts were administrated for 14 days (once/day) at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. HWE and SFE showed a high level of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in the with and without mitogen-treated groups, whereas EE administration did not induce the splenocyte activation. When RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with different mixtures (HWE with 5, 10, 15, 20% of SFE) to determine the optimal mixture ratio of HWE and SFE, the levels of nitric oxide and cytokine production increased strongly in the HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE containing group. In the animal model, HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE mixture administration increased the levels of splenocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and activated CD4⁺ cell population significantly, with the highest level observed in the HWE with 5% of SFE group. Moreover, the NK cell activity was increased significantly in the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture-treated group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The optimal mixture condition of S. horneri with immune-enhancing activity is the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture. These results confirmed that the extracts of S. horneri and its mixtures are potential candidate materials for immune enhancement.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.588-595
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• 2010

Background: Base on types of tumor, the types of expressed tumor is diverse and the difference in its expression rate is even more various. Due to such reasons an animal model is absolutely needed for a clinical research of lung cancer. The author attempted oncogenesis by cultivating a cell line of non-small cell carcinoma and then injecting it inside thoracic cavities of nude mice. The author conducted quantitative analyses of HER2/neu tumor gene - an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) related to lung cancer, and TGF-${\beta}_1$, which acts as a resistance to cell growth inhibition and malignant degeneration. In order to investigate achievability of the oncogenesis, histological changes and the expression of cancer gene in case of orthotopic lung cancer is necessary. Material and Method: Among 20 immunity-free male BALB/c, five nude mice were selected as the control group and rest as the experimental group. Their weights ranged from 20 to 25 gm (Orient, Japan). After injection of lung cancer line (SW900 G IV) into the pleural cavity of nude mice, They were raised at aseptic room for 8 weeks. HER2/neu was quantitatively analyzed by separating serum from gathered blood via chemiluminiscent immunoassay (CLIA), and immunosandwitch method was applied to quantitatively analyze TGF-${\beta}_1$. SPSS statistical program (SPSS Version 10.0, USA) was implemented for statistical analysis. Student T test was done, and cases in which p-value is less than 0.05 were considered significant. Result: Even after lung cancer was formed in the normal control group or after intentionally injected lung cancer cell line, no amplification of HER2/neu gene showed reaction. However, the exact quantity of TGF-${\beta}_1$ was $28,490{\pm}8,549pg/mL$, and the quantity in the group injected with lung cancer cell was $42,362{\pm}14,449pg/mL$, meaning 1.48 times highly Significant (p<0.483). It proved that HER2/neu gene TGF-${\beta}_1$ had no meaningful interconnection. Conclusion: TGF-${\beta}_1$ gene expressed approximately 1.48 times amplification in comparison to the control group. The amplification of TGF-${\beta}_1$ meant somatic recuperation inhibition mechanism due to carcinogenesis in nude mice was definitely working. It may be implemented as a quantitative analysis that allows early detection of lung cancer in human body.